ABSTRACT
We discuss different interpretations of the term poison as well as the need of bringing up to date the changes in this matter according to the science progress. A clear and exact definition is proposed after analysing the factors that affect the relativity of the concept and its boundaries. The proposal for a definition is presented taking into account the most broadly extended concepts concerning its significance. That is to say: "a poison is, for human beings and their non-pathogenic and non-harmful biological environment, an electromagnetic or corpuscular radiation, or a non-infectious chemical agent, structured no larger in size than a small particle or fibre that, after being generated internally or after contact, penetration and/or absorption by a live organism, in sufficiently high dose, can produce or produces a direct or indirect adverse effect unrelated to its temperature or measurable electrical potential difference". The scientific knowledge needs accurate definitions to avoid ambiguities.
Subject(s)
Poisons , Terminology as Topic , Toxicology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Humans , Noxae/administration & dosage , Noxae/pharmacokinetics , Noxae/toxicity , Poisons/administration & dosage , Poisons/pharmacokinetics , Poisons/toxicityABSTRACT
The physiological response to environmental toxicants and drugs is modulated by the thermoregulatory system. Environmental and body temperature can affect the entry of toxicants into the body through pulmonary, cutaneous, and gastrointestinal routes. Thermoregulation can ultimately influence the metabolic clearance of chemicals and their toxicity, including lethality. The thermoregulatory response following acute exposure to many toxic chemicals involves a regulated hypothermic response, characterized by activation of autonomic thermoeffectors to raise heat loss and a behavioral preference for cooler temperatures. Moderate hypothermia in rodents improves recovery and survival following toxic exposure. In relatively large mammals, including humans, the hypothermic response is minimal. Fever-like responses are often seen in humans and other large mammals exposed to many toxicants. Fever is also observed in rodents exposed to some toxicants provided that core temperature can be monitored without disturbing the animal (e.g., telemetry). Overall, the universal effects of temperature on chemical toxicity call for researchers to have a better understanding of how body and ambient temperature affect the physiological response to environmental toxicants.
Subject(s)
Body Temperature Regulation/drug effects , Ethanol/toxicity , Fever/chemically induced , Noxae/toxicity , Temperature , Animals , Body Temperature Regulation/physiology , Humans , Mice , Noxae/metabolism , Noxae/pharmacokinetics , RatsABSTRACT
An evaluation and review of a structurally related group of fragrance materials.
Subject(s)
Cinnamates/toxicity , Perfume/toxicity , Propanols/toxicity , Skin/drug effects , Administration, Cutaneous , Allergens/classification , Allergens/pharmacokinetics , Allergens/toxicity , Animals , Cinnamates/classification , Cinnamates/pharmacokinetics , Consumer Product Safety , Esters , Humans , Noxae/classification , Noxae/pharmacokinetics , Noxae/toxicity , Perfume/classification , Perfume/pharmacokinetics , Propanols/classification , Propanols/pharmacokinetics , Risk Assessment , Skin/metabolism , Skin Absorption , Skin Irritancy Tests , Skin Tests , Toxicity TestsABSTRACT
A toxicologic and dermatologic review of alpha-iso-methylionone when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.
Subject(s)
Norisoprenoids/toxicity , Perfume/toxicity , Allergens/classification , Allergens/pharmacokinetics , Allergens/toxicity , Animals , Consumer Product Safety , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Humans , Norisoprenoids/classification , Norisoprenoids/pharmacokinetics , Noxae/classification , Noxae/pharmacokinetics , Noxae/toxicity , Perfume/classification , Perfume/pharmacokinetics , Reproduction/drug effects , Risk Assessment , Skin/drug effects , Skin/metabolism , Skin Absorption , Skin Irritancy Tests , Skin Tests , Toxicity TestsABSTRACT
An evaluation and review of a structurally related group of fragrance materials.
Subject(s)
Norisoprenoids/toxicity , Perfume/toxicity , Skin/drug effects , Administration, Cutaneous , Administration, Oral , Allergens/classification , Allergens/pharmacokinetics , Allergens/toxicity , Animals , Consumer Product Safety , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Expert Testimony , Female , Humans , Male , Norisoprenoids/chemistry , Norisoprenoids/pharmacokinetics , Noxae/classification , Noxae/pharmacokinetics , Noxae/toxicity , Perfume/classification , Perfume/pharmacokinetics , Risk Assessment , Skin/metabolism , Skin/pathology , Skin Absorption , Skin Irritancy Tests , Toxicity TestsABSTRACT
An evaluation and review of a structurally related group of fragrance materials.
Subject(s)
Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors/toxicity , Noxae/toxicity , Perfume/toxicity , Salicylates/toxicity , Skin/drug effects , Allergens/classification , Allergens/pharmacokinetics , Allergens/toxicity , Animals , Consumer Product Safety , Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors/classification , Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Expert Testimony , Humans , Noxae/classification , Noxae/pharmacokinetics , Perfume/pharmacokinetics , Risk Assessment , Salicylates/classification , Salicylates/pharmacokinetics , Skin/metabolism , Skin Absorption , Skin Irritancy Tests , Skin Tests , Toxicity TestsABSTRACT
A toxicologic and dermatologic review of ionone when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.
Subject(s)
Norisoprenoids/toxicity , Perfume/toxicity , Animals , Consumer Product Safety , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Humans , Norisoprenoids/classification , Norisoprenoids/pharmacokinetics , Noxae/classification , Noxae/pharmacokinetics , Noxae/toxicity , Perfume/classification , Perfume/pharmacokinetics , Risk Assessment , Skin/drug effects , Skin/metabolism , Skin/pathology , Skin Absorption , Skin Irritancy Tests , Skin Tests , Toxicity TestsABSTRACT
A toxicologic and dermatologic review of methyl salicylate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.
