ABSTRACT
During recent years, gastric ECL cells have attracted much attention, mainly due to the fact that mice and rats were found to develop gastric carcinoids following lifelong treatment with blockers of acid secretion. We present the structure and functions of ECL cells and their influence on physiology and pathology of stomach and duodenum. We describe interactions of enzymes and hormones in histamine-stimulated gastric output.
Subject(s)
Anti-Ulcer Agents/adverse effects , Duodenal Neoplasms/chemically induced , Duodenal Neoplasms/pathology , Duodenal Ulcer/drug therapy , Enterochromaffin-like Cells/pathology , Pancreatic Hormones/adverse effects , Stomach Neoplasms/chemically induced , Stomach Neoplasms/pathology , Stomach Ulcer/drug therapy , Animals , Chromogranin A , Gastrins/metabolism , Histamine/metabolism , Mice , RatsABSTRACT
One hundred and eleven pre-pubertal children (70 boys, 41 girls, aged 2.5 to 14.3 years) with growth failure (height 2 SD below the mean for chronological age (CA) and height velocity (HV) below the 10th percentile for bone age) due to idiopathic growth hormone deficiency (peak plasma GH < 20 mUI/1 to two standard provocative tests) were treated with GHRH 1-44 NH2. Patient stratification in two classes was performed according to body weight; in each class, patients were randomly allocated to one of seven GHRH doses, from 30 to 300 micrograms/day. GHRH was injected subcutaneously, every evening, for six months in a double-blind fashion. No relationship was found between the absolute or incremental HV during treatment and the dose (range from 1.3-23.1 micrograms/kg/day) of GHRH. However, HV (cm/year) increased from 3.8 +/- 0.1 (mean +/- SEM) before treatment to 6 +/- 0.2 during six months treatment and 47 patients (42%) increased their HV up to at least the mean normal HV for bone age (catch-up growth). Low titer antibodies to GHRH were found in 19 patients (17.1%) at six months; no adverse effect was observed. Our results suggest that patients showing catch-up growth were older, had a height closer to the mean for chronological age and a slower pre-treatment height velocity. Failure to demonstrate a relationship between GHRH dose and changes in growth velocity might be explained by the combination of a placebo effect, insufficient frequency of GHRH administration and heterogeneity of the population.
Subject(s)
Body Height/drug effects , Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone/analogs & derivatives , Growth Hormone/deficiency , Pancreatic Hormones/therapeutic use , Peptide Fragments/therapeutic use , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Double-Blind Method , Female , Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone/administration & dosage , Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone/adverse effects , Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone/therapeutic use , Humans , Male , Pancreatic Hormones/administration & dosage , Pancreatic Hormones/adverse effects , Patient Compliance , Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage , Peptide Fragments/adverse effectsSubject(s)
Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use , Gonadal Steroid Hormones/therapeutic use , Hormones/therapeutic use , Pancreatic Hormones/therapeutic use , Thyroid Hormones/therapeutic use , Drug Evaluation , Glucocorticoids/adverse effects , Gonadal Steroid Hormones/adverse effects , Hormones/adverse effects , Humans , Pancreatic Hormones/adverse effects , Thyroid Hormones/adverse effectsSubject(s)
Drug Industry , Hormones/adverse effects , Occupational Diseases/chemically induced , Adolescent , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/adverse effects , Adult , Androgens/adverse effects , Child , Environmental Exposure , Estrogens/adverse effects , Female , Humans , Male , Pancreatic Hormones/adverse effects , Pituitary Hormones, Posterior/adverse effects , Thyroid Hormones/adverse effectsABSTRACT
One of five gastro-entero-pancreatic hormones, gastrin, serotonin, histamine, glucagon, and insulin, was intraperitoneally administered for a long period to the rats that received N-methy-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. A frequent development of scirrhous carcinoma was demonstrated in the group treated with gastrin.