[Peripheral Neuropathy and Muscle Disorders as Immune-Related Adverse Events].

Neurological immune-related adverse events (irAEs) associated with cancer treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) present diverse clinical characteristics. Neurological irAEs affect the peripheral nervous system and muscles more than they affect the central nervous system. Among the various subsets of peripheral neuropathies, polyradiculoneuropathy, which includes Guillain-Barre syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, stands out as the most severe form, leading to significant muscle weakness. ICIs can induce dysautonomia, including autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy. Autonomic neuropathy represents a neurological irAE. Neurological irAEs of neuromuscular junctions include myasthenia gravis (MG) and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS). Diagnosing MG or myositis independently can be challenging when they occur as irAEs. Myocarditis is sometimes observed as an irAE in patients with MG and can cause both severe heart failure and lethal arrhythmias, resulting in fatal outcomes. Anti-Kv1.4 antibodies are biomarkers of the severe form of MG and myocarditis. The administration of ICI in patients with small cell lung cancer increases the risk of LEMS. The distinction between LEMS is an irAE or a manifestation of paraneoplastic neurological syndrome is unclear as both conditions share common immunological mechanisms.

Muscle ultrasound to identify prednisone-induced muscle damage in adults with nephrotic syndrome.

Steroid myopathy is a non-inflammatory toxic myopathy that primarily affects the proximal muscles of the lower limbs. Due to its non-specific symptoms, it is often overshadowed by patients' underlying conditions. Prolonged or high-dosage use of glucocorticoids leads to a gradual decline in muscle mass. There are no tools available to identify the course of steroid myopathy before the patient displays substantial clinical symptoms. In this study, we investigated individuals with nephrotic syndrome receiving prednisone who underwent muscle ultrasound to obtain cross-sectional and longitudinal pictures of three major proximal muscles in the lower limbs: the vastus lateralis, tibialis anterior, and medial gastrocnemius muscles. Our findings revealed that grip strength was impaired in the prednisolone group, creatine kinase levels were reduced within the normal range; echo intensity of the vastus lateralis and medial gastrocnemius muscles was enhanced, the pennation angle was reduced, and the tibialis anterior muscle exhibited increased echo intensity and decreased thickness. The total dose of prednisone and the total duration of treatment impacted the degree of muscle damage. Our findings indicate that muscle ultrasound effectively monitors muscle structure changes in steroid myopathy. Combining clinical symptoms, serum creatine kinase levels, and grip strength improves the accuracy of muscle injury evaluation.

Dietary guanidinoacetate reduces spaghetti meat myopathy risk in the breast muscle of broiler chickens.

The global demand for white chicken meat along with the increase in the occurrence of growth-related breast muscle myopathies (BMMs) [namely white striping (WS), wooden breast (WB), and spaghetti meat (SM)] highlights the need for solutions that will improve meat quality while maintaining the high productivity of modern broilers. Guanidinoacetate (GAA), a precursor of creatine, is used as a feed additive and has previously shown the potential to affect the quality of breast meat. This study investigated growth performance, meat quality and the risk ratio for the development of BMMs in broilers assigned to two dietary treatments: control (CON) group, fed a commercial basal diet, and supplemented GAA (sGAA) group, receiving the control diet supplemented on top with 0.06% GAA. Growth performance indicators such as BW, daily weight gain, daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio and cumulative feed conversion ratio were recorded on a pen basis. As a trait affecting animal welfare, the occurrence of foot pad dermatitis was also evaluated. At day 43, birds were processed, and breasts were scored for the incidence and severity of BMMs (n = 166 and 165 in CON and sGAA groups, respectively). Quality traits (ultimate pH, colour) and technological properties (i.e., drip and cooking losses, marinade uptake, shear force, and oxidation levels of the lipid and the protein fractions) of breast meat were assessed in both treatments on samples not showing any macroscopic sign of BMMs (n = 20 breast fillets per group). Data of myopathy risk ratio were analysed as the risk for each group to develop WS, WB, and SM myopathies. Our results show that while sGAA and control groups did not differ significantly in growth performance, a remarkably beneficial effect of GAA was observed on the incidence of BMMs with significantly reduced risk of sGAA group to develop SM myopathy. The risk of sGAA group to develop SM was 30% lower compared to CON (P = 0.028). Finally, a significantly lower drip loss was observed in sGAA in comparison with CON (1.78 vs 2.48%, P = 0.020). Together, our results show that the inclusion of 0.06% GAA in feed can improve the water-holding capacity of meat and reduce the risk to develop SM myopathy without compromising the performance of broilers.

Statin-induced immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy with concomitant increase of anti-HMGCR and anti-ACHR antibodies.

Statin-induced immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM) is a rare systemic neuromuscular condition. We present a case of a patient with a severe phenotype of the disease that was found to have an increase in anti-HMGCR and anti-ACHR antibodies. A potential association between these antibodies have not been previously described. A 67-year-old male with hyperlipidemia, who was recently initiated on atorvastatin therapy, presented to the ED with progressive muscle weakness. Within a few days of admission, the patient developed complete flaccid paralysis and respiratory distress requiring intubation. The patient's CK was elevated to 24,000 and there was an increase of anti-HMGCR and anti-ACHR antibodies. Impressions from MRI and thigh biopsy solidified a diagnosis of statin-induced IMNM. The patient was treated with methylprednisolone, IVIG, and rituximab, which provided resolution of symptoms.

Dantrolene and coenzyme Q10 as a suggested combination therapy to statin-induced myopathy in high fat diet rats: A possible interference with ROS/ TGF-ß / Smad4 signaling pathway.

One of the major hitches for statins' utilization is the development of myotoxicity. Versatile studies reported that the underlining molecular mechanisms including coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)/ubiquinone depletion, as well as the disturbance in the cytoplasmic Ca2+ homeostasis. Therefore, we investigated the consequences of supplementing CoQ10 and dantrolene, a cytoplasmic Ca2+ reducing agent, in combination with simvastatin. This adjuvant therapy normalized the simvastatin-mediated elevation in serum ALT, AST, CK-MM, as well as tissue Ca2+ content, in addition to suppressing the simvastatin-mediated oxidative stress in simvastatin-treated rats, while having no effect upon statin-induced antihyperlipidemic effect. Additionally, the combination inhibited the simvastatin-induced TGF-ß/ Smad4 pathway activation. Collectively, the current study emphasizes on the potential utilization of dantrolene and CoQ10 as an adjuvant therapy to statins treatment for improving their side effect profile.

Incidence, characteristics, and risk factors of drug-associated muscle adverse reaction: a retrospective real-world study of inpatients.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical characteristics, incidence, and distribution of drug-associated muscle adverse reactions (DAMAR) in real-world inpatients, to provide valuable references for clinical medication use. METHODS: We conducted an automatic retrospective monitoring of inpatients from May 1, 2022, to April 30, 2023, to collect information on adverse drug reactions (ADR) of patients and conducted subsequent analyses. RESULTS: Among 102,430 hospitalizations, 1106 cases of DAMARs were identified, yielding an incidence of 1.08%, including 125 cases of rhabdomyolysis at an incidence of 0.12%. Seventy-five percent of the patients experienced muscle adverse reactions within 5 days after taking medication, with a median elevated creatine kinase (CK) value of 420.4 IU/L. Risk factors of DAMAR include age ≥ 65, male sex, obesity, hypertension, hepatic and renal insufficiency, and anemia. No significant correlation was observed between the duration of surgery and CK elevation, while the surgical procedure itself had an impact. The 114 drugs associated were predominantly nervous system drugs, anti-infectives for systemic use, and cardiovascular system drugs, with levofloxacin, pregabalin, and parecoxib being the most frequently associated drugs. CONCLUSION: Healthcare professionals should be vigilant with patients exhibiting the identified risk factors. Monitoring creatine kinase and related indices when using myotoxic drugs is crucial to preventing serious adverse reactions, ultimately preserving patients' quality of life.

Statin-induced debilitating weakness and myopathy.

A large percentage of the US population is either receiving or should be considered for statin therapy. Whether through primary or secondary prevention for atherosclerotic disease, statins remain one of the mainstay options available to physicians. Myalgias are the most commonly reported side effects, though largely self-limited and subjective in nature. Here, we report a case of drug-related myonecrosis following long-term use of atorvastatin. Prompt recognition of the condition and initiation of treatment is paramount to control the disease's progression. While high-dose steroids are first line, quick escalation to methotrexate, IVIG or rituximab should be considered in refractory cases. This decision is guided by monitoring of serum markers such as CK and transaminases. The goal is quick normalisation of these enzymes, signalling cessation of underlying muscle necrosis. Patients may never regain full function and treatment can last months to years.

Evaluation of skeletal muscle function in male rats with doxorubicin-induced myopathy following various exercise techniques: the significant role of glucose transporter 4.

A common anthracycline antibiotic used to treat cancer patients is doxorubicin (DOX). One of the effects of DOX therapy is skeletal muscle fatigue. Our goal in this research was to study the beneficial effect of exercise on DOX-induced damaged muscle fibers and compare the effect of different exercise strategies (prophylactic, post- toxicity and combined) on DOX toxicity. Five groups were created from 40 male rats: group I, control group; group II, DOX was administered intraperitoneally for 2 weeks over 6 equal injections (each 2.5 mg/kg); group III, rats trained for 3 weeks before DOX; group IV, rats trained for 8 weeks after DOX; and group V, rats were trained for 3 weeks before DOX followed by 8 weeks after. Measures of oxidative damage (H2O2, catalase), inflammation (TNF-α), and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) expression on skeletal muscle were assessed. Also, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) was estimated. Skeletal performance was evaluated by contraction time (CT), half relaxation time (1/2 RT), and force-frequency relationship by the end of this research. The current study demonstrated a detrimental effect of DOX on skeletal performance as evidenced by a significant increase in CT and 1/2 RT compared to control; in addition, H2O2, TNF-α, and HOMA-IR were significantly increased with a significant decrease in GLUT4 expression and catalase activity. Combined exercise therapy showed a remarkable improvement in skeletal muscle performance, compared to DOX, CT, and 1/2 RT which were significantly decreased; H2O2 and TNF-α were significantly decreased unlike catalase antioxidant activity that significantly increased; in addition, skeletal muscle glucose metabolism was significantly improved as GLUT4 expression significantly increased and HOMA-IR was significantly decreased. Exercise therapy showed significant improvement in all measured parameters relative to DOX. However, combined exercise therapy showed the best improvement relative to both pre-exercise and post-exercise groups.

Treatment of Thyroid Eye Disease-Associated Ophthalmopathy and Myopathy With Intraorbital Injection of 5-Fluorouracil and Triamcinolone Acetonide.

PURPOSE: The authors report a technique of local application of anti-metabolite and corticosteroid mixture in the orbit for treatment of thyroid orbitopathy with moderate-severe inflammation and muscle involvement. METHODS: Patients of one orbital surgeon seen between March 2019 and May 2020 with active thyroid eye disease and restrictive strabismus were considered for local treatment of the myopathic component of the disease. A mixture of 1 ml 5-FU 50 mg/ml, 0.25 ml triamcinolone 40 mg/ml, and 1 ml lidocaine 2% is injected through the skin using a 25-gauge, 1.5-inch needle into the orbit adjacent to the affected extraocular muscle. Six patients were treated in the outpatient setting and 3 patients have been treated with this intervention intraoperatively at the time of orbital decompression. One was treated with the mixture reconstituted with hyaluronic acid (Healon GV) to address postoperative medial rectus fibrosis to the medial wall, this mixture was applied topically in the operative field and not injected. RESULTS: All patients had subjective improvement in the eye movement limitation and 2 patients had a change in motility on exam that was temporally correlated to injections. One patient did not disclose high-dose aspirin intake before injection and experienced a retrobulbar hemorrhage immediately following injection which was successfully treated. No complications were noted as a result of the medication itself. DISCUSSION: The combination of 5-fluorouracil and triamcinolone acetonide for orbital treatment may be a useful adjunct in treating patients with ongoing inflammatory activity, both in the office and in the operating room. The novel combination may optimize ophthalmic outcomes, modifying disease course in some patients.

No benefit of vitamin D supplementation on muscle function and health-related quality of life in primary cardiovascular prevention patients with statin-associated muscle symptoms: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Statins are the leading lipid-lowering drugs, reducing blood cholesterol by controlling its synthesis. Side effects are linked to the use of statins, in particular statin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMS). Some data suggest that vitamin D supplementation could reduce SAMS. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential benefits of vitamin D supplementation in a randomized controlled trial. METHODS: Men (n = 23) and women (n = 15) (50.5 ± 7.7 years [mean ± SD]) in primary cardiovascular prevention, self-reporting or not SAMS, were recruited. Following 2 months of statin withdrawal, patients were randomized to supplementation (vitamin D or placebo). After 1 month of supplementation, statins were reintroduced. Before and 2 months after drug reintroduction, muscle damage (creatine kinase and myoglobin) was measured. Force (F), endurance (E) and power (P) of the leg extensors (ext) and flexors (fle) and handgrip strength (FHG) were also measured with isokinetic and handheld dynamometers, respectively. The Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) questionnaire and a visual analog scale (VAS) were administrated to assess participants' self-reported health-related quality of life and SAMS intensity, respectively. Repeated-measures analysis was used to investigate the effects of time, supplementation, and their interaction, according to the presence of SAMS. RESULTS: Despite no change for objective measures, subjective measures worsened after reintroduction of statins, independent of supplementation (VAS, SF-36 mental component score, all p < 0.05). However, no interaction between time and supplementation according to the presence of SAMS was observed for any variables. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D supplementation does not appear to mitigate SAMS.

Glucocorticoid-Induced Myopathy: Typology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment.

Glucocorticoid-induced myopathy is a non-inflammatory toxic myopathy typified by proximal muscle weakness, muscle atrophy, fatigue, and easy fatigability. These vague symptoms coupled with underlying disorders may mask the signs of glucocorticoid-induced myopathy, leading to an underestimation of the disease's impact. This review briefly summarizes the classification, pathogenesis, and treatment options for glucocorticoid-induced muscle wasting. Additionally, we discuss current diagnostic measures in clinical research and routine care used for diagnosing and monitoring glucocorticoid-induced myopathy, which includes gait speed tests, muscle strength tests, hematologic tests, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electromyography, quantitative muscle ultrasound, histological examination, and genetic analysis. Continuous monitoring of patients receiving glucocorticoid therapy plays an important role in enabling early detection of glucocorticoid-induced myopathy, allowing physicians to modify treatment plans before significant clinical weakness arises.

Are statins making older persons weaker? A discontinuation study of muscular side effects.

Thirteen percent of the Danish population are treated with a statin-half of these are in primary prevention, and most are > 65 years old. Statins have known muscular side effects (i.e., myalgia) correlated to reduced muscle performance. This study examines if years of statin treatment in older people introduce subclinical muscle discomfort and loss of muscle mass and strength. In total, 98 participants (71.1 ± 3.6 years (mean ± SD)), who were in primary prevention treatment for elevated plasma cholesterol with a statin, were included in this study. Statin treatment was discontinued for 2 months and then re-introduced for 2 months. Primary outcomes included muscle performance and myalgia. Secondary outcomes included lean mass and plasma cholesterol. Functional muscle capacity measured as a 6-min walk test increased after discontinuation (from 542 ± 88 to 555 ± 91 m, P < 0.05) and remained increased after re-introduction (557 ± 94 m). Similar significant results were found with a chair stand test (15.7 ± 4.3 to 16.3 ± 4.9 repetitions/30 s) and a quadriceps muscle test. Muscle discomfort during rest did not change significantly with discontinuation (visual analog scale from 0.9 ± 1.7 to 0.6 ± 1.4) but increased (P < 0.05) with the re-introduction (to 1.2 ± 2.0) and muscle discomfort during activity decreased (P < 0.05) with discontinuation (from 2.5 ± 2.6 to 1.9 ± 2.3). After 2 weeks of discontinuation, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased from 2.2 ± 0.5 to 3.9 ± 0.8 mM and remained elevated until the re-introduction of statins (P < 0.05). Significant and lasting improvements in muscle performance and myalgia were found at the discontinuation and re-introduction of statins. The results indicate a possible statin-related loss of muscle performance in older persons that needs further examination.

Patient-reported muscle symptoms and their characterization in a hypertensive population eligible for statin therapy: An exploratory study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Statin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMS) are claimed to be frequent in clinical practice. We evaluated the prevalence and characteristics of patient-reported muscle symptoms (PRMS) attributed to drugs/nutraceuticals in hypertensive patients, focusing the attention on statin treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS: Observational study on 390 consecutive outpatients. All patients were asked the following question: "Have you ever taken a drug/nutraceutical that you think gave you muscle symptoms?". Patients who answered "yes" were evaluated with a modified version of the SAMS-clinical index (SAMS-CI). Mean age: 60.5 ± 13.5 years (males 53.8%.). Patients who have ever taken a statin: 250. Patients who have never taken a statin: 140. Prevalence of PRMS (48.5% of the entire study population) did not differ between groups (p = 0.217). Only age, followed by number of drugs taken, was significantly associated with PRMS at multivariate analysis. A high prevalence of low scores to all the questions of "modified" SAMS-CI was found in both groups. Localization and pattern of PRMS did not differ between groups (p = 0.170). Timing of PRMS onset after starting the drug (p = 0.036) and timing of improvement after withdrawal (p = 0.002) were associated with statin therapy. CONCLUSION: PRMS are highly prevalent among the hypertensive population and are believed to be drug-related, especially with aging and regardless of whether the drug taken is a statin or not. These findings are in line with the growing evidence that subjective muscle symptoms are often misattributed to statins, while they may more likely be related to the nocebo/drucebo effect or to other common undiagnosed conditions.

Exploring signals of myopathy associated with statin and contraindicated comedications in the realworld.

BACKGROUND: Using statins in combination with other drugs was reported to increase the risk of myopathy. However, there was a sparse number of studies on the incidence of adverse events (AEs) associated with the concomitant use of statin and contraindicated drugs in the real world. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to identify the risk of concomitant use of statins with contraindicated drugs by exploring signals related to statin-drug interactions. METHODS: We performed a disproportionality analysis for drugs and AEs by applying the case/non-case study using the KIDS-KAERS database (KIDS-KD), 2016-2020. A case was defined as an individual case safety reports (ICSRs) including "rhabdomyolysis/myopathy." A non-case was defined as an ICSR, including all other AEs. We applied Ω shrinkage measure model, chi-square statics model, additive model, multiplicative model, and combination risk ratio model to detect signals of myopathy due to statin with concomitant drugs including antiviral agents, immunosuppressants, and antifungals. RESULTS: Among 1 011 234 ICSRs, 2708 were cases, with 861 cases of statin monotherapy and 1248 of concomitant uses of statin. The adjusted reporting odds ratios were 3.27 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.11-3.43), 8.70 (95% CI: 8.04-9.40), and 1.83 (95% CI: 1.73-1.94), respectively. Several combinations of signals were detected through an additive model or multiplicative model. CONCLUSION: Signals of an increased risk of myopathy associated with the use of statins with concomitant drugs, including contraindicated drugs, were confirmed in a real-world setting.

Plants Causing Toxic Myopathies.

Boxelder and sycamore maple contain hypoglycin A (HGA), the toxic metabolite of which, MCPA-CoA, inhibits fatty acid ß-oxidation, causing seasonal pasture myopathy (SPM) or atypical myopathy (AM), respectively. White snakeroot and rayless goldenrod contain multiple benzofuran ketones (BFKs). The identity/toxicity of BFKs appear variable, possibly involving interactions between toxins/toxic metabolites, but ultimately inhibit cellular energy metabolism. Unthrifty horses grazing sparse pastures during the fall appear predisposed to these plant-associated, frequently fatal, toxic myopathies. Toxidromes are characterized by varying degrees of rhabdomyolysis and cardiac myonecrosis, with plant toxins remaining toxic in hay and being excreted in milk.

Unveiling the Rare Complication: Statin-Induced Immune-Mediated Necrotizing Myopathy.

BACKGROUND Statin-induced necrotizing autoimmune myopathy is an exceptionally rare yet severe complication of statin therapy that may develop in individuals at any time during their exposure to statins. The development of proximal muscle weakness, muscle pain, and elevated creatine kinase (CK) levels in patients while taking statins should prompt clinical consideration of statin-induced myopathy. The pathophysiology arises from the production of auto-antibodies, which target the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) enzyme, leading to the aggressive breakdown of myofibrils. CASE REPORT Here, we present a case of a 59-year-old woman with a medical history of dyslipidemia who developed anti-HMG-CoA reductase antibodies after taking atorvastatin. She came to the emergency department with complaints of severe proximal muscle weakness. The laboratory workup showed an elevated CK level up to 12 000 IU/L. Despite discontinuing atorvastatin, the patient's elevated CK levels persisted. The patient underwent a muscle biopsy, demonstrating myofibril necrosis. Serological analysis showed anti-HMG-CoA reductase antibodies in the patient's serum, which led to the diagnosis of immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy due to statins. The patient's statin therapy was promptly discontinued, and she was treated with a high dose of IV corticosteroids. After the patient's discharge, brief discontinuation of the corticosteroids resulted in CK elevation and a return of symptoms. This led to the second re-admission and restarting of corticosteroids until stabilization and discharge. CONCLUSIONS This case represents an important reminder for clinicians to recognize the possibility of statin-induced immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy in patients presenting with proximal muscle weakness while taking a statin, notwithstanding the rarity of this condition.

Pembrolizumab-induced Myopathy with Anti-striated Muscle Antibodies Successfully Treated by Plasma Exchange.

A 70-year-old woman with advanced endometrial cancer developed right ptosis and muscle weakness in the right quadriceps after pembrolizumab administration. Serum creatine kinase (CK) levels were elevated, and anti-striated muscle antibodies were positive. On magnetic resonance imaging, the right vastus lateral muscle showed an abnormal signal. She was diagnosed with pembrolizumab-induced myopathy. We initiated plasma exchange (PE), and the ptosis immediately resolved. We then introduced oral corticosteroids, which improved her muscle weakness. We were able to rapidly diagnose her with ocular symptoms and serum CK level elevation. The early initiation of PE might prevent the exacerbation of pembrolizumab-induced myopathy.

ASSOCIATION OF SOLUTE CARRIER ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTER 1B1 GENE POLYMORPHISM WITH RESPONSE TO ATORVASTATIN AND ASSOCIATED MYOPATHY IN IRAQI DYSLIPIDEMIA PATIENTS.

OBJECTIVE: Aim: The study aims to investigate the effect of solute carriers organic anions transporters 1B1 (SLCO1B1) gene polymorphisms rs4149056, rs2306283, rs55901008, and rs729559745 in a sample of patients with dyslipidemia, and relate it to atorvastatin response and associated myopathy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and Methods: A cross sectional enrolled 200 patients both males and females of Arabic race, Iraqi nationality aged between 30-65 years. The patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 (Atorvastatin responders and tolerant), Group 2 (Atorvastatin non responder and intolerant). Blood samples collected from the patients for biochemical studies and analyzed statistically by Student T-test and Chi-square, and DNA extracted for polymerase chains reactions (PCR). RESULTS: Results: The results showed insignificant association P≥0.05 between the demographic characteristics of the study population with different genotypes, and significant difference P<0.05 in the biochemical parameters regarding (T-cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoproteins, and Creatine kinase-MM) when comparing the two groups. Odds ratio (OR) with confidence intervals CI (95%) used to evaluate the risk association to develop myopathy and poor response to atorvastatin therapy show relevant association for CC and CT genotype of rs4149056, while rs2306283 GG genotype show low association, also rs55901008 show low association for CC genotype, and moderate association for rs72559745 genotypes GG, AG. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: The mutant allele's genotypes of rs4149056, rs55901008, and rs72559745, and the wild allele genotype of rs2306283 show significant association with the development of poor response to atorvastatin and elevated the level of CK-MM plasma concentration.

Myoedema: a forgotten sign in acute colchicine myopathy.

Colchicine myopathy typically presents acutely to subacutely with progressive limb weakness. The patients may not be on high doses of colchicine but almost always have acute kidney injury. Dehydration from colchicine-induced diarrhoea is often a precipitating factor. The concomitant neurotoxicity may produce mild sensory complaints. This combination of acute neurological symptoms preceded by diarrhoea prompts the diagnosis of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). The absence of cranial nerve deficits, raised creatine kinase and myotonic discharges on electromyogram may help in differentiating this condition from GBS. We describe a clinical sign, myoedema - a mounding phenomenon of muscle that is elicited by percussion and resolves when the patient recovers. It aids in the bedside diagnosis of acute colchicine myopathy as well as distinguish it from other more common causes of acute flaccid paralysis. We also discuss the possible mechanism of colchicine toxicity and the mounding phenomenon.