The functional architecture of the human body: assessing body representation by sorting body parts and activities.

We investigated mental representations of body parts and body-related activities in two subjects with congenitally absent limbs (one with, the other without phantom sensations), a wheelchair sports group of paraplegic participants, and two groups of participants with intact limbs. To analyse mental representation structures, we applied Structure Dimensional Analysis. Verbal labels indicating body parts and related activities were presented in randomized lists that had to be sorted according to a hierarchical splitting paradigm. Participants were required to group the items according to whether or not they were considered related, based on their own body perception. Results of the groups of physically intact and paraplegic participants revealed separate clusters for the lower body, upper body, fingers and head. The participant with congenital phantom limbs also showed a clear separation between upper and lower body (but not between fingers and hands). In the participant without phantom sensations of the absent arms, no such modularity emerged, but the specific practice of his right foot in communication and daily routines was reflected. Sorting verbal labels of body parts and activities appears a useful method to assess body representation in individuals with special body anatomy or function and leads to conclusions largely compatible with other assessment procedures.

The functioning of primary school learners with paraplegia/paraparesis in mainstream schools in the Western Cape, South Africa. An exploratory study.

PURPOSE: This study explores the reality of implementing policy guidelines that promote the inclusion of learners with disabilities in mainstream schools. According to the department of education in South Africa, learners who can satisfactorily be educated in an ordinary or mainstream school should be accommodated there. METHOD: The Craig handicap assessment and reporting technique were used to identify activity limitations and participation restrictions of learners with paraplegia/paraparesis in the mainstream school setting in the Western Cape, South Africa. The Craig hospital inventory of environmental factors identified contextual factors that facilitate or restrict the participation of learners. The views of the learners, teachers and parents were compared in order to identify the facilitators and barriers that influence the participation of physically disabled learners in mainstream schooling. The study population comprised 15 learners between the ages of 6 and 14 years old with paraplegia/paraparesis, their parents and relevant class teachers in 13 mainstream schools of the Western Cape, South Africa. RESULTS: Findings indicate that cognitive independence and mobility are the two areas that most restricted the participation of the learners in the school. Resource availability, social support and equality were critical to facilitating the inclusion of learners at mainstream schools. CONCLUSIONS: It is recommended that a comprehensive research project be undertaken. Teacher support and training is essential for keeping the educators motivated and informed. Physical assistance to the learners should be provided in a structured and appropriate way. Physical accessibility, transport and medical information should be addressed at the institutional (school) level and is not the responsibility of the parents or caregivers of the disabled learners.

SCUBA diving for individuals with disabilities.

Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA) diving has become an increasingly popular recreational activity, enjoyed by millions of individuals. There has also been a growing interest in SCUBA diving in the disabled population for rehabilitation and recreation. This review discusses medical issues relevant to individuals with disabilities who wish to participate in SCUBA diving. In addition, specialized equipment, adaptations in techniques, and additional precautions will be presented. SCUBA diving can be an enriching experience, potentially helping to improve self-image and quality of life. Knowledgeable healthcare professionals can help to guide their patients who are interested in SCUBA diving.

[Scars of the soul--wounds of the body: plastic surgery and psychotherapy]. / Narben der Seele--Wunden des Körpers: Plastische Chirurgie und Psychotherapie.

With the example of two case reports of chronic wounds the connection between somatic and psycho-social factors is shown on the basis of the biopsycho-social model of disease. Both in aetiology as well as in therapy the dilemma of "somatic OR psychic" can thereby be solved. The inclusion of psychotherapeutic interventions in conservative or surgical strategies increases the probability of healing.

Conversion disorder: a case report of treatment with the Main Puteri, a Malay shamanastic healing ceremony.

We report on the case of a 38-year-old Malay housewife diagnosed with conversion disorder. It was believed that 'evil spirits' caused her symptoms. The patient was eventually treated by the Main Puteri, a Malay shamanistic healing ceremony, after previous treatments failed. The patient improved on the third day of the performance, which was attributed to the departure of the spirits from her body. This case documents the potential benefits of indigenous psychotherapy.