La figura de la nodriza y su implicación en el parentesco de leche para la cultura islámica: marco socio-cultural y jurídico / A figura da ama de leite e a sua implicação no parentesco leiteiro na cultura islâmica: um quadro sociocultural e jurídicoaber, Poder y Practica / The figure of the wet-nurse and its implication in milk kinship in Islamic culture: socio-cultural and legal framework

Introduction: Breastfeeding throughout time has regulated the way of establishing relationships, crossing social and religious boundaries. The legal-religious and medical regulation ofAndalusian breastfeeding is a subject that has been little explored, although it continues to this dayin Islamic societies. Objectives: 1) To determine the legal-religious repercussion of breastfeeding inthe 10th-15th centuries and its implications for Muslim society today; 2) To examine the differentfunctions of the Andalusian wet nurse; 3) To establish the social valuation of the wet nurse throughher professionalization. Methodology: Historical-narrative review. Databases and primary sourceswere consulted. Documentary selection followed inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Frombirth, sacred texts regulate the rights of mother, father, wet nurse and newborn. Kinships are legislated that will regulate for life the wet-nurse and the infant; the kinship of milk is equated to that of consanguinity. The wet nurse also assumed the functions of upbringing and education. This figureplayed a decisive role in ensuring the survival of the infant, which is why it became an occupationwith great socio-health repercussions. Conclusion: There are practical variables of maternal and infant care that must be taken into account in order to provide culturally competent care. (AU)

Introducción: La lactancia materna a lo largo del tiempo ha reglado el modo de establecerrelaciones, traspasando fronteras sociales y religiosas. La regulación jurídico-religiosa y médica dela lactancia andalusí, es un tema poco explorado a pesar de que actualmente continua en las sociedades islámicas. Objetivos: 1) Determinar la repercusión jurídico-religiosa de la lactancia en los siglos X-XV y su implicación para la sociedad musulmana actual; 2) Examinar las diferentes funcionesde la nodriza andalusí; 3) Establecer la valoración social de la nodriza a través de su profesionalización. Metodología: Revisión histórica-narrativa. Se consultaron bases de datos y fuentes primarias.La selección documental siguió criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Resultados: Desde el nacimiento,los textos sagrados regulan los derechos de madre, padre, nodriza y recién nacido. Se legislan parentescos que regularán de por vida a nodriza y lactante; el parentesco de leche se equipara al deconsanguinidad. La nodriza asumió además funciones de crianza y educación. Tuvo un papel decisivo para asegurar la supervivencia del lactante, por lo que llegó a ser un oficio con gran repercusiónsocio-sanitaria. Conclusión: Existen variables prácticas del cuidado materno-infantil. Se han de teneren cuenta para cuidar desde un marco de competencia cultural integrador. (AU)

Introdução: A amamentação ao longo do tempo regulamentou a forma de estabelecer relações, atravessando fronteiras sociais e religiosas. A regulamentação jurídico-religiosa e médica daamamentação andaluza é um assunto pouco explorado, embora continue até hoje nas sociedadesislâmicas. Objetivos: 1) Determinar a repercussão legal-religiosa da amamentação nos séculos X-XVe as suas implicações para a sociedade muçulmana de hoje; 2) Examinar as diferentes funções daama de leite andaluza; 3) Estabelecer a valorização social da ama de leite através da sua profissionalização. Metodologia: Revisão histórico-narrativa. Foram consultadas bases de dados e fontes primárias. A seleção documental seguiu critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Resultados: Desde o nascimento, os textos sagrados regulam os direitos da mãe, do pai, da ama de leite e do recém-nascido.A legislação regula as amas de leite e a criança considerando-as parentes para toda a vida; o parentesco do leite é equiparado ao da consanguinidade. A ama de leite também assumiu as funções decriação e educação. Esta figura desempenhou um papel decisivo na garantia da sobrevivência dacriança, razão pela qual se tornou uma ocupação com grandes repercussões sócio-sanitárias. Conclusão: Existem variáveis práticas de cuidados maternais e infantis que devem ser tidas em conta afim de proporcionar cuidados culturalmente competentes. (AU)

The value and contribution of qualitative research to inform nurse education and policy in response to the child's experience of hospital.

The aim of this article is to consider the value of qualitative research to inform nurse education and policy for the hospitalized child and young person (CYP). The theoretical issues and tensions inherent in qualitative research with children and young people's nursing are presented in conjunction with a discussion and analysis of how the epistemological and ontological concepts underpin and guide research. It is then followed by an exploration of their influence on enabling nurses to understand the CYP's perspective, before finally leading to an analysis of the impact on the development of policy and research.

[Liability of pediatric nurses for professional negligence in Taiwan: a case study].

BACKGROUND: Liability attribution and professional negligence in pediatric nursing are topics that have been neglected in Taiwan. PURPOSE: (1) Identify the definitions of related criminal activities in accordance with domestic criminal law; (2) Elucidate the facts and the dispute in a current case involving a pediatric nurse; (3) Elucidate the principle of 'no punishment without law'; (4) Explore the reasons why the pediatric nurse in the current case received a verdict of 'not guilty'. METHODS: A literature review and case study approach were used to analyze a sentence reconsideration of the first instance No. 1 (2011) issued by the Taiwan high court, Kaohsiung branch court. RESULTS: The conditions for the scrutiny of criminal activity under Taiwan criminal law are statement of facts, illegality (justifiable cause), and liability (excuse). In this case, the pediatric nurse was accused of failing to prevent an infant from suffocation and of not discharging her obligations as a nurse. The pediatric nurse rebutted the charge of criminal negligence. The intervening behaviors of the pediatric nurse were found to be legal and not culpable. In this case, the High Court and Supreme Court made a final criminal judgment based on the presumption of innocence, and the pediatric nurse was pronounced innocent of the charge. CONCLUSIONS: This article intends to assist pediatric nurses understand their liabilities under Taiwan's criminal law. Pediatric nurses should gain a better understanding of the nature of liability for professional negligence in order to clarify how actions that may be illegal do not necessarily make nurses culpable.

Attitudes of adult/adolescent sexual assault nurse examiners and caring for younger patients.

INTRODUCTION: Sexual Assault Nurse Examiners (SANEs) are specialized nurses who provide sexual assault (SA) examinations and forensic evidence collection. Currently, Adult/Adolescent (A/A) SANEs in Massachusetts are trained and certified to care only for patients 12 years and older who present acutely to EDs. The purpose of this study was to describe the attitudes of SANEs regarding the possibility of cross-training to care for younger patients (<12 years). METHODS: This qualitative, descriptive study included a sample of 45 A/A SANEs who participated in a series of 6 focus groups. The focus groups were audiotape-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Content analysis was used to analyze the raw data. Units of in vivo coding assisted in the identification of initial broad categories that were winnowed to represent final themes that described the participants' attitudes. RESULTS: Although the majority of SANEs enthusiastically endorsed the option of pediatric cross-training, a smaller portion of participants expressed strong opposition to the proposal. The SANEs' concerns included the emotional toll of caring for children who have been sexually assaulted, and the need for an adequate infrastructure within the SANE Program to educate, train, and support the cross-training effort. DISCUSSION: This research fills a gap in the forensic and ED nursing literature by providing insights into the attitudes and concerns of SANEs who care for some of the most vulnerable patients. The findings of this study can inform the acute care and evidence collection practices that are used when caring for pediatric patients who have experienced SA.