ABSTRACT
This paper shows energy-efficiency of microwave-accelerated esterification of free fatty acid with a heterogeneous catalyst by net microwave power measurement. In the reaction condition of 5 wt% sulfated zirconia and 1:20 M ratio of oil to methanol at 60°C and atmospheric pressure, more than 90% conversion of the esterification was achieved in 20 min by microwave heating, while it took about 130 min by conventional heating. Electric energy consumption for the microwave heating in this accelerated esterification was only 67% of estimated minimum heat energy demand because of significantly reduced reaction time.
Subject(s)
Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/chemistry , Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/radiation effects , Oleic Acid/chemistry , Oleic Acid/radiation effects , Soybean Oil/chemistry , Soybean Oil/radiation effects , Catalysis , Esterification , MicrowavesABSTRACT
By UVA irradiation of an ethanol solution of psoralen and oleic acid, four main photoproducts have been isolated and characterized: two have cis,cis structure; the other two are trans,cis. The same adducts have been isolated from the photoreaction of psoralen with beta-oleoyl-gamma-stearoyl-1-alpha-phosphatidylcholine followed by enzymatic hydrolysis with phospholipase A2. The four isomers stimulate protein kinase C to almost the same extent.
