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1.
Disaster Med Public Health Prep ; 17: e205, 2022 12 20.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36537008

ABSTRACT

In 2016, an outbreak of paratyphoid fever occurred in 40 cases at Qingyang town, in China. A case-control study was carried out to determine the source of this outbreak. Case-control study was conducted to identify the risk factors of this outbreak. The cases were identified as patients with isolation of S. Paratyphi, controls were confirmed cases' healthy classmates, colleagues or neighbors and matched by age (±5 y) and gender. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was performed to source tracking. Totally, 40 cases were reported: 24 cases were students, and 20 (20/24) of them were Qingyang High School students. For the case-control study, consuming Chinese egg pancakes was detected as a risk factor (OR1:1 = 5.000; 95% CI: 1.710-14.640), and hand-washing before meals was protective behavior compared with seldom hand-washing (OR1:1 = 23.256; 95% CI: 2.451-200.000). S. Paratyphi was cultured from a well water sample used for washing contents of the pancakes. Isolates from well water and paratyphoid cases showed the same PFGE patterns. Contaminated well water and Chinese egg pancakes were likely source and vehicle of this outbreak. Health education, especially handwashing, and food safety supervision should be promoted particularly in schools.


Subject(s)
Paratyphoid Fever , Humans , Paratyphoid Fever/epidemiology , Paratyphoid Fever/etiology , Case-Control Studies , Disease Outbreaks , China/epidemiology , Water
2.
J Wound Care ; 29(1): 12-15, 2020 01 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31930947

ABSTRACT

Chronically infected diabetic wounds have a polymicrobial aetiology. However, Salmonella Paratyphi A is a very rare cause of wound infection. A 76-year-old female patient with type II diabetes presented with a wound on the left leg of two months' duration. The wound was painful, erythematous and a thick, foul-smelling discharge was present. There was a history of delayed wound healing. Salmonella Paratyphi A and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from the wound tissue. The patient was treated with cefuroxime and cloxacillin empirically and following the antibiotic susceptibility testing (ABST) report, ciprofloxacin was given for 10 days. The wound was treated with multiple debridements and topical antiseptic. On follow-up, the patient remained afebrile with subsiding discharge from the ulcer. This is the first reported case of Salmonella Paratyphi A from an infected diabetic ulcer in Sri Lanka and it serves to further define the spectrum of illnesses caused by this uncommon pathogen.


Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Ciprofloxacin/administration & dosage , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Leg Ulcer/microbiology , Salmonella paratyphi A/isolation & purification , Aged , Anti-Infective Agents, Local/administration & dosage , Cefuroxime/administration & dosage , Cloxacillin/administration & dosage , Debridement , Female , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/etiology , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Humans , Leg Ulcer/etiology , Leg Ulcer/physiopathology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Paratyphoid Fever/drug therapy , Paratyphoid Fever/etiology , Paratyphoid Fever/microbiology , Pseudomonas Infections/drug therapy , Pseudomonas Infections/etiology , Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/isolation & purification , Salmonella paratyphi A/drug effects , Wound Healing
3.
Epidemiol Infect ; 146(11): 1461-1467, 2018 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29880080

ABSTRACT

Foodborne non-typhoidal salmonellosis causes approximately 1 million illnesses annually in the USA. In April 2015, we investigated a multistate outbreak of 65 Salmonella Paratyphi B variant L(+) tartrate(+) infections associated with frozen raw tuna imported from Indonesia, which was consumed raw in sushi. Forty-six (92%) of 50 case-patients interviewed ate sushi during the week before illness onset, and 44 (98%) of 45 who specified ate sushi containing raw tuna. Two outbreak strains were isolated from the samples of frozen raw tuna. Traceback identified a single importer as a common source of tuna consumed by case-patients; this importer issued three voluntary recalls of tuna sourced from one Indonesian processor. Four Salmonella Weltevreden infections were also linked to this outbreak. Whole-genome sequencing was useful in establishing a link between Salmonella isolated from ill people and tuna. This outbreak highlights the continuing foodborne illness risk associated with raw seafood consumption, the importance of processing seafood in a manner that minimises contamination with pathogenic microorganisms and the continuing need to ensure imported foods are safe to eat. People at higher risk for foodborne illness should not consume undercooked animal products, such as raw seafood.


Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks , Food Microbiology , Paratyphoid Fever/etiology , Raw Foods/microbiology , Salmonella paratyphi B/isolation & purification , Tuna/microbiology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Animals , Child , Child, Preschool , Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field , Female , Frozen Foods/adverse effects , Frozen Foods/microbiology , Humans , Indonesia , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Paratyphoid Fever/epidemiology , Raw Foods/adverse effects , Salmonella paratyphi B/classification , Seafood/adverse effects , Seafood/microbiology , Serotyping , Surveys and Questionnaires , United States/epidemiology , Whole Genome Sequencing , Young Adult
4.
Am J Trop Med Hyg ; 95(3): 571-3, 2016 Sep 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27352874

ABSTRACT

We report six cases of Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A infections in travelers returning from Myanmar. In 2015, 31 cases of paratyphoid fever were reported in Japan, and 54.8% of those traveled to Myanmar. Among them, six patients presented to our hospital. They had traveled to Myanmar from July 2014 to August 2015 for business purposes. All six isolates were phage type 1, and they were resistant to nalidixic acid.


Subject(s)
Paratyphoid Fever/microbiology , Salmonella paratyphi A , Adult , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Azithromycin/therapeutic use , Ceftriaxone/therapeutic use , Female , Humans , Male , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Middle Aged , Myanmar/epidemiology , Paratyphoid Fever/drug therapy , Paratyphoid Fever/epidemiology , Paratyphoid Fever/etiology , Salmonella paratyphi A/drug effects , Travel
5.
Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi ; 30(3): 252-6, 2009 Mar.
Article in Chinese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19642380

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To study the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in high epidemic areas. METHODS: Reported data on typhoid and paratyphoid fever during 1988-2007 in Ningbo were analyzed epidemiologically. Shellfish from the market was collected for laboratory testing and Salmonella typhi strains collected from the patients were also studied. RESULTS: Number of reported cases on both typhoid and paratyphoid fever was 19 404 with 7 deaths, from 1988 to 2007. The annual mean incidence was 17.68 per one hundred thousand with the fatality rate as 0.36 per thousand. Most cases were among adults aged 20-50 years and an obvious regional distribution was observed with high incidence seen in winter and spring. Since 1990s, the advantage strain had changed from Salmonella typhi to Salmonella paratyphi A. Etiologic studies showed that raw Anadara subcrenata and oyster were the main risk factors. One Salmonella paratyphi A strain was detected in both Anadara subcrenata and oysters collected from the market, which contained TEM-1 drug resistance gene. PFGE genotyping showed that PFGE-X2 was the strain which causing pandemic in Ningbo. CONCLUSION: Eating contaminated raw shellfish like oysters and hairy clams was the primary risk factor, responsible for the outbreaks. Salmonella paratyphi A was the advantages pandemic strain in Ningbo. Strategies as supervision on personal hygiene and health education should be strengthened.


Subject(s)
Paratyphoid Fever/microbiology , Salmonella paratyphi A/isolation & purification , Salmonella typhi/isolation & purification , Shellfish/microbiology , Typhoid Fever/microbiology , Adult , Animals , China/epidemiology , Humans , Incidence , Middle Aged , Paratyphoid Fever/epidemiology , Paratyphoid Fever/etiology , Risk Factors , Seasons , Typhoid Fever/epidemiology , Typhoid Fever/etiology , Young Adult
7.
J Infect Dev Ctries ; 2(6): 454-60, 2008 Dec 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19745523

ABSTRACT

Enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid fever) is a major human bacterial infection. Although the disease is not common in industrialised countries, it remains an important and persistent health problem in developing nations. Hospital-based studies and outbreak reports from India indicate that enteric fever is a major public health problem in this country, with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) the most common aetiologic agent but with an apparently increasing number of cases due to S. Paratyphi A (SPA). Because risk factors such as poor sanitation, lack of a safe drinking water supply and low socio economic conditions in resource-poor countries are amplified by the evolution of multidrug resistant salmonellae with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolone, treatment failure cases have been reported in India, which is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Vaccination, which requires strict planning and proper targeting of the vulnerable age groups, is considered to be an effective tool in controlling this disease in endemic areas, given there is development of a conjugate vaccine against both serovars (S. Typhi and S. Para A).


Subject(s)
Paratyphoid Fever/epidemiology , Typhoid Fever/epidemiology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Humans , India/epidemiology , Paratyphoid Fever/etiology , Paratyphoid Fever/therapy , Public Health , Salmonella paratyphi A/drug effects , Salmonella typhi/drug effects , Typhoid Fever/etiology , Typhoid Fever/therapy , Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines/therapeutic use
8.
Indian J Pediatr ; 74(2): 197-8, 2007 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17337835

ABSTRACT

A large for gestational age male baby was born to a healthy young primigravida, on L-thyroxime, at 40 weeks by caesarean delivery in a tertiary care hospital. The baby had episodes of hypoglycemia during his immediate four postnatal days in the nursery that were successfully managed with intravenous glucose administration. The baby became unwell on day 5 and had a positive sepsis-screening test. Blood culture revealed a multidrug susceptible S. Paratyphi A strain, which he probably acquired on the first or second postnatal day from the contaminated expressed breast milk or the formula feed.


Subject(s)
Bottle Feeding/adverse effects , Breast Feeding/adverse effects , Paratyphoid Fever/diagnosis , Salmonella paratyphi A/isolation & purification , Sepsis/diagnosis , Adult , Amikacin/administration & dosage , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Cesarean Section , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , India , Infusions, Intravenous , Male , Ofloxacin/administration & dosage , Paratyphoid Fever/drug therapy , Paratyphoid Fever/etiology , Pregnancy , Risk Assessment , Sepsis/drug therapy , Sepsis/etiology , Treatment Outcome
9.
Jpn J Infect Dis ; 59(2): 132-4, 2006 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16632917

ABSTRACT

Our report highlights a case of severe childhood salmonellosis related to a pet turtle, a red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans). A 6-year-old girl had gastroenteritis complicated with sepsis caused by serotype Paratyphi B, which shared the same pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles with the organism isolated from a pet turtle. Based on our literature survey on childhood invasive salmonellosis acquired from reptiles, this case is the first documented reptile-associated salmonellosis including sepsis caused by this serotype.


Subject(s)
Gastroenteritis/microbiology , Paratyphoid Fever/transmission , Salmonella paratyphi B/isolation & purification , Turtles/microbiology , Zoonoses , Animals , Child , DNA, Bacterial/analysis , DNA, Bacterial/chemistry , Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field , Female , Gastroenteritis/etiology , Humans , Paratyphoid Fever/etiology , Paratyphoid Fever/microbiology , Salmonella paratyphi B/genetics
10.
Can J Public Health ; 96(6): 471-4, 2005.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16350877

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Identify a source of contamination to explain the increase in the number of cases of S. Paratyphi B var. Java infection. METHOD: A descriptive study was conducted to gather more information about cases and potential risk factors for infection. Between January 2000 and June 2003, we identified and interviewed by questionnaire 53 people with S. Paratyphi B infection. Due to the suspected link with fish tanks, an environmental investigation was conducted for each case at patients' homes as well as at pet stores and wholesalers. Various samples were taken from fish tanks. The fish were purchased at different pet shops. The pulsed field gel electrophoresis method was used to compare the human and aquarium strains. RESULTS: Of those infected, 60% had bought or had contact with an aquarium or tropical fishes before becoming ill. More than 50% of the samples taken from fish tanks in homes, pet shops, and wholesaler operations contained a number of serotypes of Salmonella in addition to Salmonella Paratyphi B var. Java. There were similarities between the PFGE patterns of human strains and aquarium samples. DISCUSSION: Contact with fish tanks could be a risk factor for developing a Salmonella infection and the public may be unaware of this risk. It was recommended that information be produced and distributed to pet shops and their customers to inform them of safety precautions in order to reduce the risk of contamination from bacterial pathogens that may be present in aquarium water.


Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks , Paratyphoid Fever/etiology , Salmonella paratyphi B/pathogenicity , Water Microbiology , Adult , Animals , Female , Fishes , Humans , Male , Quebec/epidemiology , Salmonella paratyphi B/isolation & purification
11.
J Travel Med ; 12(4): 197-204, 2005.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16086894

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Although enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid fevers) is a major global public health problem, comparable data on the risks of contracting travel-associated enteric fever in various regions of the world are scarce. METHODS: From the Swedish database on notifiable communicable diseases, we retrieved all case records from 1997 to 2003 on typhoid and paratyphoid fevers. The data set was compared with data on travel patterns obtained from a comprehensive travel database with information from interviews with more than 16,000 Swedish residents with recent overnight travel outside Sweden. RESULTS: The overall risk of being notified with enteric fever after travel was 0.42 in 100,000 travelers. The highest risk for typhoid fever was seen in travelers from India and neighboring countries (41.7 in 100,000), the Middle East (5.91 in 100,000), and Central Africa (3.33 in 100,000), whereas the risk was comparatively low in East Asia (0.24 in 100,000). Almost the same risk areas stood out for paratyphoid fever: India and neighbors (37.5 in 100,000), the Middle East (3.64 in 100,000), and East Africa (3.33 in 100,000). The epidemiology of paratyphoid fever was considerably affected by a large outbreak of paratyphoid B in a Turkish tourist resort in 1999. The youngest children were at highest risk for typhoid fever (odds ratio 44.2), whereas youths ages 7 to 18 years were at highest risk for paratyphoid fever (odds ratio 9.7). CONCLUSIONS: Detailed risk data for enteric fever after travel could form the basis for travel advice. Vaccination against typhoid fever should always be considered for travelers to the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, and Africa but should not routinely be given to travelers to the Malay Peninsula.


Subject(s)
Travel , Typhoid Fever/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Databases, Factual , Developing Countries , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Paratyphoid Fever/epidemiology , Paratyphoid Fever/etiology , Risk Factors , Seasons , Sweden/epidemiology , Typhoid Fever/etiology
13.
Pol Merkur Lekarski ; 13(78): 509-15, 2002 Dec.
Article in Polish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12666454

ABSTRACT

Typhoid fever is an acute infectious disease caused by Salmonella enterica serotype typhi. The infection is responsible for endemic or epidemic outbreaks in tropical and subtropical countries, especially in Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Central and South Africa. Latin America, and it occurs sporadically in Poland. We reported two cases of imported typhoid fever after travelling to India and Nepal. In the tourists returning from the area hyperendemic for malaria, visceral leishmaniosis, amoebiasis and haemorrhagic fevers and not following tropical hygiene measures, persistent fever was a source of difficulties in differential diagnosis. In the first case, lack of anti-malarial chemoprophylaxis in the presence of anaemia and thrombocytopenia strongly suggested Plasmodium spp. infection. Two daily peaks of fever with splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, leucopenia, high transaminases levels and co-existing positive serology for L. donovani pointed to visceral leishmaniosis. Late occurrence of specific anti-S. typhi agglutinins in the Widal test, cross-reactivity with S. paratyphi A and negative urine bacteriological culture were observed. In the second case, gastrointestinal disturbances, including pain, abdominal tenderness and diarrhoea gave a suspicion of amoebic colitis. Stool and urine cultures were negative for S. typhi and cross reactions with S. paratyphi A and C were reported. Typhoid fever was finally confirmed in both patients by an isolation of S. typhi from peripheral blood cultures. The effectiveness of treatment of choice with ciprofloxacin or ceftriaxone in a case of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strain of S. typhi was documented.


Subject(s)
Salmonella typhi/isolation & purification , Travel , Typhoid Fever/diagnosis , Typhoid Fever/etiology , Abdominal Pain/microbiology , Adult , Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use , Diagnosis, Differential , Diarrhea/microbiology , Female , Fluoroquinolones , Humans , India , Male , Nepal , Paratyphoid Fever/etiology , Poland , Salmonella paratyphi A/isolation & purification , Time Factors , Typhoid Fever/drug therapy , Typhoid Fever/microbiology
14.
J Infect ; 43(1): 17-8, 2001 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11597151

ABSTRACT

Endemic enteric fever is one of the major health problems in South Asia where focal pyogenic infections with salmonella are being increasingly reported. A pericardial abscess following coronary artery bypass surgery with Salmonella paratyphi B was successfully treated, the first reported case so far.


Subject(s)
Abscess/microbiology , Coronary Artery Bypass/adverse effects , Paratyphoid Fever/etiology , Pericardium/microbiology , Salmonella paratyphi B/isolation & purification , Abscess/surgery , Drainage/methods , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Paratyphoid Fever/surgery , Pericardium/surgery , Postoperative Care/methods , Thoracotomy
16.
Am J Infect Control ; 26(3): 355-8, 1998 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9638293

ABSTRACT

A 19-year-old nursing student was hospitalized after several days of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fevers. Salmonella paratyphi A was isolated from multiple blood cultures. Because this is an unlikely isolate in the United States, an investigation ensued. Two and a half weeks earlier, the student had been working on a microbiology laboratory exercise "unknown." Both the "unknown" organism and the patient's blood culture isolates were identified as S. paratyphi A, with the same biochemical reactions and antimicrobial susceptibility results. The patient's condition improved with antibiotic therapy, and she was discharged after 9 days in the hospital. Conclusions related to our investigation are as follows: (1) relatively virulent organisms were unnecessary to fulfill the laboratory objectives, (2) pipetting by mouth must never be allowed, (3) proper labeling of specimens is imperative, (4) instructors should have knowledge of laboratory safety regulations, and (5) it is the obligation of laboratory directors and administrators to provide a safe academic environment.


Subject(s)
Education, Nursing , Microbiology/education , Paratyphoid Fever/etiology , Salmonella paratyphi A , Adult , Female , Humans , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Paratyphoid Fever/diagnosis , Salmonella paratyphi A/drug effects
17.
J Reprod Med ; 41(6): 450-2, 1996 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8799925

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous perforation of the gallbladder is an uncommon and serious complication of cholecystitis. CASE: A 36-year-old multipara suffered a spontaneous rupture of the gallbladder from acute cholecystitis at 10 weeks' gestation. This caused bile peritonitis from Salmonella paratyphi. In addition, she had simultaneous acute appendicitis, which was confirmed histologically. After cholecystectomy, appendectomy and antibiotic therapy, her pregnancy progressed uneventfully to term delivery. CONCLUSION: This was the second patient with spontaneous rupture of the gallbladder during pregnancy cared for at Women's Hospital of the Los Angeles County/University of Southern California Medical Center in a six-year period.


Subject(s)
Appendicitis/complications , Cholecystitis/complications , Gallbladder Diseases/etiology , Paratyphoid Fever/etiology , Peritonitis/microbiology , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/etiology , Salmonella paratyphi A/isolation & purification , Acute Disease , Adult , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Appendectomy , Appendicitis/therapy , Cholecystectomy , Cholecystitis/therapy , Female , Gallbladder Diseases/therapy , Gestational Age , Humans , Paratyphoid Fever/drug therapy , Peritonitis/drug therapy , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/drug therapy , Pregnancy Outcome , Rupture, Spontaneous
20.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 12(4): 223-5, 1995. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-174968

ABSTRACT

Un recién nacido, hijo de una madre infectada con salmonella paratyphi B, evoluciona en el período neonatal inmediato, con una sepsis por salmonella paratyphi B. El contagio ocurre en el período intrauterino. La sepsis se confirma con hemocultivos (+) en la madre y el hijo al mismo germen


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Adult , Bacteremia/congenital , Paratyphoid Fever/diagnosis , Salmonella paratyphi A/pathogenicity , Ampicillin/therapeutic use , Bacteremia/diagnosis , Bacteremia/drug therapy , Bacteremia/etiology , Clinical Evolution , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical , Paratyphoid Fever/drug therapy , Paratyphoid Fever/etiology , Salmonella paratyphi A/drug effects , Salmonella paratyphi A/isolation & purification , Hematologic Tests
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