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1.
J Neurol ; 271(6): 3471-3485, 2024 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38430272

ABSTRACT

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease. This multicenter, randomized phase 3 study evaluated the efficacy and safety of 0.3 mg/kg intravenous mogamulizumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting-CC chemokine receptor 4, every 12 weeks in HAM/TSP patients. This study comprised a 24-week double-blind, placebo-controlled period, 24-week open-label period, and extension treatment period. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with a ≥ 1-grade improvement in the Osame motor disability score (OMDS). Secondary endpoints were changes in HTLV-1 proviral load, 10-m timed walk, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neopterin levels, and safety. The exploratory endpoint was CSF chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 10 (CXCL10) levels. Thirty-four and 33 patients were randomized to mogamulizumab and placebo arms, respectively. At the end of the double-blind period, no significant difference was found in the OMDS improvement rate or other secondary efficacy endpoints assessing motor activities. However, the mogamulizumab arm showed a significant decrease in HTLV-1 proviral load (- 59.39 ± 29.91% vs. placebo 2.32 ± 36.31%) and CSF neopterin (p < 0.001)/CXCL10 levels (p = 0.004). The baseline OMDS pattern and the 60-80% HTLV-1 proviral load reduction were sustained through the open-label and extension treatment periods. Although a higher incidence of rash (69.2%) was reported, the safety profile was similar compared with a previous phase 1/2a study. We found no significant difference in clinical benefit; however, mogamulizumab may provide long-term clinical benefit by preventing disease progression, as CSF neopterin/CXCL10 levels are associated with long-term prognosis in HAM/TSP.Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT03191526 (registered date: 6-June-2017).


Subject(s)
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 , Neopterin , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic , Humans , Double-Blind Method , Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage , Male , Middle Aged , Female , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/drug therapy , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/cerebrospinal fluid , Adult , Aged , Neopterin/cerebrospinal fluid , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/drug effects , Chemokine CXCL10/cerebrospinal fluid , Viral Load/drug effects , Treatment Outcome
2.
Viruses ; 14(1)2022 01 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35062340

ABSTRACT

Corticosteroids are most commonly used to treat HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM); however, their clinical efficacy has not been tested in randomized clinical trials. This randomized controlled trial included 8 and 30 HAM patients with rapidly and slowly progressing walking disabilities, respectively. Rapid progressors were assigned (1:1) to receive or not receive a 3-day course of intravenous methylprednisolone in addition to oral prednisolone therapy. Meanwhile, slow progressors were assigned (1:1) to receive oral prednisolone or placebo. The primary outcomes were a composite of ≥1-grade improvement in the Osame Motor Disability Score or ≥30% improvement in the 10 m walking time (10 mWT) at week 2 for rapid progressors and changes from baseline in 10 mWT at week 24 for slow progressors. In the rapid progressor trial, all four patients with but only one of four without intravenous methylprednisolone achieved the primary outcome (p = 0.14). In the slow progressor trial, the median changes in 10 mWT were -13.8% (95% CI: -20.1--7.1; p < 0.001) and -6.0% (95% CI: -12.8-1.3; p = 0.10) with prednisolone and placebo, respectively (p for between-group difference = 0.12). Whereas statistical significance was not reached for the primary endpoints, the overall data indicated the benefit of corticosteroid therapy. (Registration number: UMIN000023798, UMIN000024085).


Subject(s)
Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/drug therapy , Aged , Disabled Persons , Female , Humans , Male , Methylprednisolone/therapeutic use , Middle Aged , Motor Disorders/drug therapy , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/cerebrospinal fluid , Prednisolone/therapeutic use , Prospective Studies , Treatment Outcome
3.
Front Immunol ; 12: 737941, 2021.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34764955

ABSTRACT

Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a neurodegenerative disease due to axonal damage of the corticospinal secondary to an inflammatory response against infected T-cells. In the present work, we aimed to evaluate biomarkers of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in the definition of HAM/TSP prognosis. Neurofilament light (NfL) and phosphorylated heavy (pNfH) chains, total Tau protein, cellular prion protein (PrPc), inflammatory chemokines, and neopterin were quantified in paired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples from HAM/TSP patients (n=21), HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers (AC) (n=13), and HTLV-1 seronegative individuals with non-inflammatory non-degenerative neurological disease (normal-pressure hydrocephalus) (n=9) as a control group. HTLV-1 proviral load in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the expression of chemokine receptors CCR4, CCR5, and CXCR3 in infected CD4+ T-cells (HTLV-1 Tax+ cells) were also assessed. CSF levels of Tau, NfL, and pNfH were similar between groups, but PrPc and neopterin were elevated in HAM/TSP patients. Most individuals in the control group and all HTLV-1 AC had CSF/serum neopterin ratio < 1.0, and two-thirds of HAM/TSP patients had ratio values > 1.0, which positively correlated with the speed of disease progression and pNfH levels, indicating active neuroinflammation. HAM/TSP patients showed high serum levels of CXCR3-binding chemokines (CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11) and elevated CSF levels of CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL17, CXCL5, CXCL10, and CXCL11. Indeed, CXCL10 concentration in CSF of HAM/TSP patients was 5.8-fold and 8.7-fold higher in than in HTLV-1 AC and controls, respectively, and correlated with CSF cell counts. HAM/TSP patients with typical/rapid disease progression had CSF/serum CXCL10 ratio > 1.0 and a higher frequency of CXCR3+Tax+CD4+ T-cells in blood, which indicated a positive gradient for the migration of infected cells and infiltration into the central nervous system. In conclusion, the slow progression of HAM/TSP abrogates the usefulness of biomarkers of neuronal injury for the disease prognosis. Thus, markers of inflammation provide stronger evidence for HAM/TSP progression, particularly the CSF/serum neopterin ratio, which may contribute to overcome differences between laboratory assays.


Subject(s)
Cytokines , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/pathogenicity , Inflammation Mediators , Nerve Degeneration , Nerve Tissue Proteins , Neurodegenerative Diseases/diagnosis , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/diagnosis , Adult , Aged , Biomarkers/blood , Biomarkers/cerebrospinal fluid , Case-Control Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies , Cytokines/blood , Cytokines/cerebrospinal fluid , Disease Progression , Female , Host-Pathogen Interactions , Humans , Inflammation Mediators/blood , Inflammation Mediators/cerebrospinal fluid , Male , Middle Aged , Neopterin/blood , Neopterin/cerebrospinal fluid , Nerve Tissue Proteins/blood , Nerve Tissue Proteins/cerebrospinal fluid , Neurodegenerative Diseases/blood , Neurodegenerative Diseases/cerebrospinal fluid , Neurodegenerative Diseases/virology , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/blood , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/cerebrospinal fluid , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/virology , Predictive Value of Tests , Prognosis
4.
JCI Insight ; 6(4)2021 02 22.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33616082

ABSTRACT

In this study, we examined and characterized disease-specific TCR signatures in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). TCR ß libraries using unique molecular identifier-based methodologies were sequenced in paired peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and CSF cells from HAM/TSP patients and normal healthy donors (NDs). The sequence analysis demonstrated that TCR ß repertoires in CSF of HAM/TSP patients were highly expanded and contained both TCR clonotypes shared with PBMCs and uniquely enriched within the CSF. In addition, we analyzed TCR ß repertoires of highly expanded and potentially immunopathologic HTLV-1 Tax11-19-specific CD8+ T cells from PBMCs of HLA-A*0201+ HAM/TSP and identified a conserved motif (PGLAG) in the CDR3 region. Importantly, TCR ß clonotypes of expanded clones in HTLV-1 Tax11-19-specific CD8+ T cells were also expanded and enriched in the CSF of the same patient. These results suggest that exploring TCR repertoires of CSF and antigen-specific T cells may provide a TCR repertoire signature in virus-associated neurologic disorders.


Subject(s)
Nervous System Diseases/immunology , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/cerebrospinal fluid , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/immunology , Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes , Clone Cells , HTLV-I Infections , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 , Humans , Leukocytes, Mononuclear , Nervous System Diseases/virology , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/blood , Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology , Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/blood
6.
Retrovirology ; 16(1): 35, 2019 11 29.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31783764

ABSTRACT

Human T cell lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) is a human retrovirus and infects approximately 10-20 million people worldwide. While the majority of infected people are asymptomatic carriers of HTLV-1, only 4% of infected people develop HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HAM/TSP is a chronic, progressive, neurological disease which usually progresses slowly without remission, and is characterized by perivascular inflammatory infiltrates in chronic inflammatory lesions of the central nervous system (CNS), primarily affecting the spinal cord. A high HTLV-1 proviral load, high levels of antibodies against HTLV-1 antigens, and elevated concentration of proteins are detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of HAM/TSP patients. These chronically activated immune responses against HTLV-1 and infiltration of inflammatory cells including HTLV-1 infected cells into the CNS contribute to clinical disability and underlie the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP. Since the disease development of HAM/TSP mainly occurs in adults, with a mean age at onset of 40-50 years, it is important for HTLV-1-infected carriers and HAM/TSP patients to be monitored throughout the disease process. Recent advances in technologies and findings provide new insights to virological and immunological aspects in both the CNS as well as in peripheral blood. In this review, we focus on understanding the inflammatory milieu in the CNS and discuss the immunopathogenic process in HTLV-1-associated neurologic diseases.


Subject(s)
Central Nervous System/pathology , Inflammation , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/cerebrospinal fluid , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/immunology , Animals , Biomarkers/analysis , Central Nervous System/immunology , Clinical Trials as Topic , Host Microbial Interactions/immunology , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 , Humans
7.
PLoS Pathog ; 14(4): e1007042, 2018 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29709026

ABSTRACT

Intrathecal antibody synthesis is a well-documented phenomenon in infectious neurological diseases as well as in demyelinating diseases, but little is known about the role of B cells in the central nervous systems. We examined B cell and T cell immunophenotypes in CSF of patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) compared to healthy normal donors and subjects with the other chronic virus infection and/or neuroinflammatory diseases including HIV infection, multiple sclerosis (MS) and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Antibody secreting B cells (ASCs) were elevated in HAM/TSP patients, which was significantly correlated with intrathecal HTLV-1-specific antibody responses. High frequency of ASCs was also detected in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). While RRMS patients showed significant correlations between ASCs and memory follicular helper CD4+ T cells, CD4+CD25+ T cells were elevated in HAM/TSP patients, which were significantly correlated with ASCs and HTLV-1 proviral load. These results highlight the importance of the B cell compartment and the associated inflammatory milieu in HAM/TSP patients where virus-specific antibody production may be required to control viral persistence and/or may be associated with disease development.


Subject(s)
Antibody-Producing Cells/immunology , B-Lymphocytes/immunology , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/immunology , Multiple Sclerosis/immunology , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/immunology , B-Lymphocytes/metabolism , B-Lymphocytes/pathology , B-Lymphocytes/virology , Case-Control Studies , Female , Humans , Immunophenotyping , Male , Middle Aged , Multiple Sclerosis/cerebrospinal fluid , Multiple Sclerosis/virology , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/cerebrospinal fluid , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/virology , Viral Load
8.
J Neurovirol ; 24(4): 432-438, 2018 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29589290

ABSTRACT

An elevated human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) proviral load (PVL) is an important risk factor for HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), although there is a considerable frequency of asymptomatic carriers (AC) with high PVL in blood. Our objective was to evaluate whether PVL quantified in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is helpful to distinguish AC from HAM when AC have high PVL in blood (ACH). ACH (n = 7) were characterized to have high PVL in blood by quantification of samples collected over time (mean 7 years). HAM patients (n = 14) also had analyzed blood samples collected at different times (mean 9 years). Comparing paired CSF and blood samples of each individual, CSF PVL mean was 4.7-fold higher than blood PVL in the ACH group and 10.8-fold in the HAM group. CSF PVL was significantly greater than blood PVL in the HAM group (p = 0.004), but not in the ACH group. Important to highlight, CSF PVL was not significantly different between the ACH and the HAM groups. These results suggested that significantly higher PVL in CSF than in blood is a hallmark of HAM/TSP patients, but this is also true for asymptomatic carriers with high PVL in blood, thus reducing its usefulness as a marker for HAM/TSP. A greater number of ACH should be analyzed, but whether they will eventually develop HAM/TSP or why they have not developed the disease are still questions to be clarified. Longitudinal studies are necessary to answer these questions.


Subject(s)
Carrier State/cerebrospinal fluid , Carrier State/diagnosis , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/cerebrospinal fluid , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/diagnosis , Aged , Female , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/blood , Proviruses , Viral Load/methods
9.
Ann Neurol ; 82(5): 719-728, 2017 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29024167

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Previous work measures spinal cord thinning in chronic progressive myelopathies, including human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Quantitative measurements of spinal cord atrophy are important in fully characterizing these and other spinal cord diseases. We aimed to investigate patterns of spinal cord atrophy and correlations with clinical markers. METHODS: Spinal cord cross-sectional area was measured in individuals (24 healthy controls [HCs], 17 asymptomatic carriers of HTLV-1 (AC), 47 HAM/TSP, 74 relapsing-remitting MS [RRMS], 17 secondary progressive MS [SPMS], and 40 primary progressive MS [PPMS]) from C1 to T10. Clinical disability scores, viral markers, and immunological parameters were obtained for patients and correlated with representative spinal cord cross-sectional area regions at the C2 to C3, C4 to C5, and T4 to T9 levels. In 2 HAM/TSP patients, spinal cord cross-sectional area was measured over 3 years. RESULTS: All spinal cord regions are thinner in HAM/TSP (56 mm2 [standard deviation, 10], 59 [10], 23 [5]) than in HC (76 [7], 83 [8], 38 [4]) and AC (71 [7], 78 [9], 36 [7]). SPMS (62 [9], 66 [9], 32 [6]) and PPMS (65 [11], 68 [10], 35 [7]) have thinner cervical cords than HC and RRMS (73 [9], 77 [10], 37 [6]). Clinical disability scores (Expanded Disability Status Scale [p = 0.009] and Instituto de Pesquisas de Cananeia [p = 0.03]) and CD8+ T-cell frequency (p = 0.04) correlate with T4 to T9 spinal cord cross-sectional area in HAM/TSP. Higher cerebrospinal fluid HTLV-1 proviral load (p = 0.01) was associated with thinner spinal cord cross-sectional area. Both HAM/TSP patients followed longitudinally showed thoracic thinning followed by cervical thinning. INTERPRETATION: Group average spinal cord cross-sectional area in HAM/TSP and progressive MS show spinal cord atrophy. We further hypothesize in HAM/TSP that is possible that neuroglial loss from a thoracic inflammatory process results in anterograde and retrograde degeneration of axons, leading to the temporal progression of thoracic to cervical atrophy described here. Ann Neurol 2017;82:719-728.


Subject(s)
Atrophy/pathology , Cerebrospinal Fluid/virology , Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/diagnostic imaging , Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/diagnostic imaging , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/diagnostic imaging , Spinal Cord/diagnostic imaging , Spinal Cord/pathology , Adult , Case-Control Studies , Cerebrospinal Fluid/cytology , Disability Evaluation , Female , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/metabolism , Humans , Lymphocytes , Male , Middle Aged , Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/blood , Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/cerebrospinal fluid , Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/blood , Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/cerebrospinal fluid , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/blood , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/cerebrospinal fluid , Young Adult
10.
Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo ; 59: e5, 2017 Apr 03.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28380116

ABSTRACT

Clinical and laboratory parameters including blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neopterin were investigated in human-T-lymphotropic-virus-type-I associated-myelopathy/tropical-spastic-paraparesis-HAM/TSP and in HTLV-I carriers. HAM/TSP (n = 11, 2 males/9 females, median age = 48 years), recently diagnosed HTLV-I carriers (n = 21, 15 females/6 males, median age = 44 years), healthy individuals (n = 20, 10 males/10 females, median age = 34.6 years) from the Brazilian Amazon (Manaus, Amazonas State) were investigated. Neopterin was measured (IBL ELISA Neopterin, Germany) in serum samples of all the participants, in CSF of 9 HAM/TSP patients as well as in 6 carriers. In HAM/TSP patients, CSF cell counts, protein and glucose were measured, the Osame's motor-disability-score/OMDS was determined, and brain/spinal cord magnetic-resonance-imaging (MRI) was performed. HAM/TSP patients had normal CSF glucose, leukocyte counts; and normal protein levels predominated. Brain-MRI showed white-matter lesions in 7 out of 11 HAM/TSP patients. OMDS varied from 2-8: 9 were able to walk, 2 were wheel-chair-users. The median serum neopterin concentration in HAM/TSP patients was 6.6 nmol/ L; min. 2.8- max. 12.5 nmol/ L); was lower in carriers (4.3 nmol/L; min. 2.7- max. 7.2 nmol/ L) as well as in healthy participants (4.7 nmol/ L; min. 2.7- max. 8.0 nmol/ L) (p < 0.05). CSF neopterin concentrations in HAM/TSP patients were higher than in serum samples, and higher compared to carriers (p < 0.05). Carriers had similar serum-CSF neopterin concentrations compared to healthy participants. Variable clinical and laboratory profiles were seen in HAM/TSP patients, however our results support the neopterin measurement as a potential biomarker of disease activity.


Subject(s)
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 , Neopterin/blood , Neopterin/cerebrospinal fluid , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/blood , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/cerebrospinal fluid , Adult , Aged , Biomarkers/blood , Biomarkers/cerebrospinal fluid , Brazil , Carrier State , Case-Control Studies , Female , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Middle Aged
11.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 59: e5, 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-842773

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Clinical and laboratory parameters including blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neopterin were investigated in human-T-lymphotropic-virus-type-I associated-myelopathy/tropical-spastic-paraparesis-HAM/TSP and in HTLV-I carriers. HAM/TSP (n = 11, 2 males/9 females, median age = 48 years), recently diagnosed HTLV-I carriers (n = 21, 15 females/6 males, median age = 44 years), healthy individuals (n = 20, 10 males/10 females, median age = 34.6 years) from the Brazilian Amazon (Manaus, Amazonas State) were investigated. Neopterin was measured (IBL ELISA Neopterin, Germany) in serum samples of all the participants, in CSF of 9 HAM/TSP patients as well as in 6 carriers. In HAM/TSP patients, CSF cell counts, protein and glucose were measured, the Osame’s motor-disability-score/OMDS was determined, and brain/spinal cord magnetic-resonance-imaging (MRI) was performed. HAM/TSP patients had normal CSF glucose, leukocyte counts; and normal protein levels predominated. Brain-MRI showed white-matter lesions in 7 out of 11 HAM/TSP patients. OMDS varied from 2-8: 9 were able to walk, 2 were wheel-chair-users. The median serum neopterin concentration in HAM/TSP patients was 6.6 nmol/ L; min. 2.8- max. 12.5 nmol/ L); was lower in carriers (4.3 nmol/L; min. 2.7- max. 7.2 nmol/ L) as well as in healthy participants (4.7 nmol/ L; min. 2.7- max. 8.0 nmol/ L) (p < 0.05). CSF neopterin concentrations in HAM/TSP patients were higher than in serum samples, and higher compared to carriers (p < 0.05). Carriers had similar serum-CSF neopterin concentrations compared to healthy participants. Variable clinical and laboratory profiles were seen in HAM/TSP patients, however our results support the neopterin measurement as a potential biomarker of disease activity.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 , Neopterin/blood , Neopterin/cerebrospinal fluid , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/blood , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/cerebrospinal fluid , Biomarkers/blood , Biomarkers/cerebrospinal fluid , Brazil , Carrier State , Case-Control Studies , Magnetic Resonance Imaging
12.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 61(8): 357-362, 16 oct., 2015. ilus
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-142839

ABSTRACT

Introducción. El virus linfótropo humano de células T tipo 1 (HTLV-1) es el agente causal de la paraparesia espástica tropical. Su prevalencia, elevada en determinadas áreas tropicales, es baja en Europa y Norteamérica. Casos clínicos. Se describen dos casos de paraparesia espástica tropical en varones naturales y residentes en Galicia. Se realizaron estudios analíticos en la sangre y el líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR), exámenes neurofisiológicos y resonancia magnética craneal y medular. En ambos pacientes, la presentación clínica fue la de una mielopatía crónica, con cuadro tórpido y progresivo que evolucionó a paraparesia espástica. Un paciente desarrolló uveítis antes de la clínica neurológica. En los dos casos, el estudio del LCR demostró leve pleocitosis linfoide, ligera hiperproteinorraquia, bandas oligoclonales negativas y anticuerpos anti-HTLV-1 positivos. La reacción en cadena de la polimerasa para HTLV-1 resultó positiva en ambos casos. La resonancia magnética raquídea resultó normal en un paciente y mostró en el otro hiperseñal medular dorsal, que desapareció tras el tratamiento. No se demostraron datos de polineuropatía periférica. Recibieron corticoides e interferón alfa, con leve mejoría y estabilización del cuadro clínico. La anamnesis dirigida reveló antecedentes de contactos sexuales de riesgo en regiones endémicas de HTLV-1. Conclusiones. La uveítis asociada a HTLV-1 podría ser predictora de paraparesia espástica tropical. Ésta es probablemente una entidad infradiagnosticada (alto porcentaje de portadores asintomáticos, clínica insidiosa y bajo índice de sospecha en áreas no endémicas). Debe considerarse su diagnóstico en zonas no tropicales que reciben inmigrantes de áreas endé- micas y también en regiones con una tradicional emigración a regiones tropicales (AU)


Introduction. Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a prevalent disease in certain tropical regions endemic for HTLV-1, being a rare entity in areas such as Europe and North America. Case reports. We report two new cases of HAM/TSP in Caucasians, native from Galicia, Spain. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, clinical neurophysiologic studies and brain and spinal cord MRI scans were performed. Both patients presented a progressive chronic myelopathy, evolving to spastic paraparesis; one of them presenting with uveitis, prior to the onset of neurological symptoms. CSF analysis revealed mild lymphocytic pleocytosis and increased protein concentration with positive anti-HTLV-1 antibodies. Polymerase chain reaction was positive for HTLV-1. Oligoclonal bands were not detected. In one of the patients, MRI scans did not reveal abnormalities whilst in the other there was an elongated high intensity lesion at the thoracic spinal cord level, which resolved after treatment. No evidence of peripheral neuropathy was found. Corticosteroids and interferon alpha therapy was started, with moderate functional improvement. A history of unprotected sexual relationships while travelling to HTLV-1 endemic areas was revealed. Conclusions. HTLV-1-associated uveitis may predict HAM/TSP. HAM/TSP is probably an underdiagnosed disease due to the high prevalence of asymptomatic carriers, insidious clinical presentation and low suspicion index in non-endemic regions for HTLV-1. In non-tropical countries, HAM/TSP should not only be suspected in migrants from endemic areas for HTLV-1, but also in patients from communities with a tradition of migration to tropical countries (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/complications , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/diagnosis , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/physiopathology , Neurophysiology/methods , Low Back Pain/complications , Low Back Pain , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/rehabilitation , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/blood , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/cerebrospinal fluid , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Uveitis/complications , HTLV-I Infections/complications , Simian T-lymphotropic virus 1/isolation & purification
13.
J Neurovirol ; 20(4): 341-51, 2014 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24781526

ABSTRACT

An elevated human T cell lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV)-1 proviral load (PVL) is the main risk factor for developing HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) in HTLV-1 infected subjects, and a high cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) PVL ratio may be diagnostic of the condition. However, the standard method for quantification of HTLV-1 PVL-real-time PCR-has multiple limitations, including increased inter-assay variability in compartments with low cell numbers, such as CSF. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated a novel technique for HTVL-1 PVL quantification, digital droplet PCR (ddPCR). In ddPCR, PCR samples are partitioned into thousands of nanoliter-sized droplets, amplified on a thermocycler, and queried for fluorescent signal. Due to the high number of independent events (droplets), Poisson algorithms are used to determine absolute copy numbers independently of a standard curve, which enables highly precise quantitation. This assay has low intra-assay variability allowing for reliable PVL measurement in PBMC and CSF compartments of both asymptomatic carriers (AC) and HAM/TSP patients. It is also useful for HTLV-1-related clinical applications, such as longitudinal monitoring of PVL and identification of viral mutations within the region targeted by the primers and probe.


Subject(s)
DNA, Viral/analysis , HTLV-I Infections/blood , HTLV-I Infections/cerebrospinal fluid , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/genetics , Mutation , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Adult , Aged , Female , HTLV-I Infections/virology , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/blood , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/cerebrospinal fluid , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/virology , Reproducibility of Results , Viral Load
14.
Intern Med ; 52(19): 2203-8, 2013.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24088752

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The concentrations of neopterin and osteopontin in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured in patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) in order to evaluate their utility as biomarkers for the treatment response. METHODS: Seven HAM/TSP patients were treated intravenously with high-dose methylprednisolone (1,000 mg/day) for 3 days. CSF samples were collected before and after the treatment. The neopterin and osteopontin concentrations were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and an enzyme immunoassay, respectively. The clinical symptoms were evaluated using the Osame Motor Disability Score and the Urinary Disturbance Score. RESULTS: Four out of the seven patients showed an improvement in motor function with the treatment, and were therefore classed as responders. The pre-treatment CSF neopterin concentration exceeded the upper limit of normal in all seven of the patients, and tended to be higher in treatment responders as compared to non-responders. The CSF neopterin concentration was reduced following treatment in all patients. The mean CSF neopterin concentration significantly (p<0.01) decreased following treatment by almost 60% (from 124.1±79.9 nmol/L to 49.2±29.8 nmol/L). The mean CSF osteopontin concentration was significantly (p<0.01) higher in the HAM/TSP patients in comparison to the 18 HTLV-1-seronegative patients who were designated as controls (9.54±4.53 mg/L vs. 3.72±3.04 mg/L). No significant (p=0.47) reduction of the CSF osteopontin concentration was observed following the intravenous administration of high-dose methylprednisolone. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the CSF neopterin concentration, but not the osteopontin concentration, is a potentially valuable biomarker for monitoring the treatment response in HAM/TSP patients. Furthermore, high pre-treatment CSF neopterin concentrations may be a predictive biomarker for a response to intravenous high-dose methylprednisolone therapy.


Subject(s)
Methylprednisolone/therapeutic use , Neopterin/cerebrospinal fluid , Osteopontin/cerebrospinal fluid , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/cerebrospinal fluid , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/drug therapy , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Biomarkers/cerebrospinal fluid , Humans , Middle Aged , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/diagnosis , Treatment Outcome
15.
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz ; 108(6): 730-4, 2013 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24037195

ABSTRACT

Intrathecal synthesis of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) antibodies (Abs) represents conclusive evidence of a specific immune response in the central nervous system of HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) patients. Western blotting (WB) for HTLV Abs in serum is a confirmatory test for HTLV-1 infection. The aim of this study was to standardise the Western blot to demonstrate the intrathecal pattern of Abs against HTLV-1 proteins in HAM/TSP patients. Paired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples were selected from 20 patients with definite HAM/TSP, 19 HTLV-1 seronegative patients and two HTLV-1 patients without definite HAM/TSP. The presence of reactive bands of greater intensity in the CSF compared to serum (or bands in only the CSF) indicated the intrathecal synthesis of anti-HTLV-1 Abs. All definite HAM/TSP patients presented with an intrathecal synthesis of anti-HTLV-1 Abs; these Abs were not detected in the control patients. The most frequent intrathecal targets of anti-HTLV-1 Abs were GD21, rgp46-I and p24 and, to a lesser extent, p19, p26, p28, p32, p36, p53 gp21 and gp46. The intrathecal immune response against env (GD21 and rgp46-I) and gag (p24) proteins represents the most important humoral pattern in HAM/TSP. This response may be used as a diagnostic marker, considering the frequent association of intrathecal anti-HTLV-1 Ab synthesis with HAM/TSP and the pathogenesis of this neurological disease.


Subject(s)
Antibodies, Viral , Blotting, Western/standards , Central Nervous System/immunology , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/immunology , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/immunology , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Antibodies, Viral/cerebrospinal fluid , Central Nervous System/metabolism , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Gene Products, env/immunology , Gene Products, gag/immunology , Humans , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Immunoglobulin G/cerebrospinal fluid , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/blood , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/cerebrospinal fluid , Sensitivity and Specificity
16.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 108(6): 730-734, set. 2013. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-685488

ABSTRACT

Intrathecal synthesis of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) antibodies (Abs) represents conclusive evidence of a specific immune response in the central nervous system of HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) patients. Western blotting (WB) for HTLV Abs in serum is a confirmatory test for HTLV-1 infection. The aim of this study was to standardise the Western blot to demonstrate the intrathecal pattern of Abs against HTLV-1 proteins in HAM/TSP patients. Paired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples were selected from 20 patients with definite HAM/TSP, 19 HTLV-1 seronegative patients and two HTLV-1 patients without definite HAM/TSP. The presence of reactive bands of greater intensity in the CSF compared to serum (or bands in only the CSF) indicated the intrathecal synthesis of anti-HTLV-1 Abs. All definite HAM/TSP patients presented with an intrathecal synthesis of anti-HTLV-1 Abs; these Abs were not detected in the control patients. The most frequent intrathecal targets of anti-HTLV-1 Abs were GD21, rgp46-I and p24 and, to a lesser extent, p19, p26, p28, p32, p36, p53 gp21 and gp46. The intrathecal immune response against env (GD21 and rgp46-I) and gag (p24) proteins represents the most important humoral pattern in HAM/TSP. This response may be used as a diagnostic marker, considering the frequent association of intrathecal anti-HTLV-1 Ab synthesis with HAM/TSP and the pathogenesis of this neurological disease.


Subject(s)
Humans , Antibodies, Viral , Blotting, Western/standards , Central Nervous System/immunology , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/immunology , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/immunology , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Antibodies, Viral/cerebrospinal fluid , Central Nervous System/metabolism , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Gene Products, env/immunology , Gene Products, gag/immunology , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Immunoglobulin G/cerebrospinal fluid , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/blood , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/cerebrospinal fluid , Sensitivity and Specificity
18.
Arq Neuropsiquiatr ; 70(4): 246-51, 2012 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22510735

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between clinical data, white matter lesions and inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings in HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). METHOD: We studied brain and cervical spinal cord on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and CSF examinations of 28 Brazilian HAM/TSP patients. RESULTS: The majority of patients had severe neurological incapacity with EDSS median of 6.5 (3-8). The brain MRI showed white matter lesions (75%) and atrophy (14%). The preferential brain location was periventricular. Cervical demyelination lesions occurred in 11% of the cases, and cervical atrophy in 3.5%. One patient had enhancement lesions on T1 cervical spinal cord MRI. Cases with spinal cord lesions had signs of acute CSF inflammation. The brain white matter lesions predominated in the patients with higher age. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that an active inflammatory process is associated with the cervical spinal cord lesions in HAM/TSP. The brain abnormalities are not related to the clinical picture of HAM/TSP.


Subject(s)
Brain/pathology , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/cerebrospinal fluid , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/pathology , Adult , Aged , Atrophy/cerebrospinal fluid , Atrophy/pathology , Brain/virology , Female , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Spinal Cord/pathology , Spinal Cord/virology
20.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 70(4): 246-251, Apr. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-622586

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between clinical data, white matter lesions and inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings in HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). METHOD: We studied brain and cervical spinal cord on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and CSF examinations of 28 Brazilian HAM/TSP patients. RESULTS: The majority of patients had severe neurological incapacity with EDSS median of 6.5 (3-8). The brain MRI showed white matter lesions (75%) and atrophy (14%). The preferential brain location was periventricular. Cervical demyelination lesions occurred in 11% of the cases, and cervical atrophy in 3.5%. One patient had enhancement lesions on T1 cervical spinal cord MRI. Cases with spinal cord lesions had signs of acute CSF inflammation. The brain white matter lesions predominated in the patients with higher age. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that an active inflammatory process is associated with the cervical spinal cord lesions in HAM/TSP. The brain abnormalities are not related to the clinical picture of HAM/TSP.


OBJETIVO: Analisar a associação entre aspectos clínicos, lesões de substância branca e reação inflamatória aguda no líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR) na mielopatia associa ao HTLV-1 (HAM/TSP). MÉTODO: Foram estudadas ressonâncias magnéticas (RM) do encéfalo/medula espinhal cervical e exame do LCR de 28 pacientes com HAM/TSP. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos pacientes apresentava grave incapacidade neurológica, com EDSS 6,5 (3-8). A RM revelou lesões da substância branca (75%) com predominância periventricular e atrofia cortical (14%). Lesões desmielinizantes cervicais ocorreram em 11% dos casos e atrofia em 3,5%. Um paciente apresentou lesão cervical na T1 com captação de contraste. Sinais de inflamação aguda no LCR ocorreram em situações de lesão da medula espinhal cervical. As alterações de substância branca do encéfalo predominaram nos indivíduos com maior faixa etária. CONCLUSÃO: Nossos achados sugerem que processo inflamatório com atividade clínica na HAM/TSP está associado a lesões da medula espinhal cervical. As anormalidades da substância branca encefálicas não são relacionadas ao quadro clínico de HAM/TSP.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Brain/pathology , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/cerebrospinal fluid , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/pathology , Atrophy/cerebrospinal fluid , Atrophy/pathology , Brain/virology , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Prospective Studies , Spinal Cord/pathology , Spinal Cord/virology
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