The Oxford Finger Nail Appearance Score - a new scoring system for fingernail deformity following paediatric finger tip trauma.

Fingernail deformity is common, yet current methods used to define cosmetic appearance following trauma are mainly descriptive. In order to quantify the cosmetic appearance of the fingernail, we developed the Oxford Fingernail Appearance Score using a three stage iterative process. The score has five cosmetic components marked as binary outcomes composed of nail shape, nail adherence, eponychial appearance, nail surface appearance and presence of a split. In the first stage, two assessors independently assessed 25 photographs of fingernails taken at a minimum of four months following paediatric nail bed repair and compared them to the corresponding contralateral uninjured finger. Following refinement in the score, ten different assessors scored a further 62 photographs of fingernails taken after paediatric nail bed repair. Assessors completed each of the five components, and the overall component score was calculated by statisticians post-hoc, taking the ideal appearance of each component as 1 ("identical to opposite" for nail shape, eponychium and surface, "complete" for adherence, "absent" for split) and all the non-ideal appearances as 0. Assessors effectively scored the photographs' integer values between 0 (least optimal appearance) and 5 (most optimal appearance). Refinements in the scoring system resulted in an improvement in a weighted kappa statistic of 0.36 (95% CI:0.09,0.68) in the initial score to 0.52 (95% CI: 0.42, 0.61). The Oxford Fingernail Appearance Score is a user-friendly and reliable scoring system which has application in a clinical trial setting.

HYPONYCHIUM ABNORMALITIES Congenital Aberrant Hyponychium vs. Acquired Pterygium Inversum Unguis vs. Acquired Reversible Extended Hyponychium: a proposed classification based on origin, pathology and outcome.

BACKGROUND: Pterygium Inversum Unguis (PIU) is a wing-like extended hyponychium associated with the absence of the distal groove. Although a rare condition, it has been described with different names, confusing both the investigator and the reader. OBJECTIVE: We propose a new nomenclature based on tissue origin and pathology, to account for these conditions. 1) Congenital Aberrant Hyponychium 2) Acquired Pterygium Inversum Unguis 3) Acquired Reversible Extended Hyponychium. MAIN OBSERVATIONS: We report a case of a 19-year-old male, with epidermal pigmentation abnormalities, who had painful fingertips of both index fingers and thumbs since he was 13. He therefore let his finger nails grow very long, minimizing painful contact with the hyponychium. Removal of the aberrant hyponychium revealed glomus bodies aggregates with increased nerve fibers. Subsequently after excision of the hyponychium, his pain was resolved. SUMMARY: Congenital, transient or permanent changes in the hyponychium should be named and classified according to tissue origin to avoid nomenclature confusion.

Management of simple brittle nails.

Brittle nails are characterized by roughness of the surface of the nail plate, fragility, and peeling. This is a condition that is seen commonly in elderly individuals, and it is associated mostly with an abnormality of keratin, keratin associated proteins, water, and/or lipid content. It is idiopathic in the majority of the cases, but there are some dermatological and systemic diseases that can be associated with brittle nails. Treatment is a challenge for the clinician, in some case, can be difficult, and certainly needs strong cooperation of the patient.

Elements of morphology: standard terminology for the hands and feet.

An international group of clinicians working in the field of dysmorphology has initiated the standardization of terms used to describe human morphology. The goals are to standardize these terms and reach consensus regarding their definitions. In this way, we will increase the utility of descriptions of the human phenotype and facilitate reliable comparisons of findings among patients. Discussions with other workers in dysmorphology and related fields, such as developmental biology and molecular genetics, will become more precise. Here we introduce the anatomy of the hands and feet and define and illustrate the terms that describe the major characteristics of the hands and feet.

The spiral flap for fingertip resurfacing: short-term and long-term results.

PURPOSE: We describe a homodigital neurovascular island flap for reconstructing large pulp defects of the fingertips and review the short-term and long-term appearance and function of the reconstructed fingertips. METHODS: The spiral flap is a homodigital neurovascular island flap with a unique spiral advancement and transposition design that allows pulp reconstruction using sensate glabrous skin while restricting donor morbidity to the injured digit. Thirty-two fingertips were resurfaced using this flap. All had large pulp defects averaging 1.2 cm wide x 2.0 cm long (1.0-2.0 cm x 1.5-2.5 cm). Short-term results (<18 months) for all patients at a minimum of 6 months and long-term results (>5 years) for 10 patients with a mean follow-up of 13 years were reviewed. Objective outcome measures included static 2-point discrimination, degree of nail deformity (beaking), total active motion, and hypersensitivity or cold intolerance. Subjective outcome measures included patient satisfaction with function and aesthetics, using a visual analog scale. RESULTS: All flaps achieved primary healing with no complications. There was initially mild extension deficit in the proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints, which improved to full range of motion in the long term. Sensory recovery was excellent, with an average 2-point discrimination of 5 mm initially, improving to 4 mm in the long term. Nail beaking was minimal initially but increased significantly in the long term. These results may be explained by soft tissue remodeling. All patients on long-term follow-up were highly satisfied with both aesthetic and functional outcome. There was no hypersensitivity or cold intolerance at either the short-term or long-term follow-up assessments. CONCLUSIONS: The spiral advancement-transposition flap is suitable for resurfacing large pulp defects with excellent short-term and long-term functional and aesthetic results and high patient satisfaction. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic IV.

Nail dystrophies.

Various individual nail dystrophies that are not easily categorized within other articles are reviewed. Onychoatrophia, anonychia, onychorrhexsis, leukonychia, Beau's lines, onycholysis, onychomadesis, onychoschizia, haplonychia, longitudinal melanonychia, and ventral pterygium are included and clinically pictured. Their clinical description, etiology, associated conditions, differential diagnoses, and treatment are discussed and tabulated. In addition, several clinical severity-scoring methods are presented.

Statistical reappraisal of the clinical significance of nail beading in rheumatoid arthritis.

Nail beading has previously been reported as an accompaniment of rheumatoid arthritis. In order to assess the clinical significance of this form of nychodystrophy the fingernails and toenails of 119 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and an equal number of control subjects were studied. Analysis of data based on 4642 nails indicates that the presence of a global pattern of beading (i.e. greater than or equal to 50% involvement of the nail area) on the surface of at least six fingernails or four toenails is highly suggestive of underlying rheumatoid disease. The positive predictive value of these configurations is in the order of 95%. Nail beading, however, is infrequent in early disease and therefore its diagnostic value is limited. Although there is a strong association between nail beading and rheumatoid arthritis, the aetiology and prognostic implications of this clinical sign remain obscure.

Dystrophia unguium mediana canaliformis.

An attempt is made to give a sort of classification of the median nail dystrophies. 6 own cases are reported. As there are many morphological transitional forms, it is for the present recommended to call all those forms dystrophia unguium mediana canaliformis.