[A CASE OF FOOD-DEPENDENT EXERCISE-INDUCED ANAPHYLAXIS DUE TO POLISHED RICE].

A 14-year-old girl presented to our hospital with food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (FDEIA), possibly caused by rice. Despite experiencing four previous episodes of suspected FDEIA, she did not seek medical attention at her own discretion. On the fifth occurrence of symptoms, the general practitioner suspected FDEIA and referred the patient to our hospital. The only common factor in all five episodes was the consumption of rice, leading to the examination of the patient under suspicion of FDEIA caused by rice. Skin prick test results were positive for bran and polished rice, and exercise after consumption of polished rice resulted in anaphylaxis. Therefore, we diagnosed FDEIA caused by polished rice. Immunoblotting confirmed the presence of immunoglobulin E reacting with 14-16kDa rice bran protein in the patient's serum. The immunoblot inhibition test suggested that the rice bran protein to which the patient's serum reacted was also present in polished rice and no wash rice. As the patient may experience FDEIA after ingestion of no wash rice or rice flour, she was advised to eliminate these from her diet, treating them similarly to brown rice or polished rice.

Food Protein-induced Enterocolitis Syndrome Due to Rice in a Japanese Infant: A Case Report.

Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a non-IgE-mediated gastrointestinal food allergy characterized by repetitive vomiting within 1-4 h and/or diarrhea within 24 h after ingesting the causative food. We herein report a rare Japanese case of rice-induced FPIES. A six-month-old, female, Japanese patient presented to the emergency room (ER) with the complaint of vomiting after feeding. Postprandial vomiting had occurred occasionally since she started ingesting solid food at the age of 5 months. Rice-induced FPIES was suspected only after the fourth ER visit based on the characteristic history of recurrent vomiting occurring 1-2 h after ingesting food containing rice. Allergen-specific IgE testing and a skin prick test with an allergen scratch extract were both negative for rice. During an oral food challenge test (OFC), vomiting was observed after the patient ingested 2 g of rice porridge. Based on the OFC results and the entire clinical course, FPIES due to rice was diagnosed. A lymphocyte stimulation test with rice revealed a significantly elevated stimulation index. Rice-induced FPIES is rarely reported among Japanese infants despite rice being a staple in the Japanese diet. The prevalence of rice-induced FPIES differs greatly among populations, suggesting a multifactorial cause associated with its development. Delays in diagnosis are common in FPIES, and our case demonstrates the importance of obtaining a dietary history of food ingested prior to symptom onset in cases of infantile repetitive vomiting.

Novel Models for Chronic Intestinal Inflammation in Chickens: Intestinal Inflammation Pattern and Biomarkers.

For poultry producers, chronic low-grade intestinal inflammation has a negative impact on productivity by impairing nutrient absorption and allocation of nutrients for growth. Understanding the triggers of chronic intestinal inflammation and developing a non-invasive measurement is crucial to managing gut health in poultry. In this study, we developed two novel models of low-grade chronic intestinal inflammation in broiler chickens: a chemical model using dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and a dietary model using a high non-starch polysaccharide diet (NSP). Further, we evaluated the potential of several proteins as biomarkers of gut inflammation. For these experiments, the chemical induction of inflammation consisted of two 5-day cycles of oral gavage of either 0.25mg DSS/ml or 0.35mg DSS/ml; whereas the NSP diet (30% rice bran) was fed throughout the experiment. At four times (14, 22, 28 and 36-d post-hatch), necropsies were performed to collect intestinal samples for histology, and feces and serum for biomarkers quantification. Neither DSS nor NSP treatments affected feed intake or livability. NSP-fed birds exhibited intestinal inflammation through 14-d, which stabilized by 36-d. On the other hand, the cyclic DSS-treatment produced inflammation throughout the entire experimental period. Histological examination of the intestine revealed that the inflammation induced by both models exhibited similar spatial and temporal patterns with the duodenum and jejunum affected early (at 14-d) whereas the ileum was compromised by 28-d. Calprotectin (CALP) was the only serum protein found to be increased due to inflammation. However, fecal CALP and Lipocalin-2 (LCN-2) concentrations were significantly greater in the induced inflammation groups at 28-d. This experiment demonstrated for the first time, two in vivo models of chronic gut inflammation in chickens, a DSS and a nutritional NSP protocols. Based on these models we observed that intestinal inflammation begins in the upper segments of small intestine and moved to the lower region over time. In the searching for a fecal biomarker for intestinal inflammation, LCN-2 showed promising results. More importantly, calprotectin has a great potential as a novel biomarker for poultry measured both in serum and feces.

Associations of cereal grains intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality across 21 countries in Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology study: prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between intakes of refined grains, whole grains, and white rice with cardiovascular disease, total mortality, blood lipids, and blood pressure in the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: PURE study in 21 countries. PARTICIPANTS: 148 858 participants with median follow-up of 9.5 years. EXPOSURES: Country specific validated food frequency questionnaires were used to assess intakes of refined grains, whole grains, and white rice. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Composite of mortality or major cardiovascular events (defined as death from cardiovascular causes, non-fatal myocardial infarction, stroke, or heart failure). Hazard ratios were estimated for associations of grain intakes with mortality, major cardiovascular events, and their composite by using multivariable Cox frailty models with random intercepts to account for clustering by centre. RESULTS: Analyses were based on 137 130 participants after exclusion of those with baseline cardiovascular disease. During follow-up, 9.2% (n=12 668) of these participants had a composite outcome event. The highest category of intake of refined grains (≥350 g/day or about 7 servings/day) was associated with higher risk of total mortality (hazard ratio 1.27, 95% confidence interval 1.11 to 1.46; P for trend=0.004), major cardiovascular disease events (1.33, 1.16 to 1.52; P for trend<0.001), and their composite (1.28, 1.15 to 1.42; P for trend<0.001) compared with the lowest category of intake (<50 g/day). Higher intakes of refined grains were associated with higher systolic blood pressure. No significant associations were found between intakes of whole grains or white rice and health outcomes. CONCLUSION: High intake of refined grains was associated with higher risk of mortality and major cardiovascular disease events. Globally, lower consumption of refined grains should be considered.

Association between intake of white rice and incident type 2 diabetes - An updated meta-analysis.

AIMS: Meta-analyses on the association between white rice intake and incident type 2 diabetes (T2D) have been inconsistent. Since the last meta-analysis, more studies have been published with inconsistent results. We aimed to examine the rice-T2D association in Asian populations in an updated meta-analysis. METHODS: We systematically searched the Medline and Embase databases between January 2012 (the date of the first meta-analysis) and December 2020 for prospective studies examining T2D risk and baseline rice intake. Random-effects models were applied to pool relative risks (RRs). Meta regression analyses were used to evaluate the influence of sex. RESULTS: Six articles with eleven comparisons in Asian countries were included in the current meta-analysis. A total of 12,395 incident T2D cases were ascertained from 256,818 participants. The pooled RR was 1.25 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.17-1.33) comparing extreme categories of rice intake with higher heterogeneity (I2 = 88%, P < 0.0001). When stratified by sex, the RR was 1.58 (1.26-1.99) among women and 1.30 (0.85-1.98) among men (P-interaction = 0.42). CONCLUSIONS: A positive association between rice intake and incident T2D in Asian populations was found, especially among women.

Prevalence and risk factors of gastroesophageal reflux disease in a rural Indian population.

BACKGROUND: Studies on frequency and risk factors of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in the rural Indian population are scanty. METHODS: This household survey was undertaken by the trained interviewers in the adult population (≥ 18 years) in four villages in northern India using translated-validated Enhanced Asian Rome III and hospital anxiety and depression questionnaires. RESULTS: Of 2774 subjects, 2019 (72.8%) had no heartburn. Heartburn frequency was as follows: 314 (11.3%) once/week, 143 (5.2%) twice/week, 85 (3.1%) thrice/week, 69 (2.5%) four times/week, 48 (1.7%) five times/week, 18 (0.6%) six times/week, 41 (1.5%) daily, 37 (1.4%) > once daily. A total of 298 (10.7%) had GERD (definition: heartburn > twice/week). Older age (36.5 vs. 35 years), non-Hindu religion (7, 2.4% vs. 30, 1.2%), lower education (127, 42.6% vs. 789, 31.9%), lower socioeconomic class (94, 31.5% vs. 517, 20.9%) and income (below Indian National Rupees [INR] 458; 105, 35.2% vs. 599, 24.2%), non-vegetarian diet (15, 5% vs. 105, 4.2%), intake of tea/coffee (260, 87.2% vs. 1687, 68.1%), carbonated soft drinks (216, 72.5% vs. 1234, 49.8%), and alcohol (48, 16.1% vs. 313, 12.6%), tobacco chewing (116, 38.9% vs. 681, 27.5%), and smoking (105, 35.2% vs. 672, 27.1%) were associated with GERD on univariate analysis. On multivariate analysis, body mass index > 25 kg/m2 (odds ratio [OR] 1.23; 95% CI 0.88-1.71), predominant rice eating (1.13; 0.74-1.74), tobacco chewing and smoking (1.68; 1.24-2.30 and 1.36; 0.99-1.88), and alcohol (1.2; 0.78-1.83) and carbonated soft drinks (2.48; 1.79-3.44) intake were associated with GERD. A total of 122 (41%) had associated functional dyspepsia. Psychological comorbidities were commoner among those with than without GERD. CONCLUSION: In this rural Indian population, 10.7% had GERD and predominant rice eating, tobacco chewing, and carbonated soft drink intake were the risk factors. Psychological comorbidities were common.

Epidemiology of Food Choking Deaths in Japan: Time Trends and Regional Variations.

BACKGROUND: With increasing age globally, more people may become vulnerable to food choking. We investigated the nationwide epidemiology of food choking deaths in Japan. METHODS: Using Japanese Vital Statistics death data between 2006 and 2016, we identified food choking deaths based on the 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases code W79 (Inhalation and ingestion of food causing obstruction of respiratory tract) as a primary diagnosis. We assessed the demographics of people with food choking deaths; temporal trends of food choking deaths by the year (overall and by age group), the day of year; and prefecture variations. RESULTS: Overall, 52,366 people experienced food choking deaths (median age, 82 years, 53% were male, and 57% occurred at home). The highest numbers occurred January 1-3, and were lowest in June. Despite a stable total number of cases at around 4,000 yearly, from 2006 to 2016 the incidence proportion declined from 16.2 to 12.1 per 100,000 population among people aged 75-84 years. Among people ≥85 years, the incidence proportion peaked at 53.5 in 2008 and decreased to 43.6 in 2016. The number of food choking deaths varied by prefecture. CONCLUSIONS: There are temporal and regional variations of food choking deaths in Japan, possibly due to the consumption of Japanese rice cake (mochi), particularly over the New Year's holiday.

White Rice Intake and Incident Diabetes: A Study of 132,373 Participants in 21 Countries.

OBJECTIVE: Previous prospective studies on the association of white rice intake with incident diabetes have shown contradictory results but were conducted in single countries and predominantly in Asia. We report on the association of white rice with risk of diabetes in the multinational Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Data on 132,373 individuals aged 35-70 years from 21 countries were analyzed. White rice consumption (cooked) was categorized as <150, ≥150 to <300, ≥300 to <450, and ≥450 g/day, based on one cup of cooked rice = 150 g. The primary outcome was incident diabetes. Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using a multivariable Cox frailty model. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up period of 9.5 years, 6,129 individuals without baseline diabetes developed incident diabetes. In the overall cohort, higher intake of white rice (≥450 g/day compared with <150 g/day) was associated with increased risk of diabetes (HR 1.20; 95% CI 1.02-1.40; P for trend = 0.003). However, the highest risk was seen in South Asia (HR 1.61; 95% CI 1.13-2.30; P for trend = 0.02), followed by other regions of the world (which included South East Asia, Middle East, South America, North America, Europe, and Africa) (HR 1.41; 95% CI 1.08-1.86; P for trend = 0.01), while in China there was no significant association (HR 1.04; 95% CI 0.77-1.40; P for trend = 0.38). CONCLUSIONS: Higher consumption of white rice is associated with an increased risk of incident diabetes with the strongest association being observed in South Asia, while in other regions, a modest, nonsignificant association was seen.

Is frequency of potato and white rice consumption associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents: the CASPIAN-V study.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the association of frequency of potato and rice consumption with cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. METHODS: This nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted on 14,400 children and adolescents. Fasting blood was obtained from a sub-sample of 4200 randomly selected students. Physical examination and laboratory tests were conducted under standard protocols. Metabolic Syndrome (Mets) was defined based on the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria modified for the pediatric age group. The self-reported frequency consumption of white rice and potato was reported on a daily or non-daily basis. RESULTS: The participation rate for the whole study and for blood sampling were 99 and 91.5%, respectively. Overall, 49.4% of the participants were girls while 50.6% were boys. The frequency of daily consumption of white rice and potato was 84.4 and 21.3%, respectively. In the multivariable linear regression model, daily consumption of potato increased body mass index (ß: 0.05, SE: 0.20, p = 0.010), waist (ß: 0.63, SE: 0.24, p = 0.008), and hip circumferences (ß: 0.62, SE: 0.26, p = 0.019). Moreover, in the multivariable logistic regression, daily consumption of potato was significantly associated with an increased risk of overweight (OR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.04-1.39, P = 0.012). The potato and rice consumption had no statistically significant association with other cardiometabolic risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Daily consumption of potato was significantly associated with higher anthropometric measures, whereas rice consumption had no statistically significant association with cardiometabolic risk factors. Future research to examine the possible obesogenic effects of intake of potato on children and adolescents is recommended.

Rice bran supplementation modulates growth, microbiota and metabolome in weaning infants: a clinical trial in Nicaragua and Mali.

Rice bran supplementation provides nutrients, prebiotics and phytochemicals that enhance gut immunity, reduce enteric pathogens and diarrhea, and warrants attention for improvement of environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) in children. EED is a subclinical condition associated with stunting due to impaired nutrient absorption. This study investigated the effects of rice bran supplementation on weight for age and length for age z-scores (WAZ, LAZ), EED stool biomarkers, as well as microbiota and metabolome signatures in weaning infants from 6 to 12 months old that reside in Nicaragua and Mali. Healthy infants were randomized to a control (no intervention) or a rice bran group that received daily supplementation with increasing doses at each month (1-5 g/day). Stool microbiota were characterized using 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing. Stool metabolomes were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid-chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry. Statistical comparisons were completed at 6, 8, and 12 months of age. Daily consumption of rice bran was safe and feasible to support changes in LAZ from 6-8 and 8-12 months of age in Nicaragua and Mali infants when compared to control. WAZ was significantly improved only for Mali infants at 8 and 12 months. Mali and Nicaraguan infants showed major differences in the overall gut microbiota and metabolome composition and structure at baseline, and thus each country cohort demonstrated distinct microbial and metabolite profile responses to rice bran supplementation when compared to control. Rice bran is a practical dietary intervention strategy that merits development in rice-growing regions that have a high prevalence of growth stunting due to malnutrition and diarrheal diseases. Rice is grown as a staple food, and the bran is used as animal feed or wasted in many low- and middle-income countries where EED and stunting is prevalent.

Análise bioeconômica do farelo de arroz na recria de bezerras de corte em azevém / Bioeconomics analyses of rice brain use for reaning of beef heifers on Italian ryegrass pasture

Objetivou-se avaliar a economicidade, o desempenho produtivo e o desenvolvimento das estruturas corporais relacionadas ao trato reprodutivo de bezerras de corte mantidas exclusivamente em pastagem de azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) ou em pastagem de azevém recebendo 0,5 e 1,0% do peso corporal (PC) de farelo de arroz integral (FAI) como suplemento. O método de pastejo foi o rotativo, e o intervalo entre pastejos foi estabelecido considerando-se a soma térmica necessária para a emissão de 1,5 folha de azevém (187,5ºC). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente ao acaso, com medidas repetidas no tempo. O ganho médio diário das bezerras não diferiu entre os sistemas alimentares. A taxa de lotação e o ganho de peso por área foram maiores quando as bezerras receberam 1,0% do PC de farelo de arroz integral. A maior margem bruta foi observada quando as bezerras receberam 0,5% de FAI. O custo variável obtido para os diferentes sistemas alimentares apresentou comportamento crescente em função dos níveis de FAI, superando o uso exclusivo do azevém em 49,4% e 81,8%. O peso corporal final, o escore de condição corporal e o escore do trato reprodutivo não diferiram entre os sistemas alimentares. Considerando-se um animal adulto com peso corporal médio de 450kg, as bezerras ao início do experimento apresentaram 34% do peso corporal adulto e peso corporal final médio de 56% do peso adulto. A utilização de níveis de farelo de arroz integral (FAI) na recria de bezerras de corte sob pastejo rotativo em azevém não modifica o ganho médio diário e o escore do trato reprodutivo. O fornecimento de 1% de FAI mostrou efeito substitutivo, proporcionando um incremento de 31,2% na taxa de lotação e de 38,3% no ganho por área. O sistema alimentar AZ0,5 permitiu uma maior margem bruta; já o retorno financeiro direto foi positivo em todos os sistemas alimentares, com melhor retorno calculado para o uso exclusivo do azevém.(AU)

The experiment was carried out with the objective of evaluating the gross margin, the productive and reproductive performance of beef heifers kept exclusively on ryegrass pasture (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) or ryegrass receiving 0.5 and 1.0% of body weight (BW) of whole rice bran as supplement. The grazing method was the rotational and the interval between grazings was set by the thermal sum required for the appearing of 1.5 ryegrass leaf (187.5ºC). The experimental design was completely randomized with repeated measures. Heifers average daily gain did not differ between the feeding systems. The stocking rate and weight gain per area were higher when heifers received 1.0% BW of whole rice bran. The higher gross margin was observed when heifers received 0.5% BW. The variable cost obtained for the different feeding systems showed increasing behavior depending on the WRB levels, surpassing the exclusive use of ryegrass in 49.4% and 81.8%. The final body weight, body condition score and reproductive tract score did not differ between the feeding systems. Considering an adult animal with an average body weight of 450kg, the heifers at the beginning of the experiment showed 34% of mature body weight and final average body weight of 56% of adult weight. The use of rice bran levels (FAZ) in the rearing of beef heifers under rotational grazing on ryegrass does not change the average daily gain and the reproductive tract score. The supply of 1% FAI showed substitutive effect, providing an increase in capacity of 31,2% and 38.3% rate of the gain per area. The food system AZ0,5 allowed a higher gross margin, as the economic return was positive in all food systems, with better return calculated for the exclusive use of ryegrass.(AU)

Retained Rice Cake: A Unique Upper Gastrointestinal Foreign Body: Case Report and a Literature Review.

As a rarely recognized foreign body in the upper gastrointestinal tract, rice cake frequently requires endoscopic removal. We herein report six patients with characteristic sonography, computed tomography (CT), spectroscopy, endoscopy, and histological findings. A review of all published cases, including ours, revealed that retained rice cake in the stomach typically shows the following: abdominal pain (93.3%), mucosal injury (93.3%) with bleeding (42.9%); high-density (120-206 Hounsfield units) CT findings; and indication for endoscopy (80%). In the esophagus, hot, toasted rice cake causes thermal injury. Primary physicians should be aware of this popular-food-induced, but rare, disorder.

Rice Consumption and Subclinical Lung Disease in US Adults: Observational Evidence From the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

Rice accumulates arsenic, an established lung toxicant. Little is known about the association of rice consumption with arsenic-related health effects, particularly interstitial lung disease. Between 2000 and 2002, 6,814 white, black, Hispanic, and Chinese adults from 6 US cities were enrolled in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. We included 2,250 participants who had spirometry data, 2,557 with full-lung computed tomography (CT) scans, and 5,710 with cardiac CT scans. Rice consumption and 310 participants with urinary arsenic were assessed at baseline. Spirometry and full-lung CT-derived measures of total lung capacity and high attenuation area (HAA), and interstitial lung abnormalities were measured at examination 5. Cardiac CT-derived HAA was measured at 1-3 visits. Twelve percent of participants reported eating at least 1 serving of rice daily. Comparing data between that group with those who ate less than 1 serving weekly, the mean difference for forced vital capacity was -102 (95% confidence interval (CI): -198, -7) mL, and for forced expiratory volume in 1 second was -90 (95% CI: -170, -11) mL after adjustment for demographics, anthropometrics, dietary factors, and smoking. The cross-sectional adjusted percent difference for total lung capacity was -1.33% (95% CI: -4.29, 1.72) and for cardiac-based HAA was 3.66% (95% CI: 1.22, 6.15). Sensitivity analyses for urinary arsenic were consistent with rice findings. Daily rice consumption was associated with reduced lung function and greater cardiac-based HAA.

Substituting brown rice for white rice on diabetes risk factors in India: a randomised controlled trial.

India has the second largest number of people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) globally. Epidemiological evidence indicates that consumption of white rice is positively associated with T2D risk, while intake of brown rice is inversely associated. Thus, we explored the effect of substituting brown rice for white rice on T2D risk factors among adults in urban South India. A total of 166 overweight (BMI ≥ 23 kg/m2) adults aged 25-65 years were enrolled in a randomised cross-over trial in Chennai, India. Interventions were a parboiled brown rice or white rice regimen providing two ad libitum meals/d, 6 d/week for 3 months with a 2-week washout period. Primary outcomes were blood glucose, insulin, glycosylated Hb (HbA1c), insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) and lipids. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) was a secondary outcome. We did not observe significant between-group differences for primary outcomes among all participants. However, a significant reduction in HbA1c was observed in the brown rice group among participants with the metabolic syndrome (-0·18 (se 0·08) %) relative to those without the metabolic syndrome (0·05 (se 0·05) %) (P-for-heterogeneity = 0·02). Improvements in HbA1c, total and LDL-cholesterol were observed in the brown rice group among participants with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 compared with those with a BMI < 25 kg/m2 (P-for-heterogeneity < 0·05). We observed a smaller increase in hs-CRP in the brown (0·03 (sd 2·12) mg/l) compared with white rice group (0·63 (sd 2·35) mg/l) (P = 0·04). In conclusion, substituting brown rice for white rice showed a potential benefit on HbA1c among participants with the metabolic syndrome and an elevated BMI. A small benefit on inflammation was also observed.

No Effect of Bt-transgenic Rice on the Tritrophic Interaction of the Stored Rice, the Maize Weevil Sitophilus Zeamais and the Parasitoid Wasp Theocolax elegans.

During Bt transgenic rice storage, Bt Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac fused protein is exposed to the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais and the parasitoid wasp Theocolax elegans. We have carried out a long-term risk assessment for Bt rice to these non-target organisms in the storehouse. Effects of Bt rice on S. zeamais and T. elegans have been carefully detected in a laboratory experiment of over 5 years. The survival, development, fecundity, and longevity of the maize weevil were compared between Bt rice and non-Bt rice treatments for every 5 generations from generation 1 to 25. Moreover, the development, adult body size and sex ratio of T. elegans were compared between them parasitizing S. zeamais feeding on Bt rice or non-Bt rice. We found that although Bt Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac fused protein exists in the Bt rice grains and S. zeamais digestive tracts, Bt rice is not harmful to the maize weevil S. zeamais and its parasitoid T. elegans.

Clinical and CT findings of small bowel obstruction caused by rice cakes in comparison with bezoars.

PURPOSE: Rice cakes have not been recognized as a cause of small bowel obstruction (SBO) worldwide. We compared clinical and CT findings of rice cake SBO versus SBO due to bezoars, the most common cause of food-induced SBO. METHODS: Twenty-four patients with rice cake SBO (n = 17) or bezoar SBO (n = 7) were retrospectively evaluated for clinical findings and the following multi-detector CT (MDCT) features: identification of the transition zone, presence of intraluminal lesions, degree of obstruction, and length and attenuation of obstructing materials. Categorical variables were compared by Fisher's exact test, and continuous variables by independent t test. RESULTS: None of the rice cake SBO patients required surgery, whereas 4/7 (57%) bezoar SBO patients underwent surgery. On MDCT, rice cake residues were recognized as well-defined intraluminal lesions of shorter length (29.8 ± 4.6 mm vs. 47.7 ± 10.8 mm for bezoars; p < 0.0001) and higher attenuation (106 ± 27.8 HU vs. - 62.8 ± 14.7 HU for bezoars; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Rice cake SBO patients did not require surgery. On MDCT, rice cake residues were significantly shorter and higher in attenuation than bezoars. These findings facilitate diagnosis and support the conservative management of rice cake SBO.

Ryzophagia secondary to PCOS -related menorrhagia.

We report the peculiar case of a patient who consumed raw rice daily and had iron-deficiency anaemia secondary to menorrhagia with underlying polycystic ovarian syndrome. A 32-year-old lady of Asian descent presented with symptoms of fatigue, lethargy and prolonged, irregular periods for the last two months. There was noticeable increase in body weight, male pattern alopecia and facial acne. In addition, she experienced sudden, unexplained predilection towards consumption of raw rice (up to 300- 400g/day). The patient was treated with oral iron and cyclical progestin. After three weeks, her haemoglobin improved and her ryzophagia subsided. Gynaecologists should be vigilant of pica, which can occur outside of the context of pregnancy and also poses potential health risks including tooth attrition, electrolyte imbalance, intestinal obstruction and poisoning.