Subject(s)
Cardiologists , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Nuclear Warfare/prevention & control , Professional Role , Cardiologists/legislation & jurisprudence , Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality , Humans , International Cooperation , Nuclear Warfare/legislation & jurisprudence , Policy Making , Risk FactorsSubject(s)
Nuclear Warfare , Nuclear Weapons/legislation & jurisprudence , Physician's Role , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , International Cooperation/history , Nobel Prize , Nuclear Warfare/history , Nuclear Warfare/legislation & jurisprudence , Nuclear Warfare/prevention & control , Organizations, Nonprofit/history , United NationsSubject(s)
Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity , Influenza, Human/transmission , Influenza, Human/virology , Security Measures/history , Security Measures/standards , Animals , Bioterrorism/prevention & control , DNA, Recombinant/history , Ferrets/virology , Genetic Engineering/history , Genetic Engineering/legislation & jurisprudence , Genetic Engineering/standards , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Nuclear Warfare/history , Nuclear Warfare/legislation & jurisprudence , Risk AssessmentSubject(s)
Cold Climate/adverse effects , Disasters/prevention & control , Disasters/statistics & numerical data , Models, Theoretical , Nuclear Warfare/prevention & control , Nuclear Weapons/legislation & jurisprudence , Nuclear Weapons/statistics & numerical data , Animals , Cuba , Fires/prevention & control , Fires/statistics & numerical data , Humans , International Cooperation/legislation & jurisprudence , Nuclear Warfare/legislation & jurisprudence , Plant Development , Public Policy/legislation & jurisprudence , Smoke/adverse effects , Smoke/prevention & control , Starvation/epidemiology , Starvation/etiologySubject(s)
International Cooperation , Nuclear Power Plants/legislation & jurisprudence , Radioactive Hazard Release/legislation & jurisprudence , Safety Management/legislation & jurisprudence , Disasters/prevention & control , Federal Government , Humans , Japan , Nuclear Power Plants/standards , Nuclear Warfare/legislation & jurisprudence , Radioactive Hazard Release/statistics & numerical data , Safety Management/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
Data from three years of operation of a low-level aerosol sampler and analyzer (RASA) at Schauinsland monitoring station are reported. The system is part of the International Monitoring System (IMS) for verification of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). The fully automatic system is capable to measure aerosol borne gamma emitters with high sensitivity and routinely quantifies 7Be and 212Pb. The system had a high level of data availability of 90% within the reporting period. A daily screening process rendered 66 tentative identifications of verification relevant radionuclides since the system entered IMS operation in February 2004. Two of these were real events and associated to a plausible source. The remaining 64 cases can consistently be explained by detector background and statistical phenomena. Inter-comparison with data from a weekly sampler operated at the same station shows instabilities of the calibration during the test phase and a good agreement since certification of the system.
Subject(s)
Environmental Monitoring/methods , Nuclear Warfare/legislation & jurisprudence , Radiation Monitoring/methods , Air , Air Pollutants, Radioactive , Beryllium/analysis , Calibration , Germany , International Cooperation , Lanthanum/analysis , Lead Radioisotopes/analysis , Radioisotopes/analysis , Research Design , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Climate change and nuclear war are currently the most dangerous challenges to human civilisation and survival. The effects of climate change are now sufficient to persuade many governments to take effective measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Today there are about 27,000 nuclear warheads, many at least ten times more powerful than the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs, and a meaningful medical response to a nuclear attack is impossible. Nevertheless, the threat of nuclear war does not raise public concern, and indeed the nuclear-weapon states are upgrading their capability. The only effective preventive measure is the abolition of nuclear weapons. Steps towards this include: a Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty, for the nuclear weapon states to observe their obligations under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, and for the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty to enter into force. The ultimate need is for a Nuclear Weapons Convention; International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War have launched an International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear weapons (ICAN) to promote a NWC.
Subject(s)
International Cooperation , Nuclear Warfare/prevention & control , Nuclear Weapons/legislation & jurisprudence , Power Plants , Public Policy , Social Responsibility , Humans , Moral Obligations , Negotiating , Nuclear Warfare/ethics , Nuclear Warfare/legislation & jurisprudence , Nuclear Weapons/ethics , Physician's Role , RiskSubject(s)
Databases, Factual , Disaster Planning/methods , International Cooperation , Nuclear Warfare , Disaster Planning/trends , Forensic Sciences/methods , Forensic Sciences/trends , Humans , Nuclear Warfare/legislation & jurisprudence , Nuclear Warfare/prevention & control , Nuclear Warfare/statistics & numerical data , Terrorism/legislation & jurisprudence , Terrorism/prevention & controlABSTRACT
In 1984, nuclear-armed and nuclear-powered vessels were banned from New Zealand to express the country's rejection of the nuclear deterrence concept. This led to a disagreement with the United States. Today, the ban on nuclear-powered ships is the only element of the nuclear-free legislation that still strains US-New Zealand relations. This article presents the reasons for the ban on nuclear-powered ships, which include scientific safety concerns, a symbolic rejection of the nuclear deterrence posture, and patriotic factors such as a nuclear-free national identity. The military and economic consequences of the ban are also examined. Since the ban on nuclear-powered vessels appears to be neither widely known abroad nor commonly recognised as a supportive disarmament measure outside New Zealand, it is concluded that whatever the future of this ban will be, New Zealand's anti-nuclear image will remain known internationally through the ban on nuclear arms.
Subject(s)
Internationality , Nuclear Energy/legislation & jurisprudence , Nuclear Warfare/prevention & control , Politics , Public Policy , Ships/legislation & jurisprudence , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , New Zealand , Nuclear Warfare/history , Nuclear Warfare/legislation & jurisprudence , Time Factors , United StatesABSTRACT
Maralinga, South Australia was an important site in the United Kingdom nuclear weapons test programme. Seven bombs were exploded and a series of 'safety' tests carried out; the latter in particular disseminated appreciable amounts of uranium and plutonium over a wide area. A programme to clean up the test site over several years was instituted, with in-situ vitrification as a principal measure. The final report on the programme has now been published. However, both the programme and the Report are seriously flawed; this article provides criticisms of both.