Subject(s)
Academies and Institutes/history , Lighting/history , Physics/history , Academies and Institutes/organization & administration , Congresses as Topic , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , Lighting/instrumentation , London , Paraffin/chemistry , Paraffin/history , Physics/education , Waxes/chemistry , Waxes/historySubject(s)
History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , Physics/history , Lighting/history , Academies and Institutes/history , Paraffin/history , Paraffin/chemistry , Physics/education , Waxes/history , Waxes/chemistry , Lighting/instrumentation , Congresses as Topic , Academies and Institutes/organization & administration , LondonSubject(s)
Paraffin/history , Cosmetic Techniques/history , Embolism/etiology , Foreign-Body Migration/etiology , Foreign-Body Reaction/etiology , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Oils/administration & dosage , Oils/history , Paraffin/administration & dosage , Paraffin/adverse effects , Pharmaceutical Vehicles/historyABSTRACT
In an attempt to maintain a youthful appearance or to reconstruct facial deformities, physicians have greeted new technologies with excitement. In the late 1800 s, shortly after the invention of the syringe, chemical agents were used for facial augmentation. Unfortunately, history has taught us that new technologies must be used with care, because complications can occur, sometimes many years after initial treatment. The first injectable filling agent was paraffin, whose use was abandoned after complications of migration, embolization, and granuloma formation were described. More recently, silicone use was banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) because of similar complications. In 1981, bovine collagen was the first agent to be approved by the FDA for cosmetic injection. Since its approval, dozens of injectable filling agents have been developed, and many are already FDA approved for cosmetic use. This article will review the highlights of the evolution of facial filling agents.
Subject(s)
Biocompatible Materials/history , Cosmetic Techniques/history , Adipocytes , Biocompatible Materials/administration & dosage , Collagen/administration & dosage , Collagen/history , Drug Approval/history , Europe , Face , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Hyaluronic Acid/administration & dosage , Hyaluronic Acid/history , Injections, Subcutaneous/history , Korea , Paraffin/administration & dosage , Paraffin/history , Rejuvenation , Silicones/administration & dosage , Silicones/history , Syringes/history , United States , United States Food and Drug Administration/historySubject(s)
Nose Diseases/history , Paraffin/history , Adult , History, 20th Century , Humans , Male , Nose Diseases/therapy , Paraffin/therapeutic useABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Injections are part of the arsenal of all medical disciplines. In addition to this common ground, each specialty has its own particular aspects; the historical development of these are presented here with respect to otorhinolaryngology. INTRAVENOUS INJECTIONS: The first experiments with intravenous injections were carried out in 1642 by a gentleman's hunting servant in eastern Germany. Similar experiments were done in 1656 by Christopher Wren, the astronomer, mathematician, and architect in Oxford, England, and a group of scientists around the physicist Robert Boyle. These experiments were prompted by new knowledge about blood circulation provided by William Harvey in 1628. The first books on the applications of intravenous infusions in humans were published in Germany by Major 1664 (Chirurgia Infusoria) and Elsholtz 1667 (Clysmatica Nova). Bladders of animals or enema syringes were used as instruments. Because of lethal accidents the infusions soon fell from favour. Köhler in Germany in 1776 eliminated a large bolus impacted in a patient's esophagus by an intravenous infusion of tartar emetic thus inducing violent vomiting. After this crucial experiment, foreign bodies in the esophagus were the most important indication for applying intravenous injections until Killian introduced extraction by esophagoscopy in 1990. CALIBRATED SYRINGES AFTER PRAVAZ: The French surgeon C. Pravaz in Lyon in 1853 invented a small syringe, the piston of which could be driven by a screw thus allowing exact dosage. A sharp needle with a pointed trocar could be introduced into the vessel making a dissection unnessessary. Pravaz used his syringe for obliteration of arterial aneurysms by injection of ferric sesquichlorate. Pravaz's syringe initiated the invention of a great number of various calibrated syringes made of glass or metal combined with glass. SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION AND LOCAL ANAESTHESIA: The calibrated syringes were commonly used in the treatment of syphilis by mercurialization. In otorhinolaryngology, they had and still have their primary application in local anaesthesia, which was introduced by Carl Ludwig Schleich in Berlin in 1892. PARAFFIN-INJECTIONS: Around 1900 the injection of liquid paraffin for closing defects in subcutaneous tissues came into use (Gersuny in Vienna, Delangre in Tournai). This technique was immediately applied to rhinological indications such as a saddle nose (Stein 1901). This gave rise to the invention of special syringes and modifications of paraffin with different hardness and melting points. Around the middle of this century, paraffin was abandoned for this application because of serious complications, and new substances were introduced such like teflon, silicone and collagen. The historical development of these techniques of injections is described in details with many literature citations and figures.
Subject(s)
Injections/history , Museums , Otolaryngology/history , Syringes/history , Anesthesia, Local/history , England , Germany , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 20th Century , Humans , Infusions, Intravenous/history , Injections, Intravenous/history , Injections, Subcutaneous/history , Medical Illustration , Paraffin/historyABSTRACT
The authors discuss the history and use of injections of paraffin, silicone, and collagen for soft-tissue contouring. The structure and uses of collagen are described with particular reference to Zyderm Collagen Implant, a highly purified bovine collagen.
