The National Undergraduate Neuroanatomy Competition: Five years of educating, inspiring and motivating our future neurologists and neurosurgeons

Neurological conditions are common so a knowledge of neuroanatomy is necessary for junior doctors. Additionally, some students have a particular interest in neuroscience. However, little time is dedicated to neuroanatomy in the medical curriculum, and many students struggle with neuroanatomy. The National Undergraduate Neuroanatomy Competition (NUNC) aims to support the development of neuroanatomical knowledge among medical students and promote interest in neurosciences. Students who attended the NUNC completed a series of neuroanatomy-based examinations and a questionnaire investigating aspects of neuroanatomy teaching and resources at their home university. 387 students attended the NUNC between 2013 and 2017, of which 382 had a complete data set (response rate 98.7%). Male students significantly outperformed female students (p<0.0001) and clinical students outperformed pre-clinical students (p<0.05). Best answered questions were on the spine (average score 53.9%), and the most poorly answered questions were on the vasculature (average score 44.7%). Students felt that the neuroanatomy teaching, time spent on neuroanatomy and dissection/prosection resources were all reasonable (6-7/10) at their home institution. Elearning resources were rated more poorly (5.4/10). We conclude that the NUNC gives students the opportunity to enhance their neuroanatomical knowledge and gives keen students the chance to develop their interest

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El problema cerebro-mente (II): sobre la conciencia / The mind-brain problem (II): about consciousness

Introducción. La conciencia es el resultado de una serie de procesos neurobiológicos en el cerebro y a su vez es un rasgo del nivel de su complejidad. En realidad, el estar y el ser consciente nos sitúan ante lo que Chalmers ha denominado el ‘problema blando’ y el ‘problema duro’ de la conciencia. El primero hace referencia a aspectos como la vigilia, la atención o el conocimiento, y el segundo a conceptos tan complejos como autoconciencia, ‘yo neural’ o cognición social. En este sentido se puede afirmar que el concepto de conciencia como algo unitario plantea problemas de acercamiento a una realidad sumamente compleja. Desarrollo. Planteamos los principales modelos que desde una perspectiva neurocientífica han abordado el tema de la conciencia. Por un lado, los modelos de experiencia consciente de Crick, Edelman y Tononi, y Llinàs, y por otro, los modelos y las bases neuronales de la autoconciencia de autores como Damasio (conciencia central y extendida), Tulving (conciencia autonoética, noética y cronestesia), el problema de los qualia (Dennett, Popper, Ramachandran) y el modelo de los cógnitos (Fuster). Conclusiones. Todos los estímulos que recibimos del mundo externo y de nuestro mundo interno son convertidos y tratados por el cerebro para integrarlos y que formen parte de nuestra identidad. Desde la percepción de un perro y reconocerlo como tal hasta la comprensión de la propia conciencia responden al funcionamiento de estructuras cerebrales, neuronas y sinapsis. Ahora bien, los procesos más complejos de la conciencia, como la autoconciencia o la empatía, son probablemente procesos emergentes del cerebro (AU)

Introduction. Consciousness is the result of a series of neurobiological processes in the brain and is, in turn, a feature of the level of its complexity. In fact, being conscious and being aware place us before what Chalmers called the ‘soft problem’ and the ‘hard problem’ of consciousness. The first refers to aspects such as wakefulness, attention or knowledge, while the second is concerned with such complex concepts as self-awareness, ‘neural self’ or social cognition. In this sense it can be said that the concept of consciousness as a unitary thing poses problems of approaching a highly complex reality. Development. We outline the main models that have addressed the topic of consciousness from a neuroscientific perspective. On the one hand, there are the conscious experience models of Crick, Edelman and Tononi, and Llinàs, and, on the other, the models and neuronal bases of self-consciousness by authors such as Damasio (core and extended consciousness), Tulving (autonoetic and noetic consciousness and chronesthesia), the problem of qualia (Dennett, Popper, Ramachandran) and the cognit model (Fuster). Conclusions. All the stimuli we receive from the outside world and from our own internal world are converted and processed by the brain so as to integrate them, and from there they become part of our identity. The perception of a dog and being able to recognise it as such or the understanding of our own consciousness are the result of the functioning of brain, neuronal and synaptic structures. The more complex processes of consciousness, such as self-awareness or empathy, are probably emergent brain processes (AU)