GC-MS and LC-(high-resolution)-MS(n) studies on the metabolic fate and detectability of camfetamine in rat urine.

Camfetamine (N-methyl-3-phenyl-norbornan-2-amine; CFA) belongs as amphetamine-type stimulant to the so-called new psychoactive substances. CFA is an analogue of fencamfamine, an appetite suppressant developed in the 1960s. The described effects of CFA are slight stimulation and increased vigilance and the side effects are tachycardia, paranoia, and sleeplessness. The aims of the presented work were to study the metabolic fate and the detectability of CFA in urine and to elucidate which cytochrome-P450 (CYP) isoenzymes are involved in the main metabolic steps. For metabolism studies, rat urine samples were isolated by solid-phase extraction without and after enzymatic cleavage of conjugates. The phase I metabolites were separated and identified after/without acetylation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and/or liquid chromatography-high resolution-linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-HR-MS(n)), respectively, and the phase II metabolites by LC-HR-MS(n). From the identified metabolites, the following main metabolic pathways were deduced: N-demethylation, aromatic mono or bis-hydroxylation followed by methylation of one hydroxy group, hydroxylation of the norbornane ring, combination of these steps, and glucuronidation and/or sulfation of the hydroxy metabolites. The N-demethylation was catalyzed by CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4, the aromatic hydroxylation by CYP2C19 and CYP2D6, and the aliphatic hydroxylation was catalyzed by CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4. Finally, the intake of a common user's dose of CFA could be confirmed in rat urine using the authors' GC-MS and the LC-MS(n) standard urine screening approaches via CFA and several metabolites, with the hydroxy-aryl CFA and the corresponding glucuronide being the most abundant.

A phase I schedule dependency study of the aurora kinase inhibitor MSC1992371A in combination with gemcitabine in patients with solid tumors.

INTRODUCTION: MSC1992371A is an aurora kinase inhibitor with potential antitumor activity. METHODS: This trial established the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) of oral MSC1992371A given before or after gemcitabine (1,000 mg/m(2)) in a 21-day cycle in patients with advanced malignancies. In schedule 1 (n = 31), gemcitabine was administered on days 1 and 8 followed by escalating doses of MSC1992371A on days 2 and 9. In schedule 2 (n = 35), MSC1992371A was given on days 1 and 8 followed by gemcitabine on days 2 and 9. Patients had a range of solid tumors, the most frequent of which was colorectal (n = 19). RESULTS: In both schedules, the 37 mg/m(2) dose level was defined as the MTD. The main DLT was grade 4 neutropenia. Adverse events consisted of neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, asthenia, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and diarrhea. Administration of MSC1992371A prior to gemcitabine had no effect on the metabolism or elimination of gemcitabine. Time to reach maximum plasma concentration and area under the plasma concentration-time curve for MSC1992371A increased proportionally with dose. Exploration of drug-target-related and tumor biomarkers did not identify predictors of biologic activity or response. Two patients (1 with lung carcinoma and 1 with hepatocellular carcinoma) had durable partial responses in schedule 2, and 5 patients had stable disease (SD) lasting 6 - 14 months. CONCLUSION: Oral MSC1992371A can be administered at a MTD of 37 mg/m(2) in combination with the standard 1,000 mg/m(2) dose of gemcitabine, but hematologic toxicity requires careful monitoring. Preliminary signs of efficacy were indicated by durable responses and SD.

A phase l study of three different dosing schedules of the oral aurora kinase inhibitor MSC1992371A in patients with solid tumors.

Aurora kinase inhibitors (AKIs) are a class of antimitotic, small-molecule anticancer agents. MSC1992371A is an AKI being evaluated for the treatment of patients with solid tumors. This phase I, open-label, dose-escalation study determined the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of MSC1992371A in different dosing schedules in patients with locally advanced or metastatic solid tumors. MSC1992371A was administered on days 1 and 8 (schedule 1) or on days 1, 2, and 3 (schedule 2) of a 21-day cycle. The study was expanded with a third schedule (study drug on days 1-3 and 8-10). Adverse events were monitored throughout the study. Antitumor efficacy, drug pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics were evaluated. Ninety-two patients were enrolled. MSC1992371A was dosed over eight levels in schedules 1 and 2, and the MTD was determined as 74 mg/m(2) per cycle for both schedules and as 60 mg/m(2) in schedule 3, albeit only in three patients due to discontinuation of the study. Overall, the most common grade 3 or 4 treatment-emergent adverse events were neutropenia, febrile neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia, and fatigue. The most frequent dose-limiting toxicity over all schedules was neutropenia. MSC1992371A plasma concentrations tended to increase with increasing dose levels. Although no complete or partial responses were seen, stable disease ≥3 months was observed in 11 patients. Analysis for markers of target modulation and pharmacodynamics effects was unsuccessful. MSC1992371A was generally well tolerated in patients, with mainly transient hematologic toxicities apparent at an MTD of 60-74 mg/m(2)/21-day cycle, independent of dosing frequency.

Synthesis and evaluation of an 18F-labelled norbornene derivative for copper-free click chemistry reactions.

The copper-free click chemistry reaction between norbornene and tetrazine species is known to proceed in a rapid, reliable and selective manner under mild conditions. Due to these attractive properties, this reaction has recently been explored as a generally applicable method of bioconjugation. Here, we report a convenient synthetic procedure towards a novel (18)F-labelled norbornene derivative ([(18)F]NFB) and have evaluated its ability to undergo strain-promoted copper-free click chemistry reactions with two model tetrazine species: an asymmetric dipyridyl tetrazine derivative (Tz) and a tetrazine thiourea-coupled stabilised bombesin peptide (TT-BBN). In both cases, [(18)F]NFB was found to undergo rapid and high-yielding click chemistry reactions. Furthermore, as reactions of this type could also potentially be used in vivo to facilitate the development of a novel pretargeting approach for tumour imaging and therapy, we have also assessed the radiopharmacological profile (bioavailability, biodistribution, blood clearance and metabolic stability) of [(18)F]NFB in normal BALB/c mice. This radiolabelled compound exhibits both high bioavailability and metabolic stability with approximately 90% remaining intact up to 30 min following administration.

Modular strategy for the construction of radiometalated antibodies for positron emission tomography based on inverse electron demand Diels-Alder click chemistry.

A modular system for the construction of radiometalated antibodies was developed based on the bioorthogonal cycloaddition reaction between 3-(4-benzylamino)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine and the strained dienophile norbornene. The well-characterized, HER2-specific antibody trastuzumab and the positron emitting radioisotopes (64)Cu and (89)Zr were employed as a model system. The antibody was first covalently coupled to norbornene, and this stock of norbornene-modified antibody was then reacted with tetrazines bearing the chelators 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclo-dodecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) or desferrioxamine (DFO) and subsequently radiometalated with (64)Cu and (89)Zr, respectively. The modification strategy is simple and robust, and the resultant radiometalated constructs were obtained in high specific activity (2.7-5.3 mCi/mg). For a given initial stoichiometric ratio of norbornene to antibody, the (64)Cu-DOTA- and (89)Zr-DFO-based probes were shown to be nearly identical in terms of stability, the number of chelates per antibody, and immunoreactivity (>93% in all cases). In vivo PET imaging and acute biodistribution experiments revealed significant, specific uptake of the (64)Cu- and (89)Zr-trastuzumab bioconjugates in HER2-positive BT-474 xenografts, with little background uptake in HER2-negative MDA-MB-468 xenografts or other tissues. This modular system-one in which the divergent point is a single covalently modified antibody stock that can be reacted selectively with various chelators-will allow for both greater versatility and more facile cross-comparisons in the development of antibody-based radiopharmaceuticals.

Fragrance material review on 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-norbornanyl acetate.

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-norbornanyl acetate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Roles of human CYP2A6 and rat CYP2B1 in the oxidation of (+)-fenchol by liver microsomes.

The metabolism of (+)-fenchol was investigated in vitro using liver microsomes of rats and humans and recombinant cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) enzymes in insect cells in which human/rat P450 and NADPH-P450 reductase cDNAs had been introduced. The biotransformation of (+)-fenchol was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). (+)-Fenchol was oxidized to fenchone by human liver microsomal P450 enzymes. The formation of metabolites was determined by the relative abundance of mass fragments and retention times on GC. Several lines of evidence suggested that CYP2A6 is a major enzyme involved in the oxidation of (+)-fenchol by human liver microsomes. (+)-Fenchol oxidation activities by liver microsomes were very significantly inhibited by (+)-menthofuran, a CYP2A6 inhibitor, and anti-CYP2A6. There was a good correlation between CYP2A6 contents and (+)-fenchol oxidation activities in liver microsomes of ten human samples. Kinetic analysis showed that the Vmax/Km values for (+)-fenchol catalysed by liver microsomes of human sample HG03 were 7.25 nM-1 min-1. Human recombinant CYP2A6-catalyzed (+)-fenchol oxidation with a Vmax value of 6.96 nmol min-1 nmol-1 P450 and apparent Km value of 0.09 mM. In contrast, rat CYP2A1 did not catalyse (+)-fenchol oxidation. In the rat (+)-fenchol was oxidized to fenchone, 6-exo-hydroxyfenchol and 10-hydroxyfenchol by liver microsomes of phenobarbital-treated rats. Recombinant rat CYP2B1 catalysed (+)-fenchol oxidation. Kinetic analysis showed that the Km values for the formation of fenchone, 6-exo- hydroxyfenchol and 10-hydroxyfenchol in rats treated with phenobarbital were 0.06, 0.03 and 0.03 mM, and Vmax values were 2.94, 6.1 and 13.8 nmol min-1 nmol-1 P450, respectively. Taken collectively, the results suggest that human CYP2A6 and rat CYP2B1 are the major enzymes involved in the metabolism of (+)-fenchol by liver microsomes and that there are species-related differences in the human and rat CYP2A enzymes.

Metabolism of (-)-fenchone by CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 in human liver microsomes.

The in vitro metabolism of (-)-fenchone was examined in human liver microsomes and recombinant enzymes. The biotransformation of (-)-fenchone was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. (-)-Fenchone was found to be oxidized to 6-exo-hydroxyfenchone, 6-endo-hydroxyfenchone and 10-hydroxyfenchone by human liver microsomal P450 enzymes. The formation of metabolites was determined by the relative abundance of mass fragments and retention times on gas chromatography (GC). CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 were major enzymes involved in the hydroxylation of (-)-fenchone by human liver microsomes, based on the following lines of evidence. First, of 11 recombinant human P450 enzymes tested, CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 catalysed the oxidation of (-)-fenchone. Second, oxidation of (-)-fenchone was inhibited by thioTEPA and (+)-menthofuran. Finally, there was a good correlation between CYP2A6, CYP2B6 contents and (-)-fenchone hydroxylation activities in liver microsomes of 11 human samples. CYP2A6 may be more important than CYP2B6 in human liver microsomes. Kinetic analysis showed that the Vmax/Km values for (-)-fenchone 6-endo-, 6-exo- and 10-hydroxylation catalysed by liver microsomes of human sample HG-03 were 24.3, 44.0 and 1.3nM(-1)min(-1) , respectively. Human recombinant CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 catalysed (-)-fenchone 6-exo-hydroxylation with Vmax values of 2.7 and 12.9 nmol min(-1) nmol(-1) P450 and apparent Km values of 0.18 and 0.15 mM and (-)-fenchone 6-endo-hydroxylation with Vmax values of 1.26 and 5.33nmolmin(-l) nmol(-1) P450 with apparent Km values of 0.29 and 0.26mM. (-)-Fenchone 10-hydroxylation was catalysed by CYP2B6 with Km and Vmax values of 0.2 mM and 10.66 nmol min(-1) nmol(-1) P450, respectively.

Metabolism of (+)-fenchone by CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 in human liver microsomes.

The in vitro metabolism of (+)-fenchone was examined in human liver microsomes and recombinant enzymes. Biotransformation of (+)-fenchone was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. (+)-Fenchone was found to be oxidized to 6-exo-hydroxyfenchone, 6-endo-hydroxyfenchone and 10-hydroxyfenchone by human liver microsomal P450 enzymes. The formation of metabolite of (+)-fenchone was determined by relative abundance of mass fragments and retention time with GC. CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 in human liver microsomes were major enzymes involved in the hydroxylation of (+)-fenchone, based on the following lines of evidence. First, of eleven recombinant human P450 enzymes tested, CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 catalyzed oxidation of (+)-fenchone. Second, oxidation of (+)-fenchone was inhibited by thioTEPA, (+)-menthofuran anti-CYP2A6 and anti-CYP2B6 antibodies. Finally, there was a good correlation between CYP2A6, CYP2B6 contents and (+)-fenchone hydroxylation activities in liver microsomes of 8 human samples.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of a fluorine-18-labeled nonsteroidal androgen receptor antagonist, N-(3-[18F]fluoro-4-nitronaphthyl)-cis-5-norbornene-endo-2,3-dicarboxylic imide.

INTRODUCTION: Androgen receptor (AR), which is overexpressed in most prostate cancers, is the target of androgen ablation and antiandrogen therapies: it is also the target for the receptor-mediated imaging of AR-positive prostate cancer using radiolabeled ligands. Previous AR imaging agents were based on a steroidal core labeled with fluorine. To develop a novel class of nonsteroidal imaging agents, with binding and pharmacological characteristics that are more similar to those of clinically used AR antagonists, we synthesized N-(3-fluoro-4-nitronaphthyl)-cis-5-norbornene-endo-2,3-dicarboxylic imide (3-F-NNDI), an analog of recently reported AR antagonist ligands. METHODS: 3-F-NNDI was synthesized in six steps starting with 1-nitronaphthalene, with fluorine incorporation as the final step. The labeling of 3-F-NNDI with fluorine-18 was achieved through a novel, extremely mild, S(N)Ar displacement reaction of an o-nitro-activated arene trimethylammonium salt, and 3-[(18)F]F-NNDI was prepared in high specific activity. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: 3-F-NNDI was found to have an AR-binding affinity similar to that of its parent compound. In vitro assays demonstrated high stability of the labeled compound under physiological conditions in buffer and in the blood. Androgen target tissue uptake in diethylstilbestrol-pretreated male rats, however, was minimal, probably because of extensive metabolic defluorination the radiolabeled ligand. CONCLUSIONS: This study is part of our first look at a novel class of nonsteroidal AR antagonists as positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents that are alternatives to steroidal AR agonist-based imaging agents. Although 3-[(18)F]F-NNDI has significant affinity for AR, it showed limited promise as a PET imaging agent because of its poor target tissue distribution properties.

Effects of N6-endonorbornan-2-yl-9-methyladenine, N0861, on negative chronotropic and vasodilatory actions of adenosine in the canine heart in vivo.

The pharmacology of N6-endonorbornan-2-yl-9-methyladenine (N0861), a new selective antagonist of adenosine at the A1 adenosine receptor subtype (A1-AdoR), was studied in vivo using a canine model. First, the pharmacokinetics of N0861 were determined in anesthetized dogs. The time-dependent decay of plasma levels of N0861 fitted a two-compartment polyexponential model with alpha-phase t1/2 = 3.80 min and beta-phase t1/2 = 80.55 min. Secondly, the effect of N0861 on the negative chronotropic and vasodilatory actions of adenosine in the canine heart were determined. N0861 attenuated the negative chronotropic action of adenosine (1-6 mumol/kg; rapid bolus into the right atrium) on sinus node pacemaker activity in a dose-dependent manner (pA2 = 4.23). For example, the maximal prolongation of sinus cycle length induced by 6 mumol/kg adenosine was 82 +/- 13% under baseline conditions and 57 +/- 10, 34 +/- 5 and 34 +/- 6% during infusion of N0861 at incremental rates leading to plasma levels of 7.75 +/- 1.02, 14.15 +/- 0.87, and 19.71 +/- 1.83 micrograms/mL, respectively. In contrast, N0861 did not inhibit but had a tendency to potentiate the vasodilatory action of adenosine (thought to be mediated by the A2 adenosine receptor subtype (A2-AdoR)) on the left anterior descending and circumflex coronary arteries. These data indicate that two different receptors, similar to the typical A1-AdoR and A2-AdoR, mediate the electrophysiologic and vasodilatory actions of adenosine in the canine heart, respectively, and that N0861 is a selective antagonist of adenosine at A1-AdoR in the canine heart in vivo.

Disposition of human drug preparations in the horse. II. Orally administered fencamfamine.

A gas chromatographic method to measure urinary levels of the central nervous system stimulant fencamfamine and some of its metabolites is described. When 100 mg fencamfamine was given orally to four horses the parent drug could not be detected in the urine. After enzymatic hydrolysis of the urine the major human metabolite, N-desethylated fencamfamine, only accounted for 1% of the dose in 12 h. The major equine metabolites were conjugated parahydroxylated compounds representing 18% of the dose. With regard to horse doping control and analysis, the injudicious use of human doping routine methods for the detection of fencamfamine in equine urine could lead to false negative results.