Ethical considerations regarding the inclusion of children in nursing research.

Evidence-based nursing practice is based on three pillars: the available research, known preferences of the patient or patient group and the professional experience of the nurse. For all pillars, research is the tool to expand the evidence we have, but when implementing evidence-based practice in paediatric nursing two of the pillars demand that children are included as respondents: practice research on the nursing interventions in paediatrics and the preferences of patients, something recognized by scholars and practitioners. But including a vulnerable group as children in nursing research raises specific ethical issues that need to be considered by researchers. What are ethical considerations that are currently raised about doing research with children and what do we learn by synthesizing the narrative of these studies of why the issues are raised and which solutions can be offered for these issues? In this article, considerations on three ethical principles according to the Belmont report are described by examining recent research. Twenty-one studies were found addressing relevant ethical aspects including vulnerability, gaining consent, designing quantitative or qualitative research methods and considerations regarding the execution of the study. Ethical considerations should be much more a case of continuous awareness and attitude, then box-ticking exercise, although there are sufficient international guidelines available specifically for research that includes children to aid researchers.

The ethics of sensor technology use in clinical research.

Sensor-based technologies are used today in clinical practice, research, and for monitoring people's health in homes across the United States. Although the increasing growth and complexity of such technologies promises both direct and indirect benefits, significant ethical concerns are raised. We discuss several of these concerns, particularly those that arise in clinical research and outline ethical considerations that pertain to the concept of informed consent, participants' understanding of risks and benefits and the need for tailored and accessible information that will enable participants to fully understand research implications. Balancing the benefits with the potential risks of advanced information technology will require ethically astute researchers who can address the challenges that might arise while advancing knowledge with innovation that can improve the lives of patients and families.

Ethical Challenges Encountered by Clinical Trials Nurses: A Grounded Theory Study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the ethical challenges experienced by oncology clinical trials nurses (OCTNs) during the management of CTs and to examine how they resolve those conflicts. SAMPLE & SETTING: 12 licensed RNs who had been practicing as full- or part-time OCTNs for a minimum of two years at various academic medical centers in the United States. METHODS & VARIABLES: Classical grounded theory (CGT), an inductive methodology used to explore a social process in which little is known and to develop a theory grounded in the data, was used, in addition to CGT data analysis strategies. RESULTS: CGT data analysis revealed the OCTNs' main concern (implementing an undefined job) and the way in which the OCTNs resolve this concern through the process of figuring it out. Figuring it out consists of learning as they go, utilizing their assets, standing their ground, and managing hope. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Although some nursing research provides examples of ethical challenges OCTNs might encounter in practice, there is little information regarding how nurses manage those encounters. A theoretical understanding of the OCTNs' experiences managing ethical challenges fills a gap in the nursing literature and provides a framework for how OCTNs manage and respond to challenges in professional practice.

Scientific integrity among nursing students participating in the Scientific Initiation Program: An exploratory study.

OBJECTIVE: To know the positions and practices adopted by nursing students in scientific initiation programs about the principles of scientific integrity in the different stages of the process of doing science. METHOD: An exploratory study of a quantitative nature, in which nursing student participants of the Scientific Initiation Program from the Federal District were interviewed. RESULTS: Fifty (50) nursing students participated in the study. Most of the interviewed participants presented good notions about the process of conducting research in its different stages. Nevertheless, it was found that even though they were familiar with good scientific practices, students did not always behave in the most responsible manner. It was observed that the knowledge on topics related to the ethics of the scientific process was predominantly obtained through formal education, consisting of classes and courses. Nonetheless, the importance of complementary spaces such as research and research groups is recognized. Conclusion: Research experiences are important educational and vocational training spaces for students. Therefore, good research practices need to be included early in the academic curriculum.

Objectivity in rare disease research: A philosophical approach.

Individuals living with rare conditions are faced with important challenges derived from the rarity of their conditions and aggravated by the low priority given to rare disease research. However, current realities of rare disease research require consideration of the relationship between subjectivity and 'traditional' objectivity. Objectivity in research has traditionally been associated with processes and descriptions that are independent of the investigator. The need for researchers to provide unbiased knowledge and achieve a balance between objectivity and the underlying values in nursing and scientific research requires an examination of how objectivity is conceptualized within the context of rare disease research. The aim of this paper is to examine scientific objectivity in rare disease research from a philosophical viewpoint and, in doing so, demonstrate the need to redefine it to reflect the current scientific environment. As such, healthcare providers working on this field need to redefine objectivity around ethical and moral obligation to advance science in an equitable manner with the end goal to produce knowledge that is trustworthy and beneficial to our patients.

Ethics of Scholarly Collaboration.

Scholarly collaboration with others involves endeavors filled with known-unknown expectations and ambiguity in the development of projects, presentations, and publications. This article begins an exploration of potential ethics involved in situations of collaboration among scholars as potential conflicts of interest unfold. The straight-thinking ethos surrounding collaboration is highlighted from a humanbecoming leading-following model.

Phenomenology in nursing research: reflection based on Heidegger's hermeneutics / Fenomenologia na pesquisa em enfermagem: reflexão com base na hermenêutica de Heidegger / La fenomenología en investigación de enfermería: reflexión en la hermenéutica de Heidegger

Abstract Objective: To reflect on the use of phenomenological analysis in nursing research through the hermeneutical circle of Martin Heidegger. Method: Theoretical reflection based on Martin Heidegger's concepts through literature review. Results: Phenomenology is a philosophical referential to address lived phenomena; Heidegger emphasizes the essence of being in the world bound in experiences, the hermeneutical circle is a methodological referential of analysis to understand the world lived by the being through a pre-understanding; an understanding and an interpretation to reveal the essence of the phenomenon. Conclusions and implications for practice: Nursing can make use the hermeneutic circle to understand, from a philosophical view, the phenomena in the language of those who experience them, to unveil them and to understand the subjectivity of care.

Resumo Objetivo: Refletir sobre o uso da análise fenomenológica na pesquisa em enfermagem por meio do círculo hermenêutico de Martin Heidegger. Método: Reflexão teórica baseada nos conceitos de Martin Heidegger através da revisão de literatura. Resultados: A fenomenologia é um referencial filosófico para abordar os fenômenos vividos. Heidegger enfatiza a essência de estar no mundo envolto em experiências, o círculo hermenêutico é um referencial metodológico de análise para compreender o mundo vivido pelo ser através de uma pré-compreensão, uma compreensão e uma interpretação para desvendar a essência do fenômeno. Conclusão e implicações para a prática: A enfermagem pode fazer uso do círculo hermenêutico para compreender, a partir de uma visão filosófica, os fenômenos na linguagem de quem os vivencia, para revelá-los e compreender a subjetividade do cuidado.

Resumen Objetivo: Reflexionar acerca del uso del análisis fenomenológico en investigación de enfermería a través del círculo hermenéutico de Martín Heidegger. Método: Reflexión teórica basada en conceptos de Martín Heidegger a través de la revisión de literatura. Resultados: La fenomenología es un referencial filosófico para abordar fenómenos vividos; Heidegger enfatiza la esencia del ser en el mundo envuelto en experiencias, el círculo herméutico es un referencial metodológico de análisis para comprender el mundo vivido por el ser a través de una pre-comprensión; una comprensión y una interpretación para desvelar la esencia del fenómeno. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica: La enfermería puede hacer uso del círculo hermenéutico para comprender, a partir de una visión filosófica, los fenómenos en el lenguaje de quienes los experimentan, para desvelarlos y comprender la subjetividad del cuidado.

Reporting ethical processes in the Nursing Journal of India.

Nursing research is a developing field to which individuals within the profession can contribute substantially based on their skills and practical experience of nursing care. Both reporting of informed consent and ethical approval are key aspects of published papers which indicate the researchers' knowledge of and sensitivity to ethical aspects of research.

El valor de bibliografía en la investigación cualitativa / O valor da bibliografia na investigação qualitativa / The value of bibliography in qualitative health research

A la bibliografía, en la investigación cualitativa, se le debe dar vida: el sujeto que lee y que al hacerlo interpreta, es un sujeto que reflexiona y se va formando su manera de ver el mundo, es un sujeto que va creando puertas analíticas y avenidas teóricas. Por ello, su valor no está en si misma, sino en el acto de leerla. Cómo se haga y cuándo se lleve a cabo va a ser tan decisivo como el tema que se consulta. Hay tres momentos en los que la bibliografía se hace presente en un estudio de investigación cualitativa pero con diferente objetivo en cada uno de ellos: en los inicios cuando se plantea el estudio, durante el estudio cuando se lleva a cabo el análisis de los datos y al finalizarlo cuando se está dando cuenta de los hallazgos. Este artículo explora el valor de la bibliografía en cada uno de esos momentos (AU)

Bibliography in qualitative research must come to live. The person that reads interprets. He/she is a reflective person that while reading is constructing a world view; creates analytic paths and theoretical avenues. Hence the value of bibliography does not rest on itself but on the act of reading. When to read and how to do it is going to be as important as what to read. There are three occasions, in which bibliography enters in a research study with a different objective on each occasion. At the beginning when the study is introduced, during the study when the analysis is developed and at the end when results are rendered. This paper explores the value of bibliography on each of them (AU)

Na investigação qualitativa, deve-se dar vida á bibliografia: a pessoa que lê e, ao fazê-lo, interpreta, é uma pessoa que reflete e que vai formando a sua forma de ver o mundo, é uma pessoa que vai criando portas analíticas e avenidas teóricas. Para ela o seu valor não está em si mesma, mas sim no acto de lê-la. Como se faz e quando se faz, vai ser tão decisivo como o tema que se consulta. Há três momentos em que a bibliografia se mostra presente num estudo de investigação qualitativa, no entanto com diferentes objetivos: no início quando se planeia o estudo, durante o estudo quando se faz a análise dos dados e ao finaliza-lo, quando nos damos conta dos achados. Este artigo mostra o valor da bibliografia em cada um desses momentos (AU)