Lysine Distinctively Manipulates Myogenic Regulatory Factors and Wnt/Ca2+ Pathway in Slow and Fast Muscles, and Their Satellite Cells of Postnatal Piglets.

Muscle regeneration, representing an essential homeostatic process, relies mainly on the myogenic progress of resident satellite cells, and it is modulated by multiple physical and nutritional factors. Here, we investigated how myogenic differentiation-related factors and pathways respond to the first limiting amino acid lysine (Lys) in the fast and slow muscles, and their satellite cells (SCs), of swine. Thirty 28-day-old weaned piglets with similar body weights were subjected to three diet regimens: control group (d 0-28: 1.31% Lys, n = 12), Lys-deficient group (d 0-28: 0.83% Lys, n = 12), and Lys rescue group (d 0-14: 0.83% Lys; d 15-28: 1.31% Lys, n = 6). Pigs on d 15 and 29 were selectively slaughtered for muscular parameters evaluation. Satellite cells isolated from fast (semimembranosus) and slow (semitendinosus) muscles were also selected to investigate differentiation ability variations. We found Lys deficiency significantly hindered muscle development in both fast and slow muscles via the distinct manipulation of myogenic regulatory factors and the Wnt/Ca2+ pathway. In the SC model, Lys deficiency suppressed the Wnt/Ca2+ pathways and myosin heavy chain, myogenin, and myogenic regulatory factor 4 in slow muscle SCs but stimulated them in fast muscle SCs. When sufficient Lys was attained, the fast muscle-derived SCs Wnt/Ca2+ pathway (protein kinase C, calcineurin, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, and nuclear factor of activated T cells 1) was repressed, while the Wnt/Ca2+ pathway of its counterpart was stimulated to further the myogenic differentiation. Lys potentially manipulates the differentiation of porcine slow and fast muscle myofibers via the Wnt/Ca2+ pathway in opposite trends.

Regulation of myogenic cell proliferation and differentiation during mammalian skeletal myogenesis.

Mammalian skeletal myogenesis is a complex process that allows precise control of myogenic cells' proliferation, differentiation, and fusion to form multinucleated, contractile, and functional muscle fibers. Typically, myogenic progenitors continue growth and division until acquiring a differentiated state, which then permanently leaves the cell cycle and enters terminal differentiation. These processes have been intensively studied using the skeletal muscle developing models in vitro and in vivo, uncovering a complex cellular intrinsic network during mammalian skeletal myogenesis containing transcription factors, translation factors, extracellular matrix, metabolites, and mechano-sensors. Examining the events and how they are knitted together will better understand skeletal myogenesis's molecular basis. This review describes various regulatory mechanisms and recent advances in myogenic cell proliferation and differentiation during mammalian skeletal myogenesis. We focus on significant cell cycle regulators, myogenic factors, and chromatin regulators impacting the coordination of the cell proliferation versus differentiation decision, which will better clarify the complex signaling underlying skeletal myogenesis.

Identification of two MEF2s and their role in inhibiting the transcription of the mstn2a gene in the yellowfin seabream, Acanthopagrus latus (Hottuyn, 1782).

Myocyte-specific enhancer binding factor 2 (MEF2), which belongs to the MADS superfamily, is a pivotal and conserved transcription factor that combines with the E-box motif to control the expression of muscle genes. Myostatin (mstn), a muscle growth inhibitor, is a vital member of the TGF-ß superfamily. Currently, an understanding of the mechanisms of A. latus mstn (Almstn) transcriptional regulation mediated by MEF2 in fish muscle development is lacking. In the present study, two AlMEF2s (AlMEF2A and AlMEF2B) and Almstn2a were characterized from Acanthopagrus latus. AlMEF2A and AlMEF2B had 456 and 315 amino acid (aa) residues, respectively. Two typical regions, a MADS-box, MEF2, and transcriptionally activated (TAD) domains, are present in both AlMEF2s. The expression profiles of the two AlMEF2 genes were similar. The AlMEF2 genes were mainly expressed in the brain, white muscle, and liver, while Almstn2a expression was higher in the brain than in other tissues. Moreover, the expression trends of AlMEF2s and Almstn2a were significantly changed after starvation and refeeding in the five groups. Additionally, truncation experiments showed that -987 to +168 and -105 to +168 were core promoters of Almstn2a that responded to AlMEF2A and AlMEF2B, respectively. The point mutation experiment confirmed that Almstn2a transcription relies on the mutation binding sites 1 or 5 (M1/5) and mutation binding sites 4 or 5 (M4/5) for AlMEF2A and AlMEF2B regulation, respectively. The electrophoretic mobile shift assay (EMSA) further verified that M1 (-527 to -512) was a pivotal site where AlMEF2A acted on the Almstn2a gene. Furthermore, a siRNA interference gene expression experiment showed that reduced levels of AlMEF2A or AlMEF2B could prominently increase Almstn2a transcription. These results provide new information about the regulation of Almstn2a transcriptional activity by AlMEF2s and a theoretical basis for the regulatory mechanisms involved in muscle development in fish.

MDFI promotes the proliferation and tolerance to chemotherapy of colorectal cancer cells by binding ITGB4/LAMB3 to activate the AKT signaling pathway.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most lethal cancers. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have enabled the systematic study of CRC. In our research, the activation of the AKT pathway in CRC was analyzed by KEGG using single-cell sequencing data from the GSE144735 dataset. The correlation and PPIs of MDFI and ITGB4/LAMB3 were examined. The results were verified in the TCGA and CCLE and further tested by coimmunoprecipitation experiments. The effect of MDFI on the AKT pathway via ITGB4/LAMB3 was validated by knockdown and lentiviral overexpression experiments. The effect of MDFI on oxaliplatin/fluorouracil sensitivity was probed by colony formation assay and CCK8 assay. We discovered that MDFI was positively associated with ITGB4/LAMB3. In addition, MDFI was negatively associated with oxaliplatin/fluorouracil sensitivity. MDFI upregulated the AKT pathway by directly interacting with LAMB3 and ITGB4 in CRC cells, and enhanced the proliferation of CRC cells via the AKT pathway. Finally, MDFI reduced the sensitivity of CRC cells to oxaliplatin and fluorouracil. In conclusion, MDFI promotes the proliferation and tolerance to chemotherapy of colorectal cancer cells, partially through the activation of the AKT signaling pathway by the binding to ITGB4/LAMB3. Our findings provide a possible molecular target for CRC therapy.

Structural insights into the HDAC4-MEF2A-DNA complex and its implication in long-range transcriptional regulation.

Class IIa Histone deacetylases (HDACs), including HDAC4, 5, 7 and 9, play key roles in multiple important developmental and differentiation processes. Recent studies have shown that class IIa HDACs exert their transcriptional repressive function by interacting with tissue-specific transcription factors, such as members of the myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) family of transcription factors. However, the molecular mechanism is not well understood. In this study, we determined the crystal structure of an HDAC4-MEF2A-DNA complex. This complex adopts a dumbbell-shaped overall architecture, with a 2:4:2 stoichiometry of HDAC4, MEF2A and DNA molecules. In the complex, two HDAC4 molecules form a dimer through the interaction of their glutamine-rich domain (GRD) to form the stem of the 'dumbbell'; while two MEF2A dimers and their cognate DNA molecules are bridged by the HDAC4 dimer. Our structural observations were then validated using biochemical and mutagenesis assays. Further cell-based luciferase reporter gene assays revealed that the dimerization of HDAC4 is crucial in its ability to repress the transcriptional activities of MEF2 proteins. Taken together, our findings not only provide the structural basis for the assembly of the HDAC4-MEF2A-DNA complex but also shed light on the molecular mechanism of HDAC4-mediated long-range gene regulation.

Therapeutic Myogenesis Induced by Ultrasound Exposure in a Volumetric Skeletal Muscle Loss Injury Model.

BACKGROUND: Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) irradiation has been shown to induce various responses in different cells. It has been shown that LIPUS activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) through integrin. PURPOSE: To study the effects of LIPUS on myogenic regulatory factors and other related myogenesis elements in a volumetric skeletal muscle loss injury model. STUDY DESIGN: Controlled laboratory study. METHODS: C57BL/6J mice were subjected to full-thickness muscle defect injury of the quadriceps and treated with direct application of LIPUS 20 min/d or non-LIPUS treatment (control) for 3, 7, and 14 days. LIPUS was also applied to C2C12 cells in culture in the presence of low and high doses of lipopolysaccharides. The expression levels of myogenic regulatory factors and the expression levels of myokine-related and angiogenic-related proteins of the control and LIPUS groups were analyzed. RESULTS: Muscle volume in the injury site was restored at day 14 with LIPUS treatment. Paired-box protein 7, myogenic factor 5, myogenin, and desmin expressions were significantly different between control and LIPUS groups at days 7 and 14. Myokine and angiogenic cytokine-related factors were significantly increased in the LIPUS group at day 3 and decreased with no significant difference between the groups by day 14. LIPUS induced different responses of myogenic regulatory factors in C2C12 cells with low and high doses of lipopolysaccharides. LIPUS promoted myogenesis through short-lived increase in interleukin-6 and heme oxygenase 1, together with activation of ERK1/2. CONCLUSION: LIPUS had a constant effect on the variables of tissue damage, from macrotrauma to microtrauma, leading to efficient muscle regeneration. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The focus of therapeutic strategies with LIPUS has been not only for microvascular regeneration but also for skeletal muscle and related local tissue recovery from acute or chronic damage.

MyoD-family inhibitor proteins act as auxiliary subunits of Piezo channels.

Piezo channels are critical cellular sensors of mechanical forces. Despite their large size, ubiquitous expression, and irreplaceable roles in an ever-growing list of physiological processes, few Piezo channel-binding proteins have emerged. In this work, we found that MyoD (myoblast determination)-family inhibitor proteins (MDFIC and MDFI) are PIEZO1/2 interacting partners. These transcriptional regulators bind to PIEZO1/2 channels, regulating channel inactivation. Using single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy, we mapped the interaction site in MDFIC to a lipidated, C-terminal helix that inserts laterally into the PIEZO1 pore module. These Piezo-interacting proteins fit all the criteria for auxiliary subunits, contribute to explaining the vastly different gating kinetics of endogenous Piezo channels observed in many cell types, and elucidate mechanisms potentially involved in human lymphatic vascular disease.

IL-4 Signaling Promotes Myoblast Differentiation and Fusion by Enhancing the Expression of MyoD, Myogenin, and Myomerger.

Myoblast fusion is essential for skeletal muscle development, growth, and regeneration. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying myoblast fusion and differentiation are not fully understood. Previously, we reported that interleukin-4 (IL-4) promotes myoblast fusion; therefore, we hypothesized that IL-4 signaling might regulate the expression of the molecules involved in myoblast fusion. In this study, we showed that in addition to fusion, IL-4 promoted the differentiation of C2C12 myoblast cells by inducing myoblast determination protein 1 (MyoD) and myogenin, both of which regulate the expression of myomerger and myomaker, the membrane proteins essential for myoblast fusion. Unexpectedly, IL-4 treatment increased the expression of myomerger, but not myomaker, in C2C12 cells. Knockdown of IL-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Rα) in C2C12 cells by small interfering RNA impaired myoblast fusion and differentiation. We also demonstrated a reduction in the expression of MyoD, myogenin, and myomerger by knockdown of IL-4Rα in C2C12 cells, while the expression level of myomaker remained unchanged. Finally, cell mixing assays and the restoration of myomerger expression partially rescued the impaired fusion in the IL-4Rα-knockdown C2C12 cells. Collectively, these results suggest that the IL-4/IL-4Rα axis promotes myoblast fusion and differentiation via the induction of myogenic regulatory factors, MyoD and myogenin, and myomerger.

Effects of thermal stress and mechanistic target of rapamycin and wingless-type mouse mammary tumor virus integration site family pathways on the proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells derived from the breast muscle of different chicken lines.

Satellite cells (SCs) are muscle stem cells responsible for muscle hypertrophic growth and the regeneration of damaged muscle. Proliferation and differentiation of the pectoralis major (p. major) muscle SCs are responsive to thermal stress in turkeys, which are, in part, regulated by mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and Frizzled7 (Fzd7)-mediated wingless-type mouse mammary tumor virus integration site family/planar cell polarity (Wnt/PCP) pathways in a growth dependent-manner. It is not known if chicken p. major SCs respond to thermal stress in a manner similar to that of turkey p. major SCs. The objective of the current study was to investigate the effects of thermal stress and mTOR and Wnt/PCP pathways on the proliferation, differentiation, and expression of myogenic transcriptional regulatory factors in SCs isolated from the p. major muscle of a current modern commercial (MC) broiler line as compared to that of a Cornish Rock (BPM8) and Randombred (RBch) chicken line in the 1990s. The MC line SCs had lower proliferation and differentiation rates and decreased expression of myoblast determination factor 1 (MyoD) and myogenin (MyoG) compared to the BPM8 and RBch lines. Heat stress (43°C) increased proliferation and MyoD expression in all the cell lines, while cold stress (33°C) showed a suppressive effect compared to the control temperature (38°C). Satellite cell differentiation was altered with heat and cold stress in a cell line-specific manner. In general, the differentiation of the MC SCs was less responsive to both heat and cold stress compared to the BPM8 and RBch lines. Knockdown of the expression of either mTOR or Fzd7 decreased the proliferation, differentiation, and the expression of MyoD and MyoG in all the cell lines. The MC line during proliferation was more dependent on the expression of mTOR and Fzd7 than during differentiation. Thus, modern commercial meat-type chickens have decreased myogenic activity and temperature sensitivity of SCs in an mTOR- and Fzd7-dependent manner. The decrease in muscle regeneration will make modern commercial broilers more susceptible to the negative effects of myopathies with muscle fiber necrosis requiring satellite cell-mediated repair.

RNA-binding proteins that lack canonical RNA-binding domains are rarely sequence-specific.

Thousands of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) crosslink to cellular mRNA. Among these are numerous unconventional RBPs (ucRBPs)-proteins that associate with RNA but lack known RNA-binding domains (RBDs). The vast majority of ucRBPs have uncharacterized RNA-binding specificities. We analyzed 492 human ucRBPs for intrinsic RNA-binding in vitro and identified 23 that bind specific RNA sequences. Most (17/23), including 8 ribosomal proteins, were previously associated with RNA-related function. We identified the RBDs responsible for sequence-specific RNA-binding for several of these 23 ucRBPs and surveyed whether corresponding domains from homologous proteins also display RNA sequence specificity. CCHC-zf domains from seven human proteins recognized specific RNA motifs, indicating that this is a major class of RBD. For Nudix, HABP4, TPR, RanBP2-zf, and L7Ae domains, however, only isolated members or closely related homologs yielded motifs, consistent with RNA-binding as a derived function. The lack of sequence specificity for most ucRBPs is striking, and we suggest that many may function analogously to chromatin factors, which often crosslink efficiently to cellular DNA, presumably via indirect recruitment. Finally, we show that ucRBPs tend to be highly abundant proteins and suggest their identification in RNA interactome capture studies could also result from weak nonspecific interactions with RNA.

Interrelated but Not Time-Aligned Response in Myogenic Regulatory Factors Demethylation and mRNA Expression after Divergent Exercise Bouts.

INTRODUCTION: DNA methylation regulates exercise-induced changes in the skeletal muscle transcriptome. However, the specificity and the time course responses in the myogenic regulatory factors DNA methylation and mRNA expression after divergent exercise modes are unknown. PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the time course changes in DNA methylation and mRNA expression for selected myogenic regulatory factors ( MYOD1 , MYF5 , and MYF6 ) immediately after, 4 h after, and 8 h after a single bout of resistance exercise (RE), high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), and concurrent exercise (CE). METHODS: Nine healthy but untrained males (age, 23.9 ± 2.8 yr; body mass, 70.1 ± 14.9 kg; peak oxygen uptake [V̇O 2peak ], 41.4 ± 5.2 mL·kg -1 ·min -1 ; mean ± SD) performed a counterbalanced, randomized order of RE (4 × 8-12 repetition maximum), HIIE (12 × 1 min sprints at V̇O 2peak running velocity), and CE (RE followed by HIIE). Skeletal muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) were taken before (REST) immediately (0 h), 4 h, and 8 h after each exercise bout. RESULTS: Compared with REST, MYOD1 , MYF5 , and MYF6 , mean methylation across all CpGs analyzed was reduced after 4 and 8 h in response to all exercise protocols ( P < 0.05). Reduced levels of MYOD1 methylation were observed after HIIE and CE compared with RE ( P < 0.05). Compared with REST, all exercise bouts increased mRNA expression over time ( MYOD1 at 4 and 8 h, and MYF6 at 4 h; P < 0.05). MYF5 mRNA expression was lower after 4 h compared with 0 h and higher at 8 h compared with 4 h ( P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We observed an interrelated but not time-aligned response between the exercise-induced changes in myogenic regulatory factors demethylation and mRNA expression after divergent exercise modes. Despite divergent contractile stimuli, changes in DNA methylation and mRNA expression in skeletal muscle were largely confined to the late (4-8 h) recovery period and similar between the different exercise challenges.

NRF2 Regulates Viability, Proliferation, Resistance to Oxidative Stress, and Differentiation of Murine Myoblasts and Muscle Satellite Cells.

Increased oxidative stress can slow down the regeneration of skeletal muscle and affect the activity of muscle satellite cells (mSCs). Therefore, we evaluated the role of the NRF2 transcription factor (encoded by the Nfe2l2 gene), the main regulator of the antioxidant response, in muscle cell biology. We used (i) an immortalized murine myoblast cell line (C2C12) with stable overexpression of NRF2 and (ii) primary mSCs isolated from wild-type and Nfe2l2 (transcriptionally)-deficient mice (Nfe2l2tKO). NRF2 promoted myoblast proliferation and viability under oxidative stress conditions and decreased the production of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, NRF2 overexpression inhibited C2C12 cell differentiation by down-regulating the expression of myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) and muscle-specific microRNAs. We also showed that NRF2 is indispensable for the viability of mSCs since the lack of its transcriptional activity caused high mortality of cells cultured in vitro under normoxic conditions. Concomitantly, Nfe2l2tKO mSCs grown and differentiated under hypoxic conditions were viable and much more differentiated compared to cells isolated from wild-type mice. Taken together, NRF2 significantly influences the properties of myoblasts and muscle satellite cells. This effect might be modulated by the muscle microenvironment.

Myogenic regulatory factors Myod and Myf5 are required for dorsal aorta formation and angiogenic sprouting.

The vertebrate embryonic midline vasculature forms in close proximity to the developing skeletal muscle, which originates in the somites. Angioblasts migrate from bilateral positions along the ventral edge of the somites until they meet at the midline, where they sort and differentiate into the dorsal aorta and the cardinal vein. This migration occurs at the same time that myoblasts in the somites are beginning to differentiate into skeletal muscle, a process which requires the activity of the basic helix loop helix (bHLH) transcription factors Myod and Myf5. Here we examined vasculature formation in myod and myf5 mutant zebrafish. In the absence of skeletal myogenesis, angioblasts migrate normally to the midline but form only the cardinal vein and not the dorsal aorta. The phenotype is due to the failure to activate vascular endothelial growth factor ligand vegfaa expression in the somites, which in turn is required in the adjacent angioblasts for dorsal aorta specification. Myod and Myf5 cooperate with Hedgehog signaling to activate and later maintain vegfaa expression in the medial somites, which is required for angiogenic sprouting from the dorsal aorta. Our work reveals that the early embryonic skeletal musculature in teleosts evolved to organize the midline vasculature during development.

Insight into the role of myokines and myogenic regulatory factors under hypobaric hypoxia induced skeletal muscle loss.

BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to analyse the role of myokines and the regeneration capacity of skeletal muscle during chronic hypobaric hypoxia (CHH). METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to hypobaric hypoxia (HH) for 1d, 3d and 7d. RESULTS: Exposure to HH enhanced the levels of decorin, irisin, IL-6 and IL-15 till 3 days of hypoxia and on 7 day of exposure, no significant changes were observed in relation to control. A significant upregulation in myostatin, activated protein kinase, SMAD3, SMAD4, FOXO-1, MURF-1 expression was observed with prolonged HH exposure as compared to normoxic control. Further, myogenesis-related markers, PAX-7, Cyclin D1 and myogenin were downregulated during CHH exposure in comparison to control. Energy metabolism regulators such as Sirtuin 1, proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α and GLUT-4, were also increased on 1-d HH exposure that showed a declining trend on CHH exposure. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicated the impairment in the levels of myokines and myogenesis during prolonged hypoxia. CHH exposure enhanced the levels of myostatin and reduced the regeneration or repair capacity of the skeletal muscles. Myokine levels could be a predictive biomarker for evaluating skeletal muscle performance and loss at high altitudes.

Enhanced Muscle Fibers of Epinephelus coioides by Myostatin Autologous Nucleic Acid Vaccine.

Epinephelus coioides is a fish species with high economic value due to its delicious meat, high protein content, and rich fatty acid nutrition. It has become a high-economic fish in southern parts of China and some other Southeast Asian countries. In this study, the myostatin nucleic acid vaccine was constructed and used to immunize E. coioides. The results from body length and weight measurements indicated the myostatin nucleic acid vaccine promoted E. coioides growth performance by increasing muscle fiber size. The results from RT-qPCR analysis showed that myostatin nucleic acid vaccine upregulated the expression of myod, myog and p21 mRNA, downregulated the expression of smad3 and mrf4 mRNA. This preliminary study is the first report that explored the role of myostatin in E. coioides and showed positive effects of autologous nucleic acid vaccine on the muscle growth of E. coioides. Further experiments with increased numbers of animals and different doses are needed for its application to E. coiodes aquaculture production.

Promoter architecture of Drosophila genes regulated by Myocyte enhancer factor-2.

To gain understanding into the mechanisms of transcriptional activation of muscle genes, we sought to determine if genes targeted by the myogenic transcription factor Myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF2) were enriched for specific core promoter elements. We identified 330 known MEF2 target promoters in Drosophila, and analyzed them for for the presence and location of 17 known consensus promoter sequences. As a control, we also searched all Drosophila RNA polymerase II-dependent promoters for the same sequences. We found that promoter motifs were readily detected in the MEF2 target dataset, and that many of them were slightly enriched in frequency compared to the control dataset. A prominent sequence over-represented in the MEF2 target genes was NDM2, that appeared in over 50% of MEF2 target genes and was 2.5-fold over-represented in MEF2 targets compared to background. To test the functional significance of NDM2, we identified two promoters containing a single copy of NDM2 plus an upstream MEF2 site, and tested the activity of these promoters in vivo. Both the sticks and stones and Kahuli fragments showed strong skeletal myoblast-specific expression of a lacZ reporter in embryos. However, the timing and level of reporter expression was unaffected when the NDM2 site in either element was mutated. These studies identify variations in promoter architecture for a set of regulated genes compared to all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes, and underline the potential redundancy in the activities of some core promoter elements.

Effect of eccentric and concentric contraction mode on myogenic regulatory factors expression in human vastus lateralis muscle.

Skeletal muscle contractions are caused to release myokines by muscle fiber. This study investigated the myogenic regulatory factors, as MHC I, IIA, IIX, Myo-D, MRF4, Murf, Atrogin-1, Decorin, Myonection, and IL-15 mRNA expression in the response of eccentric vs concentric contraction. Eighteen healthy men were randomly divided into two eccentric and concentric groups, each of 9 persons. Isokinetic contraction protocols included maximal single-leg eccentric or concentric knee extension tasks at 60°/s with the dominant leg. Contractions consisted of a maximum of 12 sets of 10 reps, and the rest time between each set was 30 s. The baseline biopsy was performed 4 weeks before the study, and post-test biopsies were taken immediately after exercise protocols from the vastus lateralis muscle. The gene expression levels were evaluated using Real-Time PCR methods. The eccentric group showed a significantly lower RPE score than the concentric group (P ≤ 0.05). A significant difference in MyoD, MRF4, Myonection, and Decorin mRNA, were observed following eccentric or concentric contractions (P ≤ 0.05). The MHC I, MHC IIA, IL-15 mRNA has been changed significantly compared to the pre-exercise in the concentric group (P ≤ 0.05). While only MHC IIX and Atrogin-1 mRNA changed significantly in the eccentric group (P ≤ 0.05). Additionally, the results showed a significant difference in MyoD, MRF4, IL-15, and Decorin at the follow-up values between eccentric or concentric groups (P ≤ 0.05). Our findings highlight the growing importance of elucidating the different responses of muscle growth factors associated with a myogenic activity such as MHC IIA, Decorin, IL-15, Myonectin, Decorin, MuRF1, and MHC IIX mRNA in following various types of exercise.

Establishment of primary chicken embryo myoblast cell culture, antigenic epitopes prediction and production of anti activin receptor type IIB polyclonal antibody in chicken.

The detection of activin receptor typeIIB (ACTRIIB) protein, a prominent negative muscle growth regulator has paramount value in augmenting growth traits through molecular breeding schemes in chicken. The study was formulated to establish primary chicken embryo myoblast culture (CEM) using 9th and 18th day chick embryos and to develop antibodies for immunodetection of ACTRIIB protein. The physicochemical and structural attributes of the ACTRIIB sequence were evaluated to identify substantial antigenic regions. The ACTRIIB sequence was transfected into CEM and expressed protein was injected subcutaneously into rats to produce hyperimmune serum. The average propensity of protein sequence for beta turns, surface accessibility, chain flexibility, antigenicity, hydrophilicity and linear epitopes was 0.978, 1.000, 0.991, 1.038, 1.258 and 0.512, respectively. The 9th day CEM exhibited confluency (80-90%) earlier than the 18th day. The expression of myogenic regulatory factors in 9th day myoblasts was higher than the 18th day by 7.28, 5.16, 6.28 and 6.93 folds for MYF5, MRF4, MYOG and MYOD, respectively. The ACTRIIB mRNA was downregulated by 2.54 folds on the 9th day compared to the 18th day myoblasts and protein varied significantly between 9th and 18th day myoblasts. The CEM culture can be harnessed unequivocally to investigate molecular mechanisms underlying muscle growth besides raising antibodies.

Effects of photobiomodulation therapy on regulation of myogenic regulatory factor mRNA expression in vivo: A systematic review.

Non-invasive promotion of myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), through photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), may be a viable method of facilitating skeletal muscle regeneration post-injury, given the importance of MRF in skeletal muscle regeneration. The aim of this systematic review was to collate current evidence, identifying key themes and changes in expression of MRF in in vivo models. Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane databases were systematically searched and identified 1459 studies, of which 10 met the inclusion criteria. Myogenic determination factor was most consistently regulated in response to PBMT treatment, and the expression of remaining MRFs was heterogenous. All studies exhibited a high risk of bias, primarily due to lack of blinding in PBMT application and MRF analysis. Our review suggests that the current evidence base for MRF expression from PBMT is highly variable. Future research should focus on developing a robust methodology for determining the effect of laser therapy on MRF expression, as well as long-term assessment of skeletal muscle regeneration.