Molecular characterization of cosmopolitan and potentially co-invasive helminths of commensal, murid rodents in Gauteng Province, South Africa.

Concurrent studies of helminth parasites of introduced and native rodent species are few and miss the opportunity to identify potential co-invasive parasite species. This study employed molecular tools to infer the phylogeny and elucidate the origin of potentially co-invasive parasites of commensal, murid rodents by assessing introduced Rattus norvegicus, Rattus rattus, Rattus tanezumi, and native Mastomys coucha in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Genotypes of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis recovered from R. norvegicus are nearly identical to those recovered from elsewhere in the world. The pinworms, Aspiculurus tetraptera, recovered from introduced R. tanezumi and R. rattus, Syphacia muris recovered from R. tanezumi, and Syphacia obvelata recovered from indigenous M. coucha have affiliations to those recovered of laboratory rodents from the USA and China. Syphacia obvelata was previously only known as a commensal endoparasite of laboratory rodents, and the S. muris genotype recovered from R. tanezumi in this study shows an affiliation to a genotype recovered from the same host species in Indonesia which is part of the native range. The study emphasizes the need for surveillance of potential co-invasive species and contributes in documenting genetic diversity of endoparasites of well-known hosts.

Molecular Characterization of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nematoda: Heligmosomatidae) from Mus musculus in India.

Mus musculus (Rodentia: Muridae) has generally been infected with a rodent hookworm Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. In this report, we present morphological and molecular identification of N. brasiliensis by light and scanning electron microscopy and PCR amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene and the protein sequences encoded by cox1 gene, respectively. Despite the use of N. brasiliensis in many biochemistry studies from India, their taxonomic identification was not fully understood, especially at the species level, and no molecular data is available in GenBank from India. Sequence analysis of cox1 gene in this study revealed that the present specimen showed close identity with the same species available in GenBank, confirming that the species is N. brasiliensis. This study represents the first record of molecular identification of N. brasiliensis from India and the protein structure to better understand the comparative phylogenetic characteristics.

Intestinally implanted Nippostrongylus brasiliensis adult worms decrease serum paraoxonase-1 activity in rats.

We have previously reported a significant decrease in serum PON1 activity after Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection in Wistar rats in association with the inflammatory response mounted against the parasite in the migratory phase of infection. However, the roles of intestinal phase and the associated oxidative stress during N. brasiliensis infection on PON1 activity have not yet been elucidated. In the present study, we observed a significant reduction in serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activity on days 6 and 9 post-implantation with N. brasiliensis adult worms in the absence of a significant increase in various serum pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, provision of the antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) to adult worm-implanted rats did not ameliorate the reduction in PON1 activity. Due to the prolonged intestinal phase of gastrointestinal nematode infections, alterations in PON1 activity during this phase need to be further examined to elucidate the mechanism of alteration in PON1 activity.

Description of two new species of Nippostrongylinae (Nematoda: Heligmonellidae) coparasites in three sympatric species of Mastomys spp. (Rodentia: Muridae) from Senegal.

Two new species of heligmosomoid Trichostrongylina nematodes belonging to the genera Neoheligmonella Durette-Desset, 1970 and Heligmonina Baylis, 1928 are described. They are parasitic in the small intestine of three species of Mastomys from Senegal living in sympatry: M. natalensis (Smith, 1834), M. erythroleucus (Temminck, 1853) and M. huberti (Wroughton, 1909). Neoheligmonella granjoni n. sp. is closely related to three species from Senegal. They concern: N. bai Diouf & Durette-Desset, 2002 and N. dielmensis Diouf, Bâ & Durette-Desset, 1998, both parasitic in Arvicanthis niloticus Geoffroy, 1903 and N. mastomysi Diouf et al., 1998, a parasite of M. erythroleucus. N. granjoni n. sp. differs from these species by having 15 cuticular ridges at mid-body versus 13, a large carene and spicules taking up 10-15% of body length versus 5.3-7.1%. Heligmonina kanei n. sp. differs from the most related species H. kotoensis Diouf, Daouda & Durette-Desset 2005, a parasite of M. natalensis from Benin in the following features: spicules taking up 11.6% of body length on average versus 16.8%; a female tail three times longer than the distance anus-vulva versus a tail of equivalent size to this distance. In N. granjoni n. sp., where the material is abundant in all three hosts, the infra-specific variations observed (morphological or morphometrical) were not related to the host species. This is the first report of the genera Neoheligmonella and Heligmonina in M. huberti. The relevance of the phenomenon of host capture concerning the evolution of these two genera is confirmed.

Nematodes of the family Heligmonellidae (Trichostrongyloidea) collected from rodents of the Ryukyu archipelago and Taiwan.

Six species of the family Heligmonellidae (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea), including 3 new species, are recorded from rodents of the subfamily Murinae in the Ryukyu Archipelago and Taiwan. Heligmonoides ikeharai n. sp. from Tokudaia osimensis muenninki on Mt. Yonaha, Okinawa Island, is characterized by extremely long spicules and hypertrophied ridges in the prevulval region. Heligmonoides taiwanensis n. sp. from Apodemus draco on Mt. Alishan, Taiwan, is distinguished from other members of the genus in having a markedly asymmetrical bursa and stout bursal rays. Heligmonoides alishanensis n. sp. from Niviventer confucianus on Mt. Alishan differs from the allied forms in lacking hypertrophied ridges at the level of the middle of the spicules and in having longer spicules and a smaller body. Nippostrongylus sp. from N. confucianus on Mt. Alishan resembles Nippostrongylus brasiliensis but is distinguishable in that the externolateral ray is almost the same length as the lateroventral ray in the left lobe, and the fused tips of the spicules are thin and straight. Heligmonoides ryukyensis from Mus caroli and Orientostrongylus tenorai from Bandicota indica are first recorded from Taiwan. Heligmonellid nematodes parasitic in wild rodents in these areas are considered to have been introduced with their hosts from the mainlands of China and Japan through land connections in the Pleistocene.

[Helminths of birds and mammals from Israel. VI. The taxonomy and ecology of Trichostrongylid Nematodes (author's transl)]. / trichostrongyloides

Thirteen species of trichostronglyloid nematodes have so far been recorded from wild birds and mammals in Israel and surrounding territories. Three species were found in birds: Amidostomum fulicae (Rudolphi, 1819) in Fulica atra L., 1758, A. acutum (Lundahl, 1848) in Anas crecca L., 1758 AND Amidostomum sp. in Ceryle rudis L., 1758. Ten species, 3 of which are new, were found in small mammals: Trichostrongylus colubriformis (Giles, 1892) in Hystrix indica Kerr, 1792; Tenorastrongylus josephi n. sp. in Mus musculus L., 1758; Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Travassos, 1914) in Rattus norvegicus Berk, 1796 and Rattus rattus L., 1758; Nippostrongylus witenbergi Greenberg, 1972, in Nesokia indica Gray et Hardw., 1832; Heligmonina nevoi n. sp. in Spalax ehrenbergi, Nehring, 1898; Boreostrongylus seurati (Travassos et Darriba, 1929) in Gerbillus allenbyi Thomas, 1918, G. pyramidum Geoffrey, 1825, G. (Dipodillus) dasyurus, Meriones sacramenti Thomas, 1922 and M. tristrami Thomas, 1892; Boreostrongylus minutus (Dujardin, 1845) in Microtus guentheri Danford et Alsen, 1880; Heligmosomoides polygyrus polygyrus (Dujardin, 1845) in Apodemus mystacinus Danf. et Alst., 1877 and A. sylvaticus L., 1758; Suncinema witenbergi n. sp. in Crocidura russula Herm., 1780. Ecologic and zoogeographic relationships are discussed.