ABSTRACT
Migration of molecules from packaging into products is a well-known phenomenon of which the studies in the food and medical industries are regulated in Europe by several legislations. However, for cosmetic packagings, there is no protocol nor specific migration limits available. The objective of this work was to use glycerin and liquid paraffin as cosmetic product simulants to perform a safety assessment on phthalates in 11 plastic packagings used in the cosmetic industry. To study these compounds in the matrices, 2 extraction techniques were compared: liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase microextraction (SPME). The optimization of the 2 processes of extraction showed that SPME was more adapted to the study. Finally, samples of glycerin and liquid paraffin were analyzed by a SPME-GC-MS method to quantitate 10 regulated phthalates. In glycerin, only DEP was quantitated above the LOQ in 3 packagings, but the concentrations measured were under the set concentration threshold of 0.5 ppm. In liquid paraffin, DEP was quantitated above this concentration threshold. A safety evaluation was so performed by calculating the systemic exposure damage, and the results were finally considered to be safe for consumers.
Subject(s)
Consumer Product Safety , Cosmetics , Drug Packaging , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods , Glycerol/chemistry , Paraffin/chemistry , Phthalic Acids/analysis , Solid Phase Microextraction/methods , Glycerol/standards , Limit of Detection , Paraffin/standards , Reference Standards , Reproducibility of ResultsABSTRACT
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that have been targeted by national regulations since the 1970-1980s, followed in 2004 by the worldwide regulation under the Stockholm Convention on POPs. However, concerns are growing regarding the emergence of additional POP-like substances, such as chlorinated paraffins (CPs), which have particularly large production volumes. Whereas short-chain CPs (SCCPs) have recently been restricted in Europe and are currently under evaluation for inclusion into the Stockholm Convention, medium-chain CPs (MCCPs) have received little attention. On the one hand, temporal trends of CPs in the environment have hardly been investigated. On the other hand, the effectiveness of the Stockholm Convention on environmental levels of PCBs is still a matter of debate. Here, we reconstructed temporal trends of SCCPs, MCCPs, and PCBs in archived soil samples from six sampling sites in Switzerland, covering the period 1989-2014 (respectively 1988-2013 for one site). Concentrations of SCCPs have decreased in soil since 1994, which indicates positive effects of the reduction of production of SCCPs in Europe and the increasingly stringent regulation. However, the decline in soil is slow with a halving time of 18 years. Concentrations of MCCPs have continuously increased in soil over the entire period 1989-2014, with a doubling between 2009 and 2014. The concentrations of MCCPs have surpassed those of SCCPs, showing their relevance today, partly as replacements for SCCPs. Soil concentrations of PCBs peaked in 1999, i.e. three decades later than worldwide production and use of PCBs, but earlier than the entry into force of the Stockholm Convention. PCBs follow a decline in soil with a halving time of approx. 8 years. This study shows the usefulness of sample archives for the reconstruction and interpretation of time trends of persistent environmental contaminants.
Subject(s)
Environmental Monitoring/standards , Paraffin/analysis , Paraffin/standards , Polychlorinated Biphenyls/analysis , Polychlorinated Biphenyls/standards , Soil Pollutants/analysis , Soil Pollutants/standards , Environmental Pollution , Europe , Guidelines as Topic , Switzerland , Time FactorsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To investigate possible asbestos contamination of paraffin and migration by asbestos fibers during the tissue-embedding process. DESIGN: Three sample categories were included in the study: (1) commercially available paraffin samples; (2) procedural control samples, which were prepared by processing the paraffin through the use of standard solvents and instruments; and (3) samples taken from areas adjacent to embedded tissue and evaluated for migration of asbestos from the tissue into the surrounding paraffin. The analysis of collected material from all samples was performed with analytical transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: Only one extremely small tremolite fiber was found in any of the commercially available samples of paraffin. No asbestos fibers were found either in the procedural control samples or in the samples taken adjacent to the embedded lung tissue. CONCLUSIONS: First, it was extremely unlikely that any of the commercial paraffin samples would have skewed data due to embedded tissue. Second, the processing and instrumentation was not found to contribute asbestos material to the paraffin during the preparations. Finally, embedded tissue that contained high numbers of fibers, both uncoated fibers and asbestos bodies, did not contribute asbestos to the adjacent paraffin.
Subject(s)
Asbestos/analysis , Histocytological Preparation Techniques , Paraffin Embedding/instrumentation , Paraffin/chemistry , Equipment Contamination , Humans , Lung/chemistry , Mineral Fibers/analysis , Paraffin/standardsABSTRACT
Two otic products not containing miticidal active ingredients were compared for the treatment of otoacariasis in 20 cats. It was concluded that treatment of feline otoacariasis can be achieved using products with an oil/wax base in conjunction with routine ear cleaning and total body parasitacide treatment.
