Guía de elaboración de un Proyecto de investigación. Segunda parte / Guide to developing a research Project. Part two

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo elaborar una guía práctica para redactar un proyecto de investigación (AU)

This work aims to develop a practical guide to writing a research Project (AU)

Fenomenología como método de investigación: Una opción para el profesional de enfermería / Phenomenology as a research method: an option for the nurse

El profesional de enfermería necesita métodos de estudio que le permitan observar al ser humano como un ente indivisible, singular y único en el mundo, que vive, siente y percibe de manera individual y propia. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la fenomenología como método de investigación (una opción para el profesional de enfermería desde el punto de vista filosófico) y proporcionar elementos que le permitan realizar estudios de tipo cualitativo, ofreciendo una óptica diferente. Se explica cómo surge la fenomenología, sus preceptos, precursores, la visión que tuvieron para analizar las cosas (fenómenos) y el método de estudio que se desarrolló para enfocar su teoría y cómo ésta se fue adaptando a una nueva forma para llevar a cabo la investigación. Asimismo, se desarrolla este método para que los profesionales de la salud puedan comprender el comportamiento humano, aprovechando todos los recursos que se tienen para ofrecer un cuidado holístico.

The nurse needs to study methods that allow you to see the human being as a indivisible, singular, unique in the world you live in, feel and perceive individually and own. The objective of this article is to analyze the phenomenology as a research method: an option for the nurse, from the philosophical point of view and provide elements that allow qualitative studies, offering a different perspective. It describes as phenomenology arises, its precepts, precursors, had the vision to analyze things (phenomena), and the method of study to focus on developing its ideology and how it was adapted to a new way to bring out research. Also this method is developed for health professionals to understand human behavior using all the resources they have to offer holistic care.

Using a clinical pathway to support normal birth: impact on practitioner roles and working practices.

BACKGROUND: Widespread concerns are being voiced in the Western world about rising rates of childbirth intervention. In Wales, United Kingdom, a Clinical Pathway for Normal Labour (Normal Labour Pathway) was devised to support normal childbirth and reduce unnecessary interventions. This study investigated the implementation of the pathway, from the perspective of midwives, doctors, and midwifery managers. METHODS: An ethnographic approach was used to observe use of the Normal Labour Pathway in real life settings and evaluate its implementation. Data were collected by means of semiparticipant observation, focus groups, and interviews. Participants (n = 56) included senior practitioners involved in creating the pathway (n = 4), midwives (n = 41), managers (n = 5), and doctors (n = 6). Data were analyzed thematically. RESULTS: Key themes related to the effect of the Normal Labour Pathway on Welsh maternity care, and midwives' and doctors' experiences. Midwives' views focused on the pathway as a decision-making protocol and record of care. Recently qualified midwives were more likely to view the pathway positively than those with more experience. Doctors were critical of the pathway, experiencing it as exclusionary. Midwives and doctors considered that the Normal Labour Pathway had increased interprofessional tensions. There was no evidence that it had increased the normal birth rate. CONCLUSIONS: The Normal Labour Pathway is a complex intervention with complex outcomes. It has had intended and unintended consequences, for maternity care in general and for the roles and relationships of maternity care practitioners. The study raises questions about the appropriateness of clinical pathways and other standardized decision-making tools for the complexity of childbirth.

Portable MP3 players: innovative devices for recording qualitative interviews.

Digital technology has provided a new way of recording qualitative interviews, surpassing the clarity, usability and storage capabilities of conventional tape recorders. Ritin Fernandez and Rhonda Griffiths examine a technological resource that pervades modern social life and which can be used effectively for digitally recording interviews for qualitative research.

Qualitative data analysis using data displays.

The amount of data generated in qualitative research can be difficult to manage. In this paper Tracey Williamson and Andrew Long discuss how the use of data displays can improve data management and also how the process can help to make the routes from raw data to research findings in qualitative research more transparent. Data displays can take several forms but share the benefit of helping to condense large amounts of data into more manageable forms. They can also help to convey information in a visually stimulating format where presentation time or column space may be limited.

Analysing audio-recorded data: using computer software applications.

Conventional methods of qualitative data analysis require transcription of audio-recorded data prior to conduct of the coding and analysis process. In this paper Alison Hutchinson describes and illustrates an innovative method of data analysis that comprises the use of audio-editing software to save selected audio bytes from digital audio recordings of meetings. The use of a database to code and manage the linked audio files and generate detailed and summary reports, including reporting of code frequencies according to participant code and/or meeting, is also highlighted. The advantage of using this approach in the analysis of audio-recorded data is that the process may be undertaken in the medium in which the data were collected. Though time-consuming, this process negates the need for expensive and time intensive transcription of recorded data.

Más allá del dualismo cualitativo-cuantitativo / Beyond the quantitative-qualitative dualism

Con el propósito de entender los fenómenos que afectan a los cuidados de salud, los investigadores de enfermería están combinando con mayor frecuencia las metodologías cualitativas y cuantitativas. Estos dos abordajes se centran en paradigmas filosóficamente distintos que, en algunos casos, pueden ser contradictorios. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar comparativamente estas dos metodologías. En términos generales, la visión cualitativa se utiliza para explorar el significado de un fenómeno, mientras que la visión cuantitativa se emplea para ayudar al investigador a obtener datos extrapolables a la población de estudio, siendo, por tanto, métodos complementarios (AU)

Rediseño curricular en la asignatura de enfermería materno infantil y salud comunitaria II / I redraw curricular in the infantile maternal infirmary subject and community health II

El presente trabajo contemnpla el diseño y puesta en práctica de las 4 fases en relación al diagnóstico situacional, la propuesta de intervención, laejecución y evaluación de l asignatura de Enfermería Materno Infantil y Salud Comunitaria III correspondiente al 4° año de la Carrera de Enfermería, particularizaándose en su fase final a la asignatura de Salud Pública IV (Salud comunitariaIII) que aplicó lo diseñado en su totalida. La inquetud surge a raíz de os conocimientos durante el curso de Psicopedagogía, Planificación, Evaluación y Gestión en la Educación Superior en Salud (PPEGESS), que conlelva a consecuentes evaluaciones diagnósticas como lo es el bajo rendimiento académico al interior de la signatura, que finalmente se encamino a un análisis de exhaustivo y profundo en el colectivo docente del área a través de la aplicación del FODA y el análisi de resultados obtenidos a través de encuestas aplicadas a docentes que cursaron la asignatura. Los resultados de la misma conllevan a revisar los contenidos cuyo propósito final fue mejor la calidad del Proceso Enseñanza Aprendizaje que en épocas pasadas repercutió no favorablemente en la formación de los futuros profesionales, quienes hoy en día deben dar solución a necesidades básicas de salud de la población en relación al perfil ocupacional. Por ello ante ese reto de rediseño la Curricula de Enfermería Materno Infantil y Salud Comunitaria III (actualmente Salud Pública IV), bajo objetivos generales y especificos, sonsiderando el conocimiento, nivel de asimilación, profundidad y desarrollo de habilidades y actitudes que se contemplan en los contenidos programáticos de losproblemas de salud pertinentes en nuestro diario vivir. En esta fase se instrodujo variada metodología como el Método Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas que en la práctica fue aplicado por medio de la Educación en el Trabjo y la aplicación del Procesos de Atención de Enfermería. La propuesta de cambiop en su tercera etapa fue aplicada en sus diferentes unidades que hacen a la asignatura, en 73 estudiantes que cursaron y culminaron la asignatura durante la gestión 2002. Finalmente durante la última fase se muestran resultados de la aplicación del residesaño, basadas en evaluaciones objetivas de acuerdo a la calificaciones obtenidas dael rendimiento académico y de evaluaciones respecto al impacto del rediseño en los estudiantes que cursaron el cambio.

Measuring nurses' self-concept.

Little is known of nurses' self-concept in light of their professional identity or as working adults. This article explores the development and rigorous testing of a new self-concept instrument designed specifically for nurses. The new measure is based on the self-concept measurement theory of Shavelson, Hubner, and Stanton. An expert panel was used to critique and aid refinement of the measure. The dimensions of nurses' self-concept were measured in six scales: General Nursing, Care, Staff Relations, Communication, Knowledge, and Leadership. Two groups participated in this study: Group 1 consisted of nursing students prior to graduation (n = 506) and Group 2 consisted of randomly selected, experienced, working nurses (n = 528). A series of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to test the fit of a priori models. The results indicate that all scales possess good construct validity and a satisfactory fit with the data.

Preserving qualitative meaning in instrument development.

This article presents the process through which qualitative meaning can be preserved in instrumentation. Examples illustrating this process are taken from the development of the Index of Readiness, a scale designed to assess and evaluate individual appraisal of readiness to initiate health behavior change. The generation of scale items from qualitative data and the initial steps taken to assess instrument reliability and validity as a way of preserving the meaning inherent in qualitatively generated data are described. The creation of measurement scales that reflect the uniqueness of individual experience and meet criteria for psychometric testing challenges nurse researchers to continue to devise more effective ways of representing and investigating the complexities of human experience. The use of qualitative data for instrument development is an important aspect of such scale development.