Subject(s)
Clinical Trials as Topic/organization & administration , Drug Development/organization & administration , National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U.S.)/organization & administration , National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.)/organization & administration , Pediatrics/organization & administration , Prescription Drugs/administration & dosage , Clinical Trials as Topic/standards , Computer Simulation , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Development/standards , Drug Dosage Calculations , Drug Industry/organization & administration , Humans , Models, Biological , National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U.S.)/standards , National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.)/standards , Pediatrics/standards , Prescription Drugs/pharmacokinetics , United States , United States Food and Drug Administration/standardsABSTRACT
We examined relations between adolescent perceptions of deviant peer behavior and delinquency as moderated by inhibitory control, planning, and decision making in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development at age 15 (N = 991). Adolescents reported perceptions of deviant peer behavior. Inhibitory control, planning, and decision making were assessed behaviorally. Delinquency was evaluated with a latent variable comprised of parent-guardian perceptions of adolescent delinquency and adolescent self-reports. Only inhibitory control moderated the relationship between deviant peer behavior and delinquency, showing that better inhibition protected against delinquency in contexts of high levels of adolescent perceptions of deviant peer behavior. Findings are discussed in the context of theories of adolescent delinquency and risk taking.
Subject(s)
Adolescent Behavior/psychology , Antisocial Personality Disorder/psychology , Decision Making/physiology , Juvenile Delinquency/psychology , Adolescent , Female , Humans , Inhibition, Psychological , Juvenile Delinquency/statistics & numerical data , Legal Guardians/psychology , Male , National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U.S.)/organization & administration , Peer Group , Perception/physiology , Problem Behavior/psychology , Self Report , Social Class , United States/epidemiologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In 2000, the US Congress authorized the National Institutes of Health to conduct a prospective national longitudinal study of environmental influences on children's health and development from birth through 21 years. Several recruitment methodologies were piloted to determine the optimal strategy for a main National Children's Study. METHODS: After an initial pilot recruitment that used a household enumeration strategy performed poorly, the National Children's Study Vanguard Study developed and evaluated the feasibility, acceptability, and cost of 4 alternate strategies to recruit a large prospective national probability sample of pregnant women and their newborn children. We compare household-based recruitment, provider-based recruitment, direct outreach, and provider-based sampling (PBS) strategies with respect to overall recruitment success, efficiency, cost, and fulfillment of scientific requirements. RESULTS: Although all 5 strategies achieved similar enrollment rates (63%-81%) among eligible women, PBS achieved the highest recruitment success as measured by the ratio of observed-to-expected newborn enrollees per year of 0.99, exceeding those of the other strategies (range: 0.35-0.48). Because PBS could reach the enrollment target through sampling of high volume obstetric provider offices and birth hospitals, it achieved the lowest ratio of women screened to women enrolled and was also the least costly strategy. With the exception of direct outreach, all strategies enrolled a cohort of women whose demographics were similar to county natality data. CONCLUSIONS: PBS demonstrated the optimal combination of recruitment success, efficiency, cost, and population representativeness and serves as a model for the assembly of future prospective probability-based birth cohorts.
Subject(s)
Child Development , Child Health , National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U.S.)/organization & administration , Patient Selection , Community-Institutional Relations , Costs and Cost Analysis , Environmental Exposure/adverse effects , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Longitudinal Studies , Mothers , Multicenter Studies as Topic/methods , Pregnancy , Pregnant Women , Prospective Studies , United StatesABSTRACT
Impressive advances in neonatology have occurred over the 30 years of life of The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network (NRN). However, substantial room for improvement remains in investigating and further developing the evidence base for improving outcomes among the extremely premature. We discuss some of the specific methodological challenges in the statistical design and analysis of randomized trials and observational studies in this population. Challenges faced by the NRN include designing trials for unusual or rare outcomes, accounting for and explaining center variations, identifying other subgroup differences, and balancing safety and efficacy concerns between short-term hospital outcomes and longer-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. In conclusion, the constellation of unique patient characteristics in neonates calls for broad understanding and careful consideration of the issues identified in this article for conducting rigorous studies in this population.
Subject(s)
Biomedical Research/methods , National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U.S.)/organization & administration , Neonatology/methods , Neonatology/organization & administration , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant, Premature, Diseases/diagnosis , Infant, Premature, Diseases/mortality , Infant, Premature, Diseases/therapy , Longitudinal Studies , Neonatology/trends , Observational Studies as Topic , Propensity Score , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Survival Rate , United StatesABSTRACT
In its nearly 5 decades of existence, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development has expended $23 billion in conducting and supporting research and translating discoveries to practice. The resulting dramatic impact on peoples' lives and improved health for children and families, chronicled herein, are a testament to the benefits of having this institute at the National Institutes of Health.
