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1.
Med Sci Monit ; 30: e945315, 2024 Jun 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38822579

ABSTRACT

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus subtypes have been increasingly identified in poultry and wild birds since 2021. Between 2020-2023, 26 countries have reported that the H5N1 virus had infected more than 48 mammalian species. On 1 April 2024, a public health alert was issued in Texas when the first confirmed case of human infection with the H5N1 influenza virus was reported in a dairy worker. Cases of H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b in dairy cows have been reported in several states in the US but were unexpected, even though H5N1 was previously identified in mammalian species, including cats, dogs, bears, foxes, tigers, coyotes, goats, and seals. On 29 April 2024, almost one month after the first reported cases of H5N1 infection in dairy cows, measures were to be implemented by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) to prevent the progression of H5N1 viral transmission. This editorial summarizes what is currently known about the epidemiology, transmission, and surveillance of the HPAI virus of the H5N1 subtype in birds, mammals, and dairy cows, and why there are concerns regarding transmission to humans.


Subject(s)
Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype , Influenza in Birds , Influenza, Human , Animals , Cattle , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity , Humans , Influenza in Birds/virology , Influenza in Birds/epidemiology , Influenza, Human/virology , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Influenza, Human/transmission , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/epidemiology , Birds/virology , Mammals/virology , Dairying
2.
BMC Infect Dis ; 24(1): 550, 2024 Jun 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38824508

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Influenza A virus infections can occur in multiple species. Eurasian avian-like swine influenza A (H1N1) viruses (EAS-H1N1) are predominant in swine and occasionally infect humans. A Eurasian avian-like swine influenza A (H1N1) virus was isolated from a boy who was suffering from fever; this strain was designated A/Shandong-binzhou/01/2021 (H1N1). The aims of this study were to investigate the characteristics of this virus and to draw attention to the need for surveillance of influenza virus infection in swine and humans. METHODS: Throat-swab specimens were collected and subjected to real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‒PCR). Positive clinical specimens were inoculated onto Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells to isolate the virus, which was confirmed by a haemagglutination assay. Then, whole-genome sequencing was carried out using an Illumina MiSeq platform, and phylogenetic analysis was performed with MEGA X software. RESULTS: RT‒PCR revealed that the throat-swab specimens were positive for EAS-H1N1, and the virus was subsequently successfully isolated from MDCK cells; this strain was named A/Shandong-binzhou/01/2021 (H1N1). Whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that A/Shandong-binzhou/01/2021 (H1N1) is a novel triple-reassortant EAS-H1N1 lineage that contains gene segments from EAS-H1N1 (HA and NA), triple-reassortant swine influenza H1N2 virus (NS) and A(H1N1) pdm09 viruses (PB2, PB1, PA, NP and MP). CONCLUSIONS: The isolation and analysis of the A/Shandong-binzhou/01/2021 (H1N1) virus provide further evidence that EAS-H1N1 poses a threat to human health, and greater attention should be given to the surveillance of influenza virus infections in swine and humans.


Subject(s)
Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype , Influenza, Human , Phylogeny , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/classification , China/epidemiology , Humans , Male , Animals , Influenza, Human/virology , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Dogs , Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells , Child , Swine , Whole Genome Sequencing , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/veterinary , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/epidemiology , Genome, Viral
4.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 30(6): 1133-1143, 2024 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38781927

ABSTRACT

We describe an unusual mortality event caused by a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus clade 2.3.4.4b involving harbor (Phoca vitulina) and gray (Halichoerus grypus) seals in the St. Lawrence Estuary, Quebec, Canada, in 2022. Fifteen (56%) of the seals submitted for necropsy were considered to be fatally infected by HPAI H5N1 containing fully Eurasian or Eurasian/North American genome constellations. Concurrently, presence of large numbers of bird carcasses infected with HPAI H5N1 at seal haul-out sites most likely contributed to the spillover of infection to the seals. Histologic changes included meningoencephalitis (100%), fibrinosuppurative alveolitis, and multiorgan acute necrotizing inflammation. This report of fatal HPAI H5N1 infection in pinnipeds in Canada raises concerns about the expanding host of this virus, the potential for the establishment of a marine mammal reservoir, and the public health risks associated with spillover to mammals.Nous décrivons un événement de mortalité inhabituelle causé par un virus de l'influenza aviaire hautement pathogène A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b chez des phoques communs (Phoca vitulina) et gris (Halichoerus grypus) dans l'estuaire du Saint-Laurent au Québec, Canada, en 2022. Quinze (56%) des phoques soumis pour nécropsie ont été considérés comme étant fatalement infectés par le virus H5N1 de lignées eurasiennes ou de réassortiment eurasiennes/nord-américaines. Un grand nombre simultané de carcasses d'oiseaux infectés par le H5N1 sur les sites d'échouement a probablement contribué à la contamination de ces phoques. Les changements histologiques associés à cette infection incluaient : méningo-encéphalite (100%), alvéolite fibrinosuppurée et inflammation nécrosante aiguë multi-organique. Cette documentation soulève des préoccupations quant à l'émergence de virus mortels, à la possibilité d'établissement de réservoirs chez les mammifères marins, et aux risques pour la santé publique associés aux propagations du virus chez les mammifères.


Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype , Animals , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity , Quebec/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks/veterinary , Estuaries , Influenza in Birds/epidemiology , Influenza in Birds/virology , Influenza in Birds/history , Seals, Earless/virology , Phylogeny , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/veterinary , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/epidemiology , Birds/virology
6.
Rev Med Virol ; 34(3): e2542, 2024 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38747622

ABSTRACT

Influenza in dogs holds considerable public health significance due to their close companionship with humans, yet several facets of this phenomenon remain largely unexplored. This study undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies to gauge the global seroprevalence of influenza in dogs. We also assessed whether pet dogs exhibited a higher seroprevalence of influenza compared to non-pet dogs, explored seasonal variations in seroprevalence, scrutinised the design and reporting standards of existing studies, and elucidated the geographical distribution of canine influenza virus (cIV). A comprehensive analysis of 97 studies spanning 27 countries revealed that seroprevalence of various influenza strains in dogs consistently registered below 10% and exhibited relative stability over the past decade. Significantly, we noted that seroprevalence of human influenza virus was notably higher in pet dogs compared to their non-pet counterparts, whereas seroprevalence of other influenza strains remained relatively uniform among both categories of dogs. Seasonal variations in seroprevalence of cIV were not observed. In summary, our findings indicated the global circulation of cIV strains H3N2 and H3N8, with other strains primarily confined to China. Given the lack of reported cases of the transmission of cIV from dogs to humans, our findings suggest a higher risk of reverse zoonosis than zoonosis. Finally, we strongly advocate for standardised reporting guidelines to underpin future canine influenza research endeavours.


Subject(s)
Dog Diseases , Orthomyxoviridae Infections , Animals , Dogs , Humans , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Dog Diseases/virology , Global Health , Influenza A virus/immunology , Influenza A virus/isolation & purification , Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology , Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/isolation & purification , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/epidemiology , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/veterinary , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology , Prevalence , Seasons , Seroepidemiologic Studies
7.
Emerg Microbes Infect ; 13(1): 2343907, 2024 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38738553

ABSTRACT

Influenza D virus (IDV) plays an important role in the bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex. Its potential for the zoonotic transmission is of particular concern. In China, IDV has previously been identified in agricultural animals by molecular surveys with no live virus isolates reported. In this study, live IDVs were successfully isolated from cattle in China, which prompted us to further investigate the national prevalence, antigenic property, and infection biology of the virus. IDV RNA was detected in 11.1% (51/460) of cattle throughout the country in 2022-2023. Moreover, we conducted the first IDV serosurveillance in China, revealing a high seroprevalence (91.4%, 393/430) of IDV in cattle during the 2022-2023 winter season. Notably, all the 16 provinces from which cattle originated possessed seropositive animals, and 3 of them displayed the 100% IDV-seropositivity rate. In contrast, a very low seroprevalence of IDV was observed in pigs (3%, 3/100) and goats (1%, 1/100) during the same period of investigation. Furthermore, besides D/Yama2019 lineage-like IDVs, we discovered the D/660 lineage-like IDV in Chinese cattle, which has not been detected to date in Asia. Finally, the Chinese IDVs replicated robustly in diverse cell lines but less efficiently in the swine cell line. Considering the nationwide distribution, high seroprevalence, and appreciably genetic diversity, further studies are required to fully evaluate the risk of Chinese IDVs for both animal and human health in China, which can be evidently facilitated by IDV isolates reported in this study.


Subject(s)
Cattle Diseases , Orthomyxoviridae Infections , Phylogeny , Thogotovirus , Animals , China/epidemiology , Cattle , Thogotovirus/genetics , Thogotovirus/classification , Thogotovirus/isolation & purification , Thogotovirus/immunology , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/epidemiology , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/veterinary , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/transmission , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Swine , Cattle Diseases/epidemiology , Cattle Diseases/virology , Cattle Diseases/transmission , Goats , Swine Diseases/virology , Swine Diseases/epidemiology , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Humans , Deltainfluenzavirus
10.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 30(5): 1045-1047, 2024 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38666735

ABSTRACT

Dogs are known to be susceptible to influenza A viruses, although information on influenza D virus (IDV) is limited. We investigated the seroprevalence of IDV in 426 dogs in the Apulia region of Italy during 2016 and 2023. A total of 14 samples were positive for IDV antibodies, suggesting exposure to IDV in dogs.


Subject(s)
Antibodies, Viral , Dog Diseases , Orthomyxoviridae Infections , Thogotovirus , Dogs , Animals , Italy/epidemiology , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/veterinary , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/epidemiology , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Dog Diseases/virology , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Thogotovirus/immunology
11.
Viruses ; 16(4)2024 04 18.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38675967

ABSTRACT

Inactivated influenza A virus (IAV) vaccines help reduce clinical disease in suckling piglets, although endemic infections still exist. The objective of this study was to evaluate the detection of IAV in suckling and nursery piglets from IAV-vaccinated sows from farms with endemic IAV infections. Eight nasal swab collections were obtained from 135 two-week-old suckling piglets from four farms every other week from March to September 2013. Oral fluid samples were collected from the same group of nursery piglets. IAV RNA was detected in 1.64% and 31.01% of individual nasal swabs and oral fluids, respectively. H1N2 was detected most often, with sporadic detection of H1N1 and H3N2. Whole-genome sequences of IAV isolated from suckling piglets revealed an H1 hemagglutinin (HA) from the 1B.2.2.2 clade and N2 neuraminidase (NA) from the 2002A clade. The internal gene constellation of the endemic H1N2 was TTTTPT with a pandemic lineage matrix. The HA gene had 97.59% and 97.52% nucleotide and amino acid identities, respectively, to the H1 1B.2.2.2 used in the farm-specific vaccine. A similar H1 1B.2.2.2 was detected in the downstream nursery. These data demonstrate the low frequency of IAV detection in suckling piglets and downstream nurseries from farms with endemic infections in spite of using farm-specific IAV vaccines in sows.


Subject(s)
Farms , Influenza A virus , Influenza Vaccines , Orthomyxoviridae Infections , Phylogeny , Swine Diseases , Animals , Swine , Swine Diseases/virology , Swine Diseases/epidemiology , Swine Diseases/prevention & control , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/veterinary , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/epidemiology , Influenza A virus/genetics , Influenza A virus/immunology , Influenza A virus/isolation & purification , Influenza A virus/classification , Influenza Vaccines/immunology , Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage , Animals, Suckling , Vaccination/veterinary , Endemic Diseases/veterinary , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification , RNA, Viral/genetics , Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics , Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology , Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/isolation & purification , Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/genetics , Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/isolation & purification , Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/immunology , Genome, Viral
12.
Am J Vet Res ; 85(5)2024 May 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38593825

ABSTRACT

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has persisted as a One Health threat whose current circulation and impact are addressed in the companion Currents in One Health by Puryear and Runstadler, JAVMA, May 2024. Highly pathogenic avian influenza emerged as a by-product of agricultural practices and adapted to endemic circulation in wild bird species. Over more than 20 years, continued evolution in a complex ecology involving multiple hosts has produced a lineage that expanded globally over the last 2 years. Understanding the continued evolution and movement of HPAI relies on understanding how the virus is infecting different hosts in different contexts. This includes understanding the environmental factors and the natural ecology of viral transmission that impact host exposure and ultimately evolutionary trajectories. Particularly with the rapid host expansion, increased spillover to mammalian hosts, and novel clinical phenotypes in infected hosts, despite progress in understanding the impact of specific mutations to HPAI viruses that are associated with spillover potential, the threat to public health is poorly understood. Active research is focusing on new approaches to understanding the relationship of viral genotype to phenotype and the implementation of research and surveillance pipelines to make sense of the enormous potential for diverse HPAI viruses to emerge from wild reservoirs amid global circulation.


Subject(s)
Animals, Wild , Birds , Influenza in Birds , Mammals , Animals , Influenza in Birds/virology , Influenza in Birds/transmission , Influenza in Birds/epidemiology , Animals, Wild/virology , Birds/virology , Mammals/virology , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/veterinary , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/transmission , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/epidemiology , Influenza A virus/pathogenicity , Influenza A virus/genetics , Communicable Diseases, Emerging/virology , Communicable Diseases, Emerging/veterinary , Communicable Diseases, Emerging/transmission
13.
Emerg Microbes Infect ; 13(1): 2337673, 2024 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38572517

ABSTRACT

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) pose a persistent potential threat to human health because of the spillover from avian and swine infections. Extensive surveillance was performed in 12 cities of Guangxi, China, during 2018 and 2023. A total of 2540 samples (including 2353 nasal swabs and 187 lung tissues) were collected from 18 pig farms with outbreaks of respiratory disease. From these, 192 IAV-positive samples and 19 genomic sequences were obtained. We found that the H1 and H3 swine influenza A viruses (swIAVs) of multiple lineages and genotypes have continued to co-circulate during that time in this region. Genomic analysis revealed the Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swIAVs (G4) still remained predominant in pig populations. Strikingly, the novel multiple H3N2 genotypes were found to have been generated through the repeated introduction of the early H3N2 North American triple reassortant viruses (TR H3N2 lineage) that emerged in USA and Canada in 1998 and 2005, respectively. Notably, when the matrix gene segment derived from the H9N2 avian influenza virus was introduced into endemic swIAVs, this produced a novel quadruple reassortant H1N2 swIAV that could pose a potential risk for zoonotic infection.


Subject(s)
Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype , Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype , Influenza, Human , Orthomyxoviridae Infections , Swine Diseases , Swine , Animals , Humans , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics , Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics , China/epidemiology , Swine Diseases/epidemiology , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/epidemiology , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/veterinary , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Reassortant Viruses/genetics , Phylogeny
14.
Microbiol Spectr ; 12(4): e0218123, 2024 Apr 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38446039

ABSTRACT

Novel H1N2 and H3N2 swine influenza A viruses (IAVs) have recently been identified in Chile. The objective of this study was to evaluate their zoonotic potential. We perform phylogenetic analyses to determine the genetic origin and evolution of these viruses, and a serological analysis to determine the level of cross-protective antibodies in the human population. Eight genotypes were identified, all with pandemic H1N1 2009-like internal genes. H1N1 and H1N2 were the subtypes more commonly detected. Swine H1N2 and H3N2 IAVs had hemagglutinin and neuraminidase lineages genetically divergent from IAVs reported worldwide, including human vaccine strains. These genes originated from human seasonal viruses were introduced into the swine population since the mid-1980s. Serological data indicate that the general population is susceptible to the H3N2 virus and that elderly and young children also lack protective antibodies against the H1N2 strains, suggesting that these viruses could be potential zoonotic threats. Continuous IAV surveillance and monitoring of the swine and human populations is strongly recommended.IMPORTANCEIn the global context, where swine serve as crucial intermediate hosts for influenza A viruses (IAVs), this study addresses the pressing concern of the zoonotic potential of novel reassortant strains. Conducted on a large scale in Chile, it presents a comprehensive account of swine influenza A virus diversity, covering 93.8% of the country's industrialized swine farms. The findings reveal eight distinct swine IAV genotypes, all carrying a complete internal gene cassette of pandemic H1N1 2009 origin, emphasizing potential increased replication and transmission fitness. Genetic divergence of H1N2 and H3N2 IAVs from globally reported strains raises alarms, with evidence suggesting introductions from human seasonal viruses since the mid-1980s. A detailed serological analysis underscores the zoonotic threat, indicating susceptibility in the general population to swine H3N2 and a lack of protective antibodies in vulnerable demographics. These data highlight the importance of continuous surveillance, providing crucial insights for global health organizations.


Subject(s)
Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype , Influenza A virus , Influenza, Human , Orthomyxoviridae Infections , Swine Diseases , Child , Humans , Animals , Swine , Child, Preschool , Aged , Influenza A virus/genetics , Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/epidemiology , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/veterinary , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics , Phylogeny , Chile/epidemiology , Reassortant Viruses/genetics , Swine Diseases/epidemiology , Influenza, Human/epidemiology
15.
Travel Med Infect Dis ; 59: 102712, 2024.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38461878

ABSTRACT

We describe the evolution of the outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) in sea lions (Otaria flavescens) of South America. At least 24,000 sea lions died in Peru, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil between January-October 2023. The most plausible route of infection is cohabiting with or foraging on infected birds. However, we urge a detailed evaluation of the sea lions actual source of infection given that the concomitant massive wild bird mortalities registered in the Pacific Ocean did not occur in the Atlantic Ocean.


Subject(s)
Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype , Sea Lions , Animals , South America/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks , Influenza in Birds/mortality , Influenza in Birds/epidemiology , Influenza in Birds/virology , Atlantic Ocean , Pacific Ocean , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/veterinary , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/mortality , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/epidemiology , Birds/virology
16.
Zoonoses Public Health ; 71(3): 294-303, 2024 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38196021

ABSTRACT

AIMS: This study aimed to identify exposure to human, swine, and avian influenza A virus subtypes in rural companion and hunting dogs, backyard pigs, and feral pigs. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study took place in a region of southeastern Mexico where the sampled individuals were part of backyard production systems in which different domestic and wild species coexist and interact with humans. We collected blood samples from pigs and dogs at each of the sites. We used a nucleoprotein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine the exposure of individuals to influenza A virus. Haemagglutination inhibition was performed on the positive samples to determine the subtypes to which they were exposed. For data analysis, a binomial logistic regression model was generated to determine the predictor variables for the seropositivity of the individuals in the study. We identified 11 positive individuals: three backyard pigs, four companion dogs, and four hunting dogs. The pigs tested positive for H1N1 and H1N2. The dogs were positive for H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2. The model showed that dogs in contact with backyard chickens are more likely to be seropositive for influenza A viruses. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated the essential role hunting dogs could play as intermediate hosts and potential mixing vessel hosts when exposed to human and swine-origin viral subtypes. These results are relevant because these dogs interact with domestic hosts and humans in backyard systems, which are risk scenarios in the transmission of influenza A viruses. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to implement epidemiological surveillance of influenza A viruses in backyard animals, particularly in key animals in the transmission of these viruses, such as dogs and pigs.


Subject(s)
Dog Diseases , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype , Influenza A virus , Influenza, Human , Orthomyxoviridae Infections , Swine Diseases , Animals , Humans , Dogs , Swine , Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype , Working Dogs , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/epidemiology , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/veterinary , Mexico/epidemiology , Chickens , Antibodies, Viral , Sus scrofa
17.
Mol Biol Evol ; 41(1)2024 Jan 03.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38241079

ABSTRACT

Transmissibility, the ability to spread within host populations, is a prerequisite for a pathogen to have epidemic or pandemic potential. Here, we estimate the phylogenies of human infectivity and transmissibility using 1,408 genome sequences from 743 distinct RNA virus species/types in 59 genera. By repeating this analysis using data sets censored by virus discovery date, we explore how temporal changes in the known diversity of RNA viruses-especially recent increases in recognized nonhuman viruses-have altered these phylogenies. Over time, we find significant increases in the proportion of RNA virus genera estimated to have a nonhuman-infective ancestral state, in the fraction of distinct human virus lineages that are purely human-transmissible or strictly zoonotic (compared to mixed lineages), and in the number of human viruses with nearest relatives known not to infect humans. Our results are consistent with viruses that are capable of spreading in human populations commonly emerging from a nonhuman reservoir. This is more likely in lineages that already contain human-transmissible viruses but is rare in lineages that contain only strictly zoonotic viruses.


Subject(s)
Orthomyxoviridae Infections , RNA Viruses , Humans , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/epidemiology , RNA , RNA Viruses/genetics , Pandemics , Phylogeny
18.
Int J Med Microbiol ; 314: 151609, 2024 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38286065

ABSTRACT

Interspecies transmission of influenza A viruses (IAV) from pigs to humans is a concerning event as porcine IAV represent a reservoir of potentially pandemic IAV. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of two porcine A(H1N1)v viruses isolated from human cases by evaluating their genetic, antigenic and virological characteristics. The HA genes of those human isolates belonged to clades 1C.2.1 and 1C.2.2, respectively, of the A(H1N1) Eurasian avian-like swine influenza lineage. Antigenic profiling revealed substantial cross-reactivity between the two zoonotic H1N1 viruses and human A(H1N1)pdm09 virus and some swine viruses, but did not reveal cross-reactivity to H1N2 and earlier human seasonal A(H1N1) viruses. The solid-phase direct receptor binding assay analysis of both A(H1N1)v showed a predominant binding to α2-6-sialylated glycans similar to human-adapted IAV. Investigation of the replicative potential revealed that both A(H1N1)v viruses grow in human bronchial epithelial cells to similar high titers as the human A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. Cytokine induction was studied in human alveolar epithelial cells A549 and showed that both swine viruses isolated from human cases induced higher amounts of type I and type III IFN, as well as IL6 compared to a seasonal A(H1N1) or a A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. In summary, we demonstrate a remarkable adaptation of both zoonotic viruses to propagate in human cells. Our data emphasize the needs for continuous monitoring of people and regions at increased risk of such trans-species transmissions, as well as systematic studies to quantify the frequency of these events and to identify viral molecular determinants enhancing the zoonotic potential of porcine IAV.


Subject(s)
Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype , Influenza, Human , Orthomyxoviridae Infections , Swine Diseases , Humans , Animals , Swine , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/epidemiology , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/veterinary , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Germany/epidemiology , Swine Diseases/epidemiology , Phylogeny
20.
Prev Vet Med ; 222: 106083, 2024 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38071873

ABSTRACT

Influenza A virus transmission between pigs and humans has been reported periodically worldwide, and spillover events across the animal-human species barrier could lead to the next influenza pandemic. Swine exhibitions serve as a unique interface conducive to zoonotic disease transmission due to extensive commingling of pigs and humans for prolonged periods of time. The majority of zoonotic influenza A virus transmission in the United States has been linked to swine exhibitions, leading some to suggest additional controls for influenza A virus at the swine-human interface. Determining the value of the exhibition swine industry and gauging the financial impacts influenza A virus outbreaks could have on society, helps to inform adoption decisions of mitigation recommendations. This study estimates the total value of the exhibition swine industry in the United States and calculates the predicted costs of the most extreme mitigation strategy, cancelling swine exhibitions to reduce zoonotic influenza A virus transmission. Mixed methods, including a survey, were used to collect data and inform the study model. We estimated that the direct economic impact of the exhibition swine sector in 2018 was $1.2 billion. If pig shows were to be cancelled for one year, the estimated direct economic impact would be $357.1 million. A permanent, > 3-year ban on swine exhibitions would result in a $665 million economic impact, which is a 45% reduction from baseline. The direct economic impact of cancelling the swine show circuit could not be determined, as youth exhibitors may pursue alternative activities that cannot be precisely accounted for. However, the estimated loss to the swine industry justifies seeking enhanced mitigation to prevent disease transmission. Moreover, economic losses secondary to exhibition cancellations may explain hesitancy to participate in active influenza A virus surveillance efforts.


Subject(s)
Influenza A virus , Influenza, Human , Orthomyxoviridae Infections , Swine Diseases , Animals , Swine , United States/epidemiology , Humans , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/epidemiology , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/veterinary , Swine Diseases/epidemiology , Swine Diseases/prevention & control , Zoonoses/prevention & control , Reward
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