Distocia em éguas ­ Estudo retrospectivo de cinco casos / Dystocia in mares ­ Retrospective study of five cases

O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um estudo retrospectivo de cinco casos de cesarianas em éguas, atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Estadual de Maringá, campus Umuarama (HVGA-UEM), no período de 2019 a 2021, em quatro éguas da raça Quarto de Milha e uma da Crioula, com queixa principal de parto prolongado e distocias por diferentes motivos. Destes, três casos (60%) tiveram alta médica (3/5), enquanto 40% (2/5) em consequência de complicações pós-operatórias e pela gravidade do quadro clínico evoluíram para o óbito. As distocias são raras em éguas, quando comparados com outras espécies e, essa particularidade, pode ser justificada pela conformação anatômica do sistema reprodutivo e a classificação placentária das éguas, que propiciam contrações rápidas e efetivas facilitando a progressão do parto normal. Dessa forma, nos casos de distocia, em que as manobras obstétricas são incapazes de corrigir o mau posicionamento fetal, a cesariana passa a ser o procedimento de eleição, no presente estudo, nenhuma égua apresentou dilatação suficiente para que fosse conduzida a fetotomia. Como medida complementar, norteada pelos princípios de bem-estar animal, foi sugerido aos proprietários, que não colocassem esses animais na estação reprodutiva seguinte, restringindo-se a sua utilização somente como doadoras de embriões. Portanto, foi possível concluir que a sobrevida das éguas submetidas a cesariana é de 60% nas condições deste estudo, o monitoramento das éguas gestantes é um fator determinante sobre os índices de mortalidade materno-fetal.

The objective of this study was to make a descriptive analysis of 5 cases of caesarean sections in mares. The five reported cases were treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the State University of Maringa, campus Umuarama (HVGA-UEM), from 2019 to 2021. Four Quarter Horse mares and one Crioula, complaining of prolonged delivery and dystocia due to different reasons. Of these, three cases were discharged 60% (3/5), while the other three 40% (2/5), due to postoperative complications and the severity of the clinical condition, progressed to death. Dystocia births are rare in mares, when compared to other species, this particularity, can be justified by the anatomical conformation of the reproductive system and the placental classification of mares, which provide rapid and effective contractions, which facilitate the progression of normal or eutocia birth. Thus, in cases of dystocia in mares, those in which obstetric maneuvers are unable to correct fetal malposition, cesarean section becomes the emergency procedure of choice. As a complementary measure, guided by the principles of animal welfare, owners were suggested not to place these animals in the next reproductive season, restricting their use only as embryo donors. Thus, it was possible to conclude that the survival of mares undergoing cesarean is 60% under the conditions of this study, uses had no vital signs at the time of the procedure and/or evolved to death during the post-surgical period immediate.

Emergências reprodutivas de cadelas e gatas em um hospital veterinário universitário / Reproductives emergencies in female dogs and female cats treated in a teaching veterinary hospital

Emergências obstétricas são comuns na rotina clínica de cães e gatos. Dentre as emergências obstétricas uma das mais importantes é a distocia. De modo geral, a distocia ocorre quando há falha no momento do parto ou na expulsão do feto, sendo que a causa mais comum de distocia nas duas espécies é a inércia uterina primária. Outra emergência obstétrica de ocorrência frequente em cadelas e gatas é a piometra. Esta doença é uma infecção que ocorre no útero, causada por alterações hormonais na fase do diestro dos animais. As duas enfermidades (distocia e piometra) podem ter o envolvimento de anticoncepcionais, tanto nas cadelas como nas gatas. Em relação ao tratamento, na maioria das vezes, as distocias em cadelas e gatas são abordadas por meio da realização de cesarianas. Em piometra, a terapêutica mais efetiva é a realização de ovariohisterectomia. Neste estudo, 43 cadelas e 20 gatas com emergências obstétricas foram monitoradas durante 90 dias. Entre as cadelas, 29 (67,44%; 29/43) apresentaram piometra e 13 (30,23%; 13/43) distocia. Além disso, uma cadela apresentou prolapso vaginal. Entre as gatas, 13 apresentaram distocia (65%; 13/20) e sete (35%; 7/20) piometra. Algumas dessas emergências obstétricas foram relacionadas ao uso de anticoncepcional. Assim, os clínicos veterinários devem desencorajar esta prática e incentivar a castração das fêmeas.

Obstetric emergencies are common in the clinical routine of dogs and cats. One of the most important obstetric emergencies is dystocia. In general, dystocia occurs when there is a failure at the parturition time or expulsion of the fetus, and the most common cause of dystocia in both species is primary uterine inertia. Another frequently occurring obstetric emergency in bitches and cats is piometra. This disease is an infection that occurs in the uterus caused by hormonal changes in the diestrus phase of animals. In both diseases (dystocia and pyometra), contraceptives can be involved in female dogs and cats. Regarding the treatment, most of the time, dystocias in bitches and cats are addressed through cesarean sections. In pyometra, the most effective therapy is to perform ovariohysterectomy. In the present study, 43 female dogs and 20 female cats with emergency obstetric were monitored during 90 days. Among bitches, 29 (67.44%; 29/43) had pyometra, and 13 (30.23%; 13/43) showed dystocia. In addition, one female dog presented vaginal prolapse. Among the cats, 13 had dystocia (65%; 13/20) and seven (35%; 7/20) pyometra. Some of these obstetric emergencies were related to contraceptive use. Thus, veterinary clinicians must discourage this practice and encourage the neutering of females.

Complete bladder eversion in periparturient Nellore cow: case report / Eversão completa de bexiga no pré-parto em vaca Nelore: relato de caso

Partial or complete bladder eversion is a rare condition of poor prognosis in cows, commonly associated with intense tenesmus observed in the peripartum period. A 14-year-old obese Nellore cow at 280 days of gestation was referred with 24-hour bladder prolapse. The bladder was complete eversion through the vulvar vestibule showing a thick congested wall and small residual urine volume. After clinical examination, the cow received scopolamine butylbromide and intercoccygeal epidural anesthesia, and the externalized bladder segment was partially reduced, remaining only 10 cm externalized. The cow was maintained with an intravesical human gastric tube number 16 and constant monitoring. The eversion was fully reduced after 12 hours of local treatment, and as the cow presented subclinical ketosis, hypocalcemia and cystitis, antibiotic, glucose, calcium and propylene glycol therapy were performed. We opted for induction of parturition, and after 24 hours, a healthy 52kg calf was born and the placenta was delivered 16 hours after calving. The cow and calf were discharged on the sixth day of hospitalization, with no recurrences or secondary complications after treatment.

A eversão vesical parcial ou completa é uma condição rara de mau prognóstico em vacas, comumente associada a tenesmo intenso observado no período periparto. Uma vaca Nelore obesa de 14 anos de idade, com 280 dias de gestação, foi encaminhada com prolapso de bexiga de 24 horas. A bexiga apresentava eversão completa por meio do vestíbulo vulvar apresentando parede espessa e congestionada e pequeno volume residual de urina. Após exame clínico, a vaca recebeu butilbrometo de escopolamina e anestesia peridural intercoccígea, e o segmento vesical exteriorizado foi parcialmente reduzido, permanecendo apenas 10cm exteriorizado. A vaca foi mantida com sonda gástrica humana número 16 por via intravesical e monitorada constantemente. A eversão foi totalmente reduzida após 12 horas de tratamento local, e, como a vaca apresentava cetose subclínica, hipocalcemia e cistite, foi realizada antibioticoterapia, glicose, cálcio e propilenoglicol. Optou-se pela indução do parto. Após 24 horas, nasceu um bezerro saudável de 52kg e a placenta foi expelida 16 horas após o parto. A vaca e o bezerro receberam alta no sexto dia de internação, sem recidivas ou complicações secundárias após o tratamento.

Principais causas de distocia em vacas e técnicas para correção: revisão de literatura / Main causes dystocia in cattle and techniques for correction: a review

Dentre os animais domésticos, a espécie bovina é a que mais apresenta problemas com distocias, causando um grande prejuízo econômico para o produtor. As distocias podem ocorrer por várias causas, e variar de um ligeiro atraso no desencadeamento normal do parto ou até mesmo a incapacidade de parir, necessitando quase que sempre da intervenção de um Médico Veterinário, e pode ser corrigida apenas com manobras obstétricas, em casos mais graves cesariana ou quando o produto estiver morto a fetotomia. Este trabalho tem como objetivo, mostrar a importância da intervenção do Médico Veterinário nos casos de distocia em vacas e as possibilidades disponíveis para terminar um parto.

Among domestic animals, the bovine species is presented more problems with dystocia, causing great economic loss to the producer. The dystocia can occur for various reasons, and vary from a slight delay in triggering normal labor or even the inability to give birth, almost always requiring the intervention of a veterinarian, and can be corrected only with obstetric maneuvers, in most cases serious caesarean or when the product is dead fetotomia. This paper aims to show the importance of the intervention of the veterinarian in cases of dystocia in cows and the possibilities available to complete a delivery.

Principais causas de distocia em vacas e técnicas para correção: revisão de literatura / Main causes dystocia in cattle and techniques for correction: a review

Dentre os animais domésticos, a espécie bovina é a que mais apresenta problemas com distocias, causando um grande prejuízo econômico para o produtor. As distocias podem ocorrer por várias causas, e variar de um ligeiro atraso no desencadeamento normal do parto ou até mesmo a incapacidade de parir, necessitando quase que sempre da intervenção de um Médico Veterinário, e pode ser corrigida apenas com manobras obstétricas, em casos mais graves cesariana ou quando o produto estiver morto a fetotomia. Este trabalho tem como objetivo, mostrar a importância da intervenção do Médico Veterinário nos casos de distocia em vacas e as possibilidades disponíveis para terminar um parto. (AU)

Among domestic animals, the bovine species is presented more problems with dystocia, causing great economic loss to the producer. The dystocia can occur for various reasons, and vary from a slight delay in triggering normal labor or even the inability to give birth, almost always requiring the intervention of a veterinarian, and can be corrected only with obstetric maneuvers, in most cases serious caesarean or when the product is dead fetotomia. This paper aims to show the importance of the intervention of the veterinarian in cases of dystocia in cows and the possibilities available to complete a delivery. (AU)

Polwarth and Texel ewe parturition duration and its association with lamb birth asphyxia.

The objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that parturition duration is related to birth asphyxia in lambs and that asphyxia affects newborn lamb viability and vigor. Two sire and dam genotypes (Texel: TX; Polwarth: PW) and their crosses were represented in the study. Eighty lambs (25 PW sire × PW dam, 13 TX × TX, 25 TX × PW, and 17 PW × TX) born to 69 grazing ewes were used. At birth, the log10 length of the second stage of parturition, birth weight, placental weight, and several body measurements were recorded on all lambs, and jugular blood samples were analyzed with the i-Stat Portable Clinical Analyzer (Abbott, Montevideo, Uruguay). A modified Apgar viability score at birth and lamb behavior during their first hour of life were recorded. Brain weight, muscle:bone ratio, and bone density were recorded in 20 male lambs (5 from each breed group) that were euthanized and dissected 24 h after birth. Data were analyzed by linear regression, least squares ANOVA, and ordinal and binary logistic regressions. Mean blood gas and acid-base variables were 7.21 ± 0.09 for pH, 18.4 ± 9.8 mmHg for partial pressure of oxygen, 53 ± 12.5 mmHg for partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and -4 ± 5.1 mmol/L for extracellular fluid base excess. Parturition duration increased with birth weight (P < 0.001) and was shorter in TX ewes (P < 0.001), female lambs (P < 0.05), twins (P < 0.09), and twin females (sex × litter size interaction, P < 0.02). Twenty-six (32.9%) lambs were born asphyxiated (pO2 < 10 mmHg or pH <7.1). Parturition duration increased the risk of asphyxia (P < 0.001), decreased the viability score (P < 0.001), and increased the latency to suckle the udder (P < 0.05). Twin-born lambs presented at birth a 16-fold greater risk of asphyxia (P < 0.01) and reduced placental efficiency (P < 0.05). Texel-sired lambs appeared immature at birth, with less bone density (P < 0.05), smaller brain (P < 0.05), shorter forelimbs (P < 0.05), greater anterior (P < 0.001) and posterior (P < 0.05) neck circumference, and greater muscle:bone ratio (P < 0.05). Immaturity may explain greater TX biotype survival. Together these results demonstrate that a relationship exists between parturition duration, neonatal viability and behavior, and acid-base balance values in single- and twin-born lambs, suggesting that birth asphyxia is an important risk factor in perinatal lamb mortality.

Reproductive aspects in primiparae and secondiparae sows in Rio Verde - Goiás / Aspectos reprodutivos de fêmeas suínas prímiparas e secundíparas em Rio Verde - Goiás

The objective of the study was to follow 2,514 parturitions in primiparae (parturition order one) and secondiparae (parturition order two) sows to evaluate the total piglets born, piglets born alive, stillbirths and mummified fetuses. The parturitions were put together in two periods of the year named: hot season (1th and 4th quarters) and mild season (2th and 3th quarters). The 28,617 piglets born, the primiparae sows showed 4.7% of stillbirths and 2.9% of mummified fetuses and the secondiparae sows showed 5.0% of stillbirths and 2.5% of mummified fetuses. The percentage of stillbirths and mummified fetuses were higher in the hot season comparing with the mild season, for both parturition order sows. The highest stillbirth rate was 6.2% and 7.4% for primiparae and secondiparae sows respectively. The highest average of total piglets born also occurred in the hot season (4th quarter) 12.35 piglets/litter for the primiparae sows and 11.38 piglets/litter for the secondiparae.

Foram acompanhados 2.514 partos de fêmeas suínas de ordem de parto um e dois para avaliar as taxas de leitões nascidos totais, vivos, natimortos e mumificados. Foram agrupadas as parições em dois períodos denominados, quente (1º e 4º trimestres) e ameno (2º e 3º trimestres). Dos 28.617 leitões nascidos, a ordem de parto um apresentou 4,7% natimortos e 2,9% mumificados, e a ordem de parto dois teve uma ocorrência de 5% de natimortos e 2,5% de mumificados. O percentual de natimortos e mumificados foi maior no período quente, nas duas ordens de parição. A maior taxa de natimortalidade foi 6,2% e 7,4% nas duas ordens de parição respectivamente. As maiores médias de leitões totais nascidos também ocorreram no período quente (4º trimestre) 12.35 leitões/leitegada na ordem de parto um e 11,38 leitões/leitegada na ordem de parto dois.

Relationship between serum nonesterified fatty acids at calving and the incidence of periparturient diseases in Holstein dairy cows.

The objective was to describe the relationship between concentration of serum nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) at calving and the incidence of periparturient disorders in Chilean Holstein dairy cows (Bos taurus). The study was conducted at two dairies (central Chile) with 700 milking cows each and similar management. Between July 2006 and March 2007, 350 cows were selected, and concentrations of serum NEFAs were determined at calving. The incidence of milk fever (MF), retained fetal membranes (RFMs), metritis, and clinical mastitis from calving to 100 d in lactation were consistently recorded. The relationship between concentration of serum NEFAs at calving and the incidence of periparturient diseases was determined using logistic regression. The main explanatory variable was concentration of serum NEFAs at calving. The incidence of MF, RFM, metritis, and mastitis was 5.4%, 15.6%, 10.8%, and 14.4%, respectively. There was no association between concentration of NEFAs at calving and the incidence of these conditions when the median value of NEFAs (0.9 mEq/L) was used as a cutoff. However, when the 75th percentile (1.2 mEq/L) was used as the cutoff, cows with values <1.2 mEq/L were 0.45 and 0.32 times as likely to develop clinical mastitis and MF, respectively, compared with cows with values >or=1.2 mEq/L. When the 90th percentile (1.6 mEq/L) was used as a cutoff, cows with values <1.6 mEq/L were 0.25 times as likely to develop clinical mastitis compared with cows with values >or=1.6 mEq/L. As a continuous variable, for every 0.1 mEq/L increment in NEFAs at calving, cows were 1.11 times more likely to experience clinical mastitis. In conclusion, cows with NEFA concentrations >or=1.2 mEq/L had a higher incidence of clinical mastitis and MF than that of cows with values <1.2 mEq/L.