Estudio de la disolución de materia orgánica con dos presentaciones diferentes de hipoclorito de sodio / Dissolution of organic matter with two different types of sodium hypochlorite

INTRODUCCIÓN: En la terapéutica endodóntica el éxito depende no sólo de la instrumentación del sistema de conductos sino también de una adecuada limpieza y desinfección de este. La desinfección se logra a través de la irrigación del conducto y el irrigante más utilizado es el hipoclorito de sodio (NaOCl), ya que presenta propiedades bactericida y bacteriostática, baja tensión superficial, pH alcalino, pero fundamentalmente porque es la única solución irrigante con capacidad para disolver el tejido orgánico. Se presenta en diferentes concentraciones de 0.5% al 6%, y diferentes marcas comerciales de uso odontológico y doméstico. OBJETIVO: Comparar 2 formas comerciales de NaOCl para disolver la materia orgánica en diferentes tiempos de exposición. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se prepararon 20 trozos de tejido muscular bovino, los cuales fueron sumergidos durante 5, 10,15,20 minutos en una solución de NaOCl. La muestra se dividió en 2 grupos (n=10) Grupo 1: NaOCl al 5.5% de uso odontológico y Grupo 2: NaOCl de uso doméstico al 5.5%. Cada trozo de carne fue pesado inicialmente en una balanza electrónica (Ohyo MP-300) y se registró en una tabla Excel. Posteriormente, se sumergió en 10ml. de NaOCl durante 5 minutos. El mismo se retiró del NaOCl, y se sumergió en solución fisiológica para eliminar e inactivar la solución de irrigación. Se secó con papel absorbente y se pesó en la balanza electrónica (Ohyo MP-300). Este procedimiento se repitió a los 10, 15 y 20 minutos, renovando la solución de irrigación para simular las condiciones clínicas y evitar saturación. Los datos recogidos fueron registrados y evaluados estadísticamente mediante la prueba de análisis con la variable de un factor (ANOVA). RESULTADOS: El porcentaje de disolución de materia orgánica con NaOCl de uso odontológico fue similar al de uso doméstico a los 5, 10 y 15 minutos. A los 20 minutos con Tedequim se disolvió el 63,8% de materia orgánica y con Ayudín el 69%. Las diferencias no resultaron estadísticamente significativas. CONCLUSIONES: Bajo las condiciones de este estudio se pudo concluir que tanto el NaOCl Tedequim como el Ayudín disolvieron la materia orgánica de manera similar en el tiempo, siendo el de uso doméstico de más fácil acceso y menor costo. (AU)

INTRODUCTION: Thetherapeutic endodontic success depends not only on the instrumentation of the root canal but also on proper cleaning and disinfecting of the canal system. Disinfection is achieved through the irrigation of the canal and the most widely used irrigation solution is sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), since it has bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties, low surface tension, alkaline pH, but mainly because it is the only irrigation solution with the ability to dissolve organic tissue. It is presented in differentconcentrations from 0.5% to 6%, and different commercial brands for dental and domestic use. OBJECTIVE: To compare two commercial forms of NaOCl to dissolve organic matter at different times of exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: we prepared 20 pieces of bovine muscle tissue, which were submerged for 5, 10, 15, 20 minutes in a NaOCl solution. The sample was divided into 2 groups (n=10) Group 1: dental 5.5% NaOCl and Group 2: domesctic 5.5% NaOCl. Each piece of meat was initially weighed on an electronic scale (Ohyo MP-300) and recorded in an Excel table. Subsequently, it was submerged in 10ml. of NaOCl for 5 minutes. It was removed from NaOCl and immersed in physiological solution to eliminate and inactivate the irrigation solution. It was dried with absorbent paper and weighed on the electronic balance (Ohyo MP-300). This procedure was repeated at 10, 15 and 20 minutes, renewing the irrigation solution to simulate the clinical conditions and avoid saturation. In addition, the total dissolution time of the piece of meat will be recorded. The data collected was registered and assessed by means of the analysis test with the variable of a factor (ANOVA). RESULTS: The percentage of dissolution of organic matter with NaOCl for dental use was similar to that for domestic use at 5, 10 and 15 minutes. At 20 minutes Tedequim dissolved 63.8% organic matter and Ayudín 69%. The differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION:Under the conditions of this study, it was concluded that both NaOCl Tedequim and Ayudín dissolved the organic matter in a similar time, being the domestic use of easy access and lower cost. (AU)

Adubação orgânica na produção de biomassa de plantas, teor e qualidade de óleo essencial de orégano (Origanum vulgare L. ) em cultivo protegido / Organic fertilization on phytomass production and essential oil content and quality of oregano (Origanum vulgare L. ) under protected cultivation

Origanum vulgare L., conhecida como orégano, é considerada planta condimentar largamente usada na culinária. No Brasil poucas são as pesquisas com esta espécie visando maximização das técnicas de cultivo. Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de diferentes doses dos adubos orgânicos bovino e aves no crescimento de plantas, teor de clorofila, teor, rendimento e qualidade do óleo essencial de orégano cultivado sob estufa. Foram conduzidos dois ensaios, sendo um com esterco bovino e o outro com esterco de aves (Poedeira). Plantas de orégano (Origanum vulgare L.) foram cultivadas em vasos de 10 L submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: Ensaio I: Esterco bovino: 1) Solo sem adubação (controle); 2) solo + 3,0 kg m-2 de esterco bovino; 3) solo + 6,0 kg m-2 de esterco bovino; 4) solo + 9,0 kg m-2 de esterco bovino; 5) solo + 12,0 kg m-2 de esterco bovino; Ensaio II - Esterco de aves: 1) solo sem adubação (Controle); 2) solo + 1,5 kg m-2 de esterco de galinha; 3) solo + 3,0 kg m-2 de esterco de galinha; 4) solo + 4,5 kg m-2 de esterco de galinha e 5) solo + 6,0 kg m-2 de esterco de galinha. Ambos os ensaios foram conduzidos em delineamento blocos ao acaso com 4 repetições e a parcela experimental composta de 4 vasos. Foi observado que as doses de adubos bovino e avícola influenciaram significativamente no crescimento das plantas, rendimento e composição química do óleo essencial de orégano.

Origanum vulgare L., known as oregano or wild marjoram, is an aromatic plant widely used in cookery. In Brazil, there are few studies with this species aimed at improving the cultivation techniques. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different levels of cattle and chicken organic manure on plant growth, chlorophyll content, besides essential oil content, yield and quality of oregano grown in a greenhouse. Two assays were carried out, one of them used cattle manure and the other, chicken manure (Hen). Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) plants were grown in 10L-pots and subjected to the following treatments: Assay I: Cattle manure: 1) Soil without fertilization (control); 2) Soil + 3.0 kg m-2 cattle manure; 3) Soil + 6.0 kg m-2 cattle manure; 4) Soil + 9.0 kg m-2 cattle manure; and 5) Soil + 12.0 kg m-2 cattle manure; Assay II: Chicken manure: 1) Soil without fertilization (control); 2) Soil + 1.5 kg m-2 chicken manure; 3) Soil + 3.0 kg m-2 chicken manure; 4) Soil + 4.5 kg m-2 chicken manure; and 5) Soil + 6.0 kg m-2 chicken manure. The experimental design for both assays was in randomized blocks with four replicates and four pots per plot. Cattle and chicken manure levels significantly influenced oregano plant growth besides essential oil yield and chemical composition.

Feasibility study of organic matter and Ammonium removal using loofa sponge as a supporting medium in an aerated submerged fixed-film reactor (ASFFR)

Biofilm systems are efficient in the removal of organic matter and ammonium from wastewaters. In this study, loofa sponge, a natural product, was used as a supporting medium in an aerated submerged fixed-film reactor to evaluate its performance in removing organic matter and nitrogen from wastewater. Four pilot runs were performed with chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations of 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg l-1 to provide an organic loading rate of 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, and 2.4 kg m-3d-1 respectively. In these pilot runs, the influent ammonium nitrogen concentrations were justified to 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg l-1 as N to provide an influent nitrogen loading of 30, 60, 90 and 120 g m-3.d-1 respectively. Although soluble COD removal efficiency greater than 80 percent was achieved up to a loading rate of 2.4 kg m-3d-1, loofa deformation and clogging after 72 days of application might be considered a serious shortcoming during use in full-scale applications. Nitrogen removal efficiency decreased from 85.6 percent at an organic loading rate of 0.6 kg m-3d-1 to 56.1 percent at an organic loading rate of 2.4 kg m-3d-1.