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1.
Schizophr Bull ; 45(2): 296-304, 2019 03 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29165678

ABSTRACT

We can trace, with high congruence, the clinical syndromes of depression and mania as described over the 20th century in psychiatric textbooks back to 1880 and to the earliest writing of Kraepelin published in 1883. However, this is not the case for Kraepelin's 2 delusional syndromes central to his overall nosology: Dementia Paranoides (later paranoid schizophrenia) and Paranoia. A detailed examination of 28 textbook descriptions of delusional psychoses from 1880 to 1900 reveals a diverse and partially overlapping set of syndromes with an admixture of symptoms and signs that would later be considered indicative of Dementia Paranoides and Paranoia. A similar pattern in seen in Kraepelin's own description of "Primäre Verrücktheit" from the first edition of his textbook (1883). No clear prototypes emerged in these textbooks or in Kraepelin's early writings for the 2 distinct delusional syndromes that would later evolve in his mature writings. Rather, the nosologic approach taken in these writings was symptom based and assumed that a viable diagnostic category could be constituted by including all delusional patients once those suffering from organic or mood disorders were excluded. While Kraepelin used the historical syndromes of mania and depression, with no appreciable change, as building blocks for his category of manic-depressive insanity, his nosologic system for the psychotic disorders-the syndromes of Dementia Praecox and Paranoia-was more innovative and without clear precedent in the prior psychiatric literature.


Subject(s)
Paranoid Disorders/history , Schizophrenia, Paranoid/history , Schizophrenia/history , History, 19th Century , Humans , Paranoid Disorders/classification , Paranoid Disorders/diagnosis , Paranoid Disorders/physiopathology , Schizophrenia/classification , Schizophrenia/diagnosis , Schizophrenia/physiopathology , Schizophrenia, Paranoid/classification , Schizophrenia, Paranoid/diagnosis , Schizophrenia, Paranoid/physiopathology , Syndrome
3.
Front Neurol Neurosci ; 42: 44-50, 2018.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29151090

ABSTRACT

Non-bizarre delusion, defined as a false belief possible although highly unlikely, is the main manifestation of delusional disorders, previously known as paranoia. Based on the predominant delusional themes, 5 main subtypes may be described - erotomanic, grandiose, jealous, persecutory, and somatic. We present here 2 main delusional disorders, the De Clérambault syndrome and the Othello syndrome, and another closely related to the previous ones - Folie à deux. In the De Clérambault syndrome, the main delusional theme is erotomanic type, related to passional delirium where the patient has strong sexual feelings towards another person and has the belief that this other person is deeply in love with him or her. Patients with the Othello syndrome present a delusional disorder of jealous type, a pathological delusion that the partner is unfaithful. In Folie à deux, 2 individuals shared the same psychiatric symptom. However it may be variable, describing variants such as folie imposée or folie simultenée. The risk of aggressive behavior exists in these patients. Knowledge of these syndromes is essential to allow an accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment.


Subject(s)
Delusions/physiopathology , Paranoid Disorders/physiopathology , Shared Paranoid Disorder/physiopathology , Delusions/classification , Humans , Paranoid Disorders/classification
4.
Schizophr Res ; 190: 77-81, 2017 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28318838

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: There is widespread interest in whether psychosis exists on a continuum with healthy functioning. Previous research has implied that paranoia, a common symptom of psychosis, exists on a continuum but this has not been investigated using samples including both patients and non-patients and up-to-date taxometric methods. AIM: To assess the latent structure of paranoia in a diverse sample using taxometric methods. METHOD: We obtained data from 2836 participants, including the general population as well as at-risk mental state and psychotic patients using the P-scale of the Paranoia and Deservedness Scale. Data were analysed using three taxometric procedures, MAMBAC, MAXEIG and L-MODE (Ruscio, 2016), and two sets of paranoia indicators (subscales and selected items from the P scale), including and excluding the patient groups. RESULTS: Eleven of the twelve analyses supported a dimensional model. Using the full sample and subscales as indicators, the MAMBAC analysis was ambiguous. Overall, the findings converged on a dimensional latent structure. CONCLUSIONS: A dimensional latent structure of paranoia implies that the processes involved in sub-clinical paranoia may be similar to those in clinical paranoia.


Subject(s)
Paranoid Behavior/classification , Paranoid Disorders/classification , Adult , Delusions/classification , Female , Humans , Male , Models, Theoretical , Principal Component Analysis , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Psychotic Disorders/classification , Psychotic Disorders/psychology , Risk , Young Adult
6.
Soins Psychiatr ; (278): 14-8, 2012.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22423445

ABSTRACT

The idea of paranoia has existed since Antiquity, but it was only in the 19th centurythat psychiatrists became interested in it and sought to describe it. Delusion and the feeling of persecution are common in all paranoiacs. The origins of the disease can be found in the patient's psychic structure. Establishing and maintaining contact with a caregiver is one way of helping the patient.


Subject(s)
Delusions/nursing , Delusions/psychology , Nurse-Patient Relations , Paranoid Disorders/nursing , Paranoid Disorders/psychology , Delusions/classification , Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Freudian Theory , Humans , Neurocognitive Disorders/nursing , Neurocognitive Disorders/psychology , Nursing Diagnosis , Paranoid Disorders/classification , Psychoanalytic Theory , Schizophrenia, Paranoid/classification , Schizophrenia, Paranoid/nursing , Schizophrenia, Paranoid/psychology
7.
Br J Clin Psychol ; 48(Pt 2): 141-62, 2009 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19054432

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: Trower and Chadwick's (1995) theory of two types of paranoia ('poor me' and 'bad me') provides a framework for understanding the seemingly contradictory evidence on persecutory delusions. Paranoia has been argued to defend against low self-esteem, but people with persecutory delusions report high levels of emotional distress and, in some instances, low self-worth. The current study investigates attributions and emotions in a sample of people with early psychosis who have persecutory delusions. 'Poor me' paranoia has been found to be more frequent than 'bad me' paranoia in the early stages of psychosis. Anger and a tendency to blame other people are hypothesized to characterize 'poor me' paranoia. DESIGN AND METHODS: The study had a cross-sectional design. Twenty individuals with early psychosis, 21 clinical controls with depression and 32 healthy volunteers completed a thorough assessment of emotions and attributions. RESULTS: The 'poor me' paranoia group showed higher levels of anger, anxiety and depression than the non-clinical control group. Self-esteem and guilt were however preserved. A tendency to blame others but not themselves was characteristic of the 'poor me' paranoia group whereas people in the clinical control group tended to self-blame for failures. Anger, but not self-esteem, was associated with an attributional bias characterized by blaming other people instead of oneself. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, anger, a previously overlooked emotion in the study of persecutory delusions, warrants further attention. The other-directed nature of this emotion highlights the potential role of interpersonal schemas in understanding paranoia.


Subject(s)
Delusions/psychology , Emotions , Paranoid Disorders/psychology , Self Concept , Anger , Bias , Cross-Sectional Studies , Depressive Disorder/diagnosis , Depressive Disorder/psychology , Female , Guilt , Humans , Internal-External Control , Male , Models, Psychological , Paranoid Disorders/classification , Paranoid Disorders/diagnosis , Personality Inventory , Psychotic Disorders/psychology , Surveys and Questionnaires
8.
J Pers Disord ; 22(4): 313-31, 2008 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18684047

ABSTRACT

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by considerable heterogeneity. Prior approaches to resolving heterogeneity in BPD pathology have used factor and cluster analytic as well as latent class analysis strategies. These prior studies have been atheoretical in nature, but provide an initial empirical corpus for further sub-typing efforts in BPD. A model-based taxonomy for BPD that is supported by evidence from an advanced statistical methodology would enhance investigations of BPD etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment. This study applied finite mixture modeling analysis, in a model-guided fashion, to selected dimensions of pathology within a group of well-characterized BPD patients to determine if latent groups are harbored within the disorder. Subjects with BPD (N = 90) were examined on a variety of model-relevant psychopathology dimensions. We applied finite mixture modeling to these dimensions. We then evaluated the validity of the obtained solution by reference to a variety of external measures not included in the initial mixture modeling. Three phenotypically distinct groups reside within the overall BPD category. Group-1 is characterized by low levels of antisocial, paranoid, and aggressive features. Group-2 is characterized by elevated paranoid features, whereas Group-3 is characterized by elevated antisocial and aggressive features. External correlates reveal a pattern of differences consistent with the validity of this proposed grouping structure. A theory-guided finite mixture modeling analysis supports a parsing of the BPD category into three subgroups. This proposed BPD taxonomy represents an approach to reducing heterogeneity observed among BPD patients and it may prove useful in studies seeking to understand etiologic and pathophysiologic factors as well as treatment response in BPD.


Subject(s)
Borderline Personality Disorder/classification , Models, Psychological , Phenotype , Adult , Aggression/classification , Antisocial Personality Disorder/classification , Borderline Personality Disorder/physiopathology , Female , Humans , Male , Mental Health , Middle Aged , Paranoid Disorders/classification , Personality , Personality Assessment , Psychometrics
9.
Cogn Neuropsychiatry ; 12(6): 537-53, 2007 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17978938

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Previous research has proposed that there may be subtypes of paranoia with different patterns of performance on symptom and clinical measures. However, there has been little empirical examination of whether distinct subtypes actually exist. Recent research has suggested that paranoia can be found in normal individuals and exists on a continuum. Thus, it is possible that evidence for subtypes of paranoia can be derived from nonclinical samples. METHODS: From a total of 723 participants, we identified 114 college students who showed elevated levels of paranoia as determined by two measures of paranoid ideation. The remaining sample of 609 persons served as the nonparanoid control group. All participants completed measures of depression, self-esteem, and social anxiety. Scores from the high subclinical group was subjected to cluster analysis to derive homogeneous subtypes. Participants also completed a measure of attributional style, the IPSAQ, which was used to validate the subtypes and was not used in the cluster analysis. RESULTS: Based on the cluster analysis, three subtypes were derived. Each subtype showed a different pattern of scores on measures of depression, self-esteem, and anxiety. There were also additional differences on the externalising and personalising bias scores from the IPSAQ between the subtypes. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that there is preliminary evidence for the presence of subtypes among nonclinical samples and discuss the patterns of performance in relation to previous research on subtypes of paranoia. The implications of these subtypes for the study of paranoia are discussed.


Subject(s)
Paranoid Disorders/diagnosis , Adolescent , Adult , Anxiety Disorders/classification , Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis , Anxiety Disorders/psychology , Depressive Disorder/classification , Depressive Disorder/diagnosis , Depressive Disorder/psychology , Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Female , Humans , Internal-External Control , Male , Paranoid Disorders/classification , Paranoid Disorders/psychology , Personality Inventory/statistics & numerical data , Phobic Disorders/classification , Phobic Disorders/diagnosis , Phobic Disorders/psychology , Psychometrics , Reference Values , Self Concept , Students/psychology
10.
Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr ; 73 Suppl 1: S103-6, 2005 Nov.
Article in German | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16270254

ABSTRACT

Paranoid syndromes in the elderly are nosologically unspecific. Delusional disorder is characterized by the presence of delusions, typically persecutory, commonly in their homes. Frequent risk factors are discriminating, insulting or threatening life events, social isolation as well as sensory impairments. Atypical antipsychotics are considered as first line treatment. Delusion of parasitosis and erotomania are presented as subtypes of delusional disorders.


Subject(s)
Aged/psychology , Paranoid Disorders/diagnosis , Paranoid Disorders/psychology , Delusions/psychology , Humans , Paranoid Disorders/classification , Risk Factors , Social Isolation
11.
Am J Psychiatry ; 162(11): 2101-8, 2005 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16263850

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The authors previously reported an association between the D-amino acid oxidase activator (DAOA)/G30 locus and both schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. Given the presumed role of DAOA/G30 in the neurochemistry of psychosis and its localization in a schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder linkage region (13q34), it was hypothesized that the bipolar affective disorder finding would be mainly due to an association with psychotic features. METHOD: The marker/haplotype associations obtained in a subset of 173 bipolar affective disorder patients with psychotic features were similar to those in the overall patient group, suggesting that stratification on the basis of psychotic features in general might be too crude a procedure. The authors therefore tested whether confining caseness to specific psychotic features would improve detection of genotype-phenotype correlations. RESULTS: In a logistic regression, "persecutory delusions" were found to be the only significant explanatory variable for the DAOA/G30 risk genotype among 21 OPCRIT symptoms of psychosis. The authors therefore tested for association between DAOA/G30 and bipolar affective disorder in the 90 cases with a history of persecutory delusions. Whereas this subset showed strong association (odds ratio=1.83 for the best marker), the remaining larger sample of 165 patients with no such history did not differ from comparison subjects, suggesting that the association between DAOA/G30 and bipolar affective disorder is due to persecutory delusions. This was confirmed in an independent study of 294 bipolar affective disorder patients and 311 comparison subjects from Poland, in which an association between bipolar affective disorder and DAOA/G30 was only seen when case definition was restricted to cases with persecutory delusions. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that bipolar affective disorder with persecutory delusions constitutes a distinct subgroup of bipolar affective disorder that overlaps with schizophrenia.


Subject(s)
Bipolar Disorder/classification , Bipolar Disorder/genetics , Carrier Proteins/genetics , Delusions/genetics , Phenotype , Adult , Bipolar Disorder/psychology , Chromosome Mapping , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13/genetics , Delusions/classification , Delusions/diagnosis , Female , Genetic Linkage , Genetic Markers , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Genotype , Haplotypes , Humans , Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins , Logistic Models , Male , Middle Aged , Molecular Biology/methods , Paranoid Disorders/classification , Paranoid Disorders/diagnosis , Paranoid Disorders/genetics , Schizophrenia/genetics , Schizophrenic Psychology
12.
Rev. psiquiatr. Fac. Med. Barc ; 31(3): 151-153, jun. 2004. ilus
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-34628

ABSTRACT

Aunque de vez en cuando se ven manifestaciones psiquiátricas en los pacientes con feocromocitoma, éstas se limitan normalmente a estados de ansiedad. Otras manifestaciones menos frecuentes son la depresión y los síntomas psicóticos. En este artículo describimos a un paciente que presentó una psicosis paranoide como única manifestación de un feocromocitoma mucho antes de que éste fuera diagnosticado de dicha enfermedad. El trastorno delirante, que se trató con fármacos antipsicóticos durante dos años, desapareció tras la resección del tumor. Se podría especular que las catecolaminas podrían tener relación con el estado psicótico de este paciente y nos planteamos hasta que punto el feocromocitoma podría ser un "ejemplo natural" para explicar la fisiopatología catecolaminérgica involucrada en algunos trastornos psicóticos (AU)


Subject(s)
Adult , Male , Humans , Paranoid Disorders/diagnosis , Paranoid Disorders/psychology , Recurrence , Pheochromocytoma/diagnosis , Pheochromocytoma/psychology , Depression/complications , Depression/psychology , Antipsychotic Agents/administration & dosage , Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use , Personality Tests , Paranoid Behavior/psychology , Paranoid Behavior/physiopathology , Paranoid Disorders/classification , Paranoid Disorders/physiopathology , Catecholamines/administration & dosage , Catecholamines/therapeutic use
14.
Wiad Lek ; 52(3-4): 186-95, 1999.
Article in Polish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10499031

ABSTRACT

This paper discusses the complexities of symptomatological psychotic disorders with particular emphasis on the paranoia and arising difficulties in their classification. The essential problems are: 1) their rich and varied psychopathology, 2) the unclear and spurious systems of classification, 3) the superficial definition of psychopathic syndromes and their diagnozed groupings. The diagnostic criteria of paranoid disorders in the International Classification of Diseases, Traumas and Cause of Deaths: ICD-9 and ICD-10 and also in the Classification of the American Psychiatric Association: DSM-III R and DSM-IV were considered and found to be inadequate.


Subject(s)
Paranoid Disorders/classification , Paranoid Disorders/diagnosis , Diagnosis, Differential , Humans , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
15.
Can J Psychiatry ; 44(2): 133-7, 1999 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10097832

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Paraphrenia is a disorder similar to paranoid schizophrenia but with better-preserved affect and rapport and much less personality deterioration. It is now diagnosed relatively infrequently and is not listed in the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) or International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). However, it appears that some psychiatrists recognize the illness but label it "atypical psychosis," "schizoaffective disorder," or "delusional disorder" for lack of a better diagnostic category. Virtually no systematic research on paraphrenia has been conducted in the past 60 years. METHOD: The authors distinguish paraphrenia from "late paraphrenia," a diagnosis used mainly in the United Kingdom, and provide a neo-Kraepelinian description of paraphrenia that would be compatible with the formats of DSM-IV and ICD-10. Using a questionnaire adapted from this description, intake cases in 2 Canadian psychiatric centres (Ottawa [Ontario] and Dartmouth [Nova Scotia]) were surveyed. Cases of paraphrenia were distinguished from those of schizophrenia and delusional disorder and were examined at the time of intake and immediately prior to discharge. RESULTS: For logistical reasons, collecting a totally consecutive series was not possible. However, during an 18-month period, investigators in both centres identified 33 cases closely fitting paraphrenia. The outstanding features of these cases are enumerated, and an outline description of paraphrenia is derived. CONCLUSION: It is possible to define and recognize paraphrenia; it is a viable diagnostic entity. Further research would benefit paraphrenia and schizophrenia patients. Cases in this study have been coded to permit follow-up investigations.


Subject(s)
Paranoid Disorders/diagnosis , Schizophrenia/diagnosis , Terminology as Topic , Adult , Affective Symptoms/diagnosis , Age of Onset , Diagnosis, Differential , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Nova Scotia , Ontario , Paranoid Disorders/classification , Personality , Reproducibility of Results , Schizophrenia/classification , Schizophrenia, Paranoid/classification , Schizophrenia, Paranoid/diagnosis
16.
Psychosomatics ; 39(3): 253-62, 1998.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9664772

ABSTRACT

Several studies have shown an increased mortality rate among psychiatric patients. Morbidity, however, has been studied less often. In this study, the authors examined the number of hospitalizations with somatic diagnoses in 722 patients with affective psychoses and 472 with a paranoid disorder. Every patient had an age- and sex-matched control subject who did not have a psychiatric illness. Both groups of patients exhibited an increased number of somatic diagnoses compared with their control subjects, and this was true for the majority of the 14 different groups classified according to the International Classification of Diseases the authors studied. The pattern of somatic diagnoses was similar to that presented in one of the authors' prior studies of schizophrenic patients.


Subject(s)
Affective Disorders, Psychotic/epidemiology , Paranoid Disorders/epidemiology , Patient Care Team , Psychophysiologic Disorders/epidemiology , Sick Role , Somatoform Disorders/epidemiology , Affective Disorders, Psychotic/classification , Affective Disorders, Psychotic/diagnosis , Case-Control Studies , Comorbidity , Female , Humans , Male , Paranoid Disorders/classification , Paranoid Disorders/diagnosis , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Psychophysiologic Disorders/classification , Psychophysiologic Disorders/diagnosis , Somatoform Disorders/classification , Somatoform Disorders/diagnosis , Substance-Related Disorders/classification , Substance-Related Disorders/diagnosis , Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Sweden/epidemiology
17.
Rev. psiquiatr. (Santiago de Chile) ; 12(3/4): 211-5, jul.-dic. 1995. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-194932

ABSTRACT

En este estudio se investigó el grado de concordancia de los criterios diagnósticos del DSM-III-R, de la CIE-10 y de Kraepelin en casos clínicos diagnosticados como síndrome paranoide, excluyendo trastornos del estado de ánimo, esquizofrenia y trastornos orgánicos. Se tomó una muestra al azar de los egresos de la Clínica Psiquiátrica Universitaria entre los años 1965 y 1990 y se les aplicó retrospectivamente los criterios diagnósticos en estudio. Hubo diferencias en la proporción con que se cumplían dichos criterios. Según los autores, esta disparidad sería expresión de la discrepancia conceptual entre los sistemas nosológicos empleados


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Paranoid Disorders/diagnosis , Mental Status Schedule , International Classification of Diseases , Paranoid Disorders/classification , Random Allocation , Socioeconomic Factors , Psychic Symptoms
19.
Psychiatr Clin North Am ; 18(2): 231-49, 1995 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7659596

ABSTRACT

The concept of paranoia has developed virtually simultaneously in Germany and France at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Originally, the idea of a disease of only a part of the soul was in the foreground of discussions. At the era of positivism and the belief of psychiatric illnesses purely as consequences of organic disorders, the concept changed to psychopathologic findings. Now delusions and particularly their systematic character were emphasized. Moreover, the absent impairment of "mental life in its entirety" was given prominence. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the arising concept of schizophrenia thrusts the discussion of paranoia into the background. It was not possible to find out which parts of paranoia were absorbed by dementia praecox. Finally, the development of modern diagnostic manuals revived the old clinical picture mainly because of its clinical evidence and the distinction from schizophrenia.


Subject(s)
Paranoid Disorders/history , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/history , Diagnosis, Differential , Europe , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, Ancient , Humans , Paranoid Disorders/classification , Paranoid Disorders/diagnosis , United States
20.
Psychiatr Clin North Am ; 18(2): 303-15, 1995 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7659600

ABSTRACT

Paranoid symptomatology involving suspicions, a sense of being wronged and persecuted, along with an implacable will to retaliate against one's enemies, often translates into litigious struggles. Paranoids resort to the judicial arena to act out their own internal psychopathologic needs. Examples are offered of the many ways litigious paranoids may present within the legal system, as well as how interventions by the psychiatrist may be useful. Criminal behavior by paranoids, under the sway of full-blown delusions of various types, is discussed and analyzed. Historical cases are described (Hadfield, M'Naghten), and more contemporary cases are discussed according to diagnostic subtypes. The central importance of paranoid delusions in insanity defense cases and the exculpatory effect of various delusional subtypes are examined.


Subject(s)
Crime/legislation & jurisprudence , Expert Testimony/legislation & jurisprudence , Paranoid Disorders/psychology , Crime/psychology , Female , Humans , Insanity Defense , Male , Mental Competency/legislation & jurisprudence , Middle Aged , Paranoid Disorders/classification , Paranoid Disorders/diagnosis
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