Nudos verdaderos del cordón Umbilical. Presentación de tres casos. Maternidad de Ouargla. 2017-2018, Argelia / True knots of the umbilical cord. Presentation of three cases. Ouargla Maternity. 2017-2018, Argeria

Introducción: los nudos verdaderos del cordón umbilical son poco frecuentes y ocurren entre 0.3-1.3 por ciento de todos los embarazos. La tasa de mortalidad fetal antes del parto oscila entre 4 a 10 veces mayor con relación a los embarazos con cordones umbilicales normales. Presentación de caso: caso 1 paciente de 39 años de edad G3 P (1 eut y 1 ces) A0, obesa, edad gestacional de 39.3 semanas, que asiste al Hospital con contracciones uterinas de 3/10 minutos, buena intensidad, presentación alta, cefálica y la frecuencia cardiaca fetal (fcf) de 164/minutos, cesárea anterior hace 2 años, signo de más, con cuello uterino permeable 1cm, grueso y membranas intactas. Caso 2: paciente que ingresa en el Hospital con 41 años de edad, obesa, con G5 P4 A0, Edad gestacional de 40, 4 semanas, el último parto ocurrió hace 6 años, posee contracciones 2/10 minutos y fcf de 160/minutos, con desaceleraciones tardías en los registros cardiotocográficos (CTG), dilatación de 2cms con membranas intactas y el cuello grueso y rígido. TA: 140/80, en hipertensa crónica y tratamiento con metildopa 250mg c/6hrs. Caso 3: paciente que ingresa con 39 años de edad, 41 semanas de gestación, G6 P5 A0, obesa, el último parto se realizó con la aplicación de fórceps con apgar bajo, hace 3 años, lleva tratamiento con metildopa 500mg cada 8 horas por ser una hipertensa crónica; ingresó con tensión arterial de 120/80, se queja de dolores bajo vientre. Discusión: dentro de los factores de riesgos planteados en la aparición de los nudos verdaderos del cordón umbilical se constató: la hipertensión arterial crónica en los tres pacientes, dos multíparas, tres con edad igual o mayor a 39 años y todos con cordones mayores a 60cms. La longitud normal del cordón es de (30cms a 60cms). Se plantea como riesgo de desarrollar nudos del cordón, con cordones mayores a 80cms. Conclusiones: no hubo complicaciones para la salud de los neonatos(AU)

Introduction: true umbilical cord knots are rare and occur between 0.3-1.3 percent of all pregnancies. The fetal mortality rate before delivery ranges from 4 to 10 times higher than in pregnancies with normal umbilical cords. Case presentation: case 1 39-year-old patient G3 P (1 eut and 1 ces) A0, obese, gestational age of 39.3 weeks, who attends the Hospital with uterine contractions of 3/10 minutes, good intensity, high presentation, cephalic and fetal heart rate (fcf) of 164/min, previous cesarean section 2 years ago, plus sign, with a patent cervix 1cm, thick and intact membranes. Case 2: patient admitted to the Hospital at 41 years of age, obese, with G5 P4 A0, gestational age of 40, 4 weeks, the last delivery occurred 6 years ago, has contractions 2/10 minutes and fcf of 160/minutes, with late decelerations in the cardiotocographic recordings (CTG), dilation of 2 cm with intact membranes and a thick and stiff neck. BP: 140/80, in chronic hypertensive and treatment with methyldopa 250mg every 6hrs. Case 3: patient who was admitted with 39 years of age, 41 weeks of gestation, G6 P5 A0, obese, the last delivery was performed with the application of forceps with low apgar, 3 years ago, has been treated with methyldopa 500mg every 8 hours for be a chronic hypertensive; she was admitted with a blood pressure of 120/80, she complains of pain in the lower abdomen. Discussion: among the risk factors raised in the appearance of true umbilical cord knots, it was found: chronic arterial hypertension in the three patients, two multiparous, three with age equal to or greater than 39 years and all with cords greater than 60 cm. The normal length of the cord is (30cms to 60cms). It is posed as a risk of developing knots in the cord, with cords greater than. Conclusions: there were no complications for the health of the neonates(EU)

The effect of nuchal cord on perinatal mortality and long-term offspring morbidity.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate perinatal and long-term cardiovascular and respiratory morbidities of children born with nuchal cord. STUDY DESIGN: A large population-based cohort analysis of singleton deliveries was conducted. Maternal and birth characteristics, as well as cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity incidence were evaluated. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to compare cumulative hospitalization incidence between groups. Cox regression models were used to control for possible confounders and follow-up length. RESULTS: 243,682 deliveries were included. Of them, 34,332 (14.1%) were diagnosed with nuchal cord. Perinatal mortality rate was comparable between groups (0.5 vs. 0.6%, p = 0.16). Kaplan-Meier survival curves demonstrated no significant differences in cumulative cardiovascular or respiratory morbidity incidence between groups (log rank p = 0.69 and p = 0.10, respectively). Cox regression models reaffirmed a comparable risk for hospitalization between groups (aHR = 0.99 (95% CI 0.85-1.14, p = 0.87) and aHR = 0.97 (95% CI 0.92-1.02, p = 0.28). CONCLUSIONS: Nuchal cord is not associated with higher rate of perinatal mortality nor long-term cardiorespiratory morbidity.

Prenatal diagnosis and management of monoamniotic twins.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this article is to investigate the perinatal outcomes of monoamniotic twins under current standards of prenatal management involving intensive fetal surveillance. RECENT FINDINGS: The incidence of perinatal mortality in monoamniotic twins has fallen over the last 2 decades. Umbilical cord entanglement has long been considered one of the main causes of poor outcome among monoamniotic twins; however, new evidence shows that it appears to be less important than prematurity and congenital anomalies. If intensive fetal surveillance is provided, the risk of perinatal mortality is acceptably low regardless of setting. In uncomplicated monoamniotic twin pregnancies, delivery at around 33 weeks of gestation might reduce the risk of neonatal adverse events without increasing the risk of perinatal death. SUMMARY: Perinatal outcome in monoamniotic twins improved if intensive fetal surveillance was performed under either outpatient or inpatient management. Planned delivery in uncomplicated monoamniotic twin pregnancies can be considered at around 33 weeks of gestation.

Perinatal outcome and clinical features of monochorionic monoamniotic twin gestation.

AIM: To clarify perinatal outcomes of monoamniotic (MM) twin pregnancies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: MM twins delivered in seven tertiary perinatal centers during the last decade were retrospectively evaluated. All pregnant women were scheduled to begin inpatient management at around 24 weeks of gestation and undergo a planned cesarean section beyond 32 weeks. Pregnancy outcomes, prevalence of fetal death and cord entanglement, perinatal mortality and neuromorbidity rate at discharge were examined. RESULTS: The study group comprised 38 MM twin pregnancies (76 fetuses). Cord entanglement was confirmed in 88% (30/34) of women, and fetal deaths occurred in nine women (eight were both fetal deaths, and one was single fetal death). The cord entanglement accounted for 65% (11/17) of the fetal deaths. The median gestational age at delivery was 31⁺³ weeks, but that for viable infants was 32⁺³ weeks; the median birth weight was 1642 g, the perinatal mortality rate was 2% (1/60), and the neuromorbidity rate was 8% (5/50). The overall survival rate was 75% (57/76). CONCLUSION: Perinatal outcomes in our study were relatively good irrespective of high frequency of cord entanglement. Close fetal monitoring may allow MM twin pregnancies to extend gestational age, which may contribute to reduce both fetal death and neonatal morbidity by immaturity, although the best delivery weeks remained undetermined.

Impact of cord entanglement on perinatal outcome of monoamniotic twins: a systematic review of the literature.

OBJECTIVE: To review the current literature concerning perinatal outcome of monoamniotic pregnancies with cord entanglement. METHODS: A search in PubMed, EMBASE and MEDLINE for articles published between January 2000 and December 2011 was performed, using the following keywords: monoamniotic/monochorionic pregnancy(ies); twins; cord entanglement; fetal ultrasound/surveillance. Inclusion criteria for the study were: monoamniotic twins with documented cord entanglement at delivery, and perinatal outcome reported as proportional rates. Exclusion criteria were: higher-order multiple pregnancy; selective feticide; presence of twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence; conjoined twins; fewer than four cases in the series; and non-English language publication. Survival rates were stratified for method of prenatal management, sonographic diagnosis of cord entanglement and delivery mode. A meta-analysis was also performed using data from articles that stratified outcome according to the presence or absence of cord entanglement at birth. Comparison between neonates with cord entanglement and controls was deemed significant if the 95% CI of the pooled odds ratios did not encompass 1. MOOSE (Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines were followed. RESULTS: Nine articles met the inclusion criteria for this review, including a total of 114 monoamniotic twin sets (228 fetuses) with cord entanglement. The overall survival rate was 202/228 (88.6%). Perinatal mortality occurred in 26 (11.4%) fetuses; of these, 17 (65%) died in utero and nine (35%) died at birth. Five neonatal deaths occurred as a result of prematurity, two were related to structural abnormalities and two were caused by cord entanglement. Sonographic visualization of cord entanglement did not improve outcome. Four articles were included in the meta-analysis, with no significant difference in mortality between controls (n = 66 fetuses) and twins with cord entanglement (n = 82 fetuses), and higher morbidity in controls. CONCLUSIONS: Cord entanglement does not contribute to prenatal morbidity and mortality in monoamniotic twin pregnancies.

Entrecruzamiento de cordones en la gestación gemelar monocorial monoamniótica / Cord entanglement in monochorionic monoamniotic twin pregnancies

La gestación gemelar monocorial monoamniótica presenta alto riesgo de muerte fetal en relación a complicaciones generales de las gestaciones gemelares así como específicas de la monoamniocidad, siendo la más grave la muerte fetal por entrecruzamiento de cordones, el cual se presenta en prácticamente la totalidad de los casos. En el manejo de la gestación monocorial monoamniótica es fundamental un correcto diagnóstico precoz ecográfico, así como un manejo y vigilancia estricta para detectar signos de entrecruzamiento de cordones que permitan evitar la progresión a muerte fetal intraútero. La necesidad de hospitalización y el momento de finalización de la gestación siguen generando controversia en la literatura médica (AU)

Monochorial monoamniotic twins are at high risk of fetal death due to the general complications seen in multiple gestations, as well as those specific to this type of pregnancy. The most severe complication in these pregnancies is fetal death due to cord entanglement, which occurs in almost all cases. Early ultrasonographic diagnosis and intensive prenatal surveillance are essential for the early detection of cord entanglement and the prevention of fetal death. The need for in-hospital management and the exact gestational age for delivery continue to generate controversy in the literature (AU)

Cord entanglement and perinatal outcome in monoamniotic twin pregnancies.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of cord entanglement and perinatal outcome in a large series of monoamniotic twin pregnancies and to review the recent literature on similar published large series. METHODS: Prospective observational study of all prenatally detected cases of monoamniotic twin pregnancies during an 8-year period in a tertiary fetal medicine unit. A Medline database review for publications since 2000 containing five or more cases of monoamniotic pregnancies that showed data on cord entanglement and perinatal outcome was also undertaken. RESULTS: A total of 32 monoamniotic pregnancies were diagnosed during the study period, including three conjoined twins, seven pregnancies with twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) syndrome, three surgical pregnancy interruptions for discordant fetal abnormality and one miscarriage before 16 weeks' gestation. The remaining 18 monoamniotic pregnancies were included in the study analysis. All monoamniotic pregnancies were complicated with antenatal cord entanglement diagnosed by B-mode and color Doppler ultrasound. There were 34 live births and a double intrauterine death diagnosed at 19 + 2 weeks' gestation. There were two late neonatal deaths, one from congenital complete heart block and the other after surgery for transposition of the great arteries. The overall perinatal loss rate was 11.1% after 16 weeks and 5.9% after 20 weeks' gestation. The cumulative rates of cord entanglement and perinatal mortality in the reviewed literature were 74% and 21%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Umbilical cord entanglement is present in all monoamniotic twins when it is systematically evaluated by ultrasound and color Doppler. Perinatal mortality in monoamniotic twins is mainly a consequence of conjoined twins, TRAP, discordant anomaly and spontaneous miscarriage before 20 weeks' gestation. Expectantly managed monoamniotic twins after 20 weeks have a very good prognosis despite the finding of cord entanglement. The practice of elective very preterm delivery or other interventions to prevent cord accidents in monoamniotic twins should be re-evaluated.