A postgraduation follow-up of social work students trained in "SBIRT": Rates of usage and perceptions of effectiveness.

Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) is an evidence-based modality that can help social workers work with substance-using clients as part of an integrated health care approach. This study reports the findings of a post-graduation one-year follow-up survey of 193 master's and bachelor's social work students trained in SBIRT in practice courses at a Northeast urban college. Forty-three percent of the trainees who were practicing social work after graduation were using SBIRT. A content analysis of participants' comments found that the vast majority found SBIRT to be a valuable practice modality, with barriers to utilization of SBIRT identified.

Person-centered approach in business relations: training of active listening for businessmen / Abordagem centrada na pessoa nas relações empresariais: formação de escuta ativa para empresários / Enfoquez centrado en la persona en relaciones comerciales: formación de escucha activa para empresarios

The paper discusses possible applications and limitations of person-centered approach in business education on the case of active listening training for managers. The form of the teaching process is assigned in accordance with the principles of cognitive-behavioral approach to therapy and education. The content is based on the central ideas in person-centered approach. Clear criteria and video feedback allow participants to self-assess their progress in the process of skills acquisition in active listening...

O artigo discute as possíveis aplicações e limitações da abordagem centrada na pessoa no ensino de negócios no caso da formação de escuta ativa para os gestores. A forma do processo de ensino é atribuído de acordo com os princípios da abordagem cognitivo-comportamental para a terapia e educação. O conteúdo é baseado nas idéias centrais na abordagem centrada na pessoa. Critérios claros e feedback de vídeo permitem que os participantes se auto-avaliar seu progresso no processo de aquisição de competências em escuta ativa...

El documento analiza las posibles aplicaciones y limitaciones de la persona enfoque centrado en la educación de negocios en el caso de la formación escucha activa para los directivos. La forma del proceso de enseñanza se asigna de acuerdo con los principios del enfoque cognitivo-conductual a la terapia y la educación. El contenido se basa en las ideas centrales de un enfoque centrado en la persona. Criterios claros y retroalimentación de vídeo permiten a los participantes a autoevaluar sus progresos en el proceso de adquisición de habilidades en la escucha activa...

Person-centered approach in business relations: training of active listening for businessmen / Abordagem centrada na pessoa nas relações empresariais: formação de escuta ativa para empresários / Enfoquez centrado en la persona en relaciones comerciales: formación de escucha activa para empresarios

The paper discusses possible applications and limitations of person-centered approach in business education on the case of active listening training for managers. The form of the teaching process is assigned in accordance with the principles of cognitive-behavioral approach to therapy and education. The content is based on the central ideas in person-centered approach. Clear criteria and video feedback allow participants to self-assess their progress in the process of skills acquisition in active listening.(AU)

O artigo discute as possíveis aplicações e limitações da abordagem centrada na pessoa no ensino de negócios no caso da formação de escuta ativa para os gestores. A forma do processo de ensino é atribuído de acordo com os princípios da abordagem cognitivo-comportamental para a terapia e educação. O conteúdo é baseado nas idéias centrais na abordagem centrada na pessoa. Critérios claros e feedback de vídeo permitem que os participantes se auto-avaliar seu progresso no processo de aquisição de competências em escuta ativa.(AU)

El documento analiza las posibles aplicaciones y limitaciones de la persona enfoque centrado en la educación de negocios en el caso de la formación escucha activa para los directivos. La forma del proceso de enseñanza se asigna de acuerdo con los principios del enfoque cognitivo-conductual a la terapia y la educación. El contenido se basa en las ideas centrales de un enfoque centrado en la persona. Criterios claros y retroalimentación de vídeo permiten a los participantes a autoevaluar sus progresos en el proceso de adquisición de habilidades en la escucha activa.(AU)

An empirical analysis of autobiographical memory specificity subtypes in brief emotion-focused and client-centered treatments of depression.

Overgeneral autobiographical memory (ABM) disclosure has been established as a key cognitive marker of clinical depression in experimental research studies. To determine the ecological validity of these findings for psychotherapy treatments of depression, the present study investigated the relationship between change in level of depression and ABM specificity in the context of early, middle, and late therapy session transcripts selected from 34 clients undergoing emotion-focused therapy and client-centered therapy in the York I Depression Study. A hierarchical linear modeling analysis demonstrated that clients disclosed significantly more specific ABMs over the course of therapy. There were no differences in ABM specificity between treatment groups. There was also no evidence that increased specificity differentiated between recovered and unchanged clients at treatment termination.

Questions and reflections: the use of motivational interviewing microskills in a peer-led brief alcohol intervention for college students.

The purpose of this study was to examine the association between peer facilitator adherence to motivational interviewing (MI) microskills and college student drinking behavior. First year students (N=67) took part in a Brief Alcohol Screening and Intervention for College Students (BASICS) led by peer facilitators trained in MI and BASICS. Participants were assessed pre- and 2 weeks post-intervention on contemplation to change, as well as, pre- and 3 months post- intervention on drinking quantity. Independent coders used the Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity scale (MITI, Moyers, Martin, Manuel, & Miller, 2003) to evaluate therapist MI adherence. Peer facilitators met beginning proficiency in MI on scores of empathy, the ratio of MI adherent behaviors to non-adherent behaviors and the ratio of open questions to total questions as defined by the MITI. Results indicated that a higher number of closed questions was related to less contemplation and a higher number of open questions was related to more contemplation post intervention. A higher number of simple reflections was associated with increased drinking at the 3 month assessment, however, complex reflections were found to attenuate the effect of simple reflections on changes in drinking. These findings highlight the importance of competent reflective listening skills and the need for continual training and supervision for peer facilitators.

Reflective listening in counseling: effects of training time and evaluator social skills.

Psychology students received a 14-, 28-, or 42-hour training course in reflective listening. Before and after training, the students participated in role-played counseling conversations with confederates, who rated them. The conversations were captured on audio- or videotape, categorized, and rated by external evaluators. Results suggested that the students used reflective listening equally after different lengths of training. However, longer training resulted in the confederates disclosing more emotion, the psychology students remembering the information relayed better, and the evaluators perceiving the therapeutic relationship as better. This was especially true among the evaluators who self-reported high social skills.

Matrix model of clinical psychology: applause or the sound of one hand clapping?

The matrix model as proposed by C.R. Snyder and T.R. Elliott (this issue, pp.1033-1054) is a welcome refocusing of clinical psychology for the 21st century. Yet, limitations to the model are that (a) it shifts attention to the target of interventions (i.e., "clients") and virtually ignores the function of the interventionist; (b) it might not be the best way to characterize "clients"; and (c) training might take longer than 5 years. Overall, it is a heuristic model; will it be accepted?

The matrix model for clinical psychology: a contextual approach.

The four level matrix model proposed by C.R. Snyder and T.R. Elliott (this issue, PP. 1033-1054) is a bold attempt to provide a coherent philosophy and model to guide the training of clinical psychologists. Shortcomings of current training practices, such as a focus on individuals rather than community dynamics and on pathology rather than strengths, are addressed in the proposed model. Difficulties in the implementation of the model are discussed.

The enduring value of the Boulder model: "upon this rock we will build".

We comment on the article by C.R. Snyder and T.R. Elliott, "Twenty-First Century Graduate Education in Clinical Psychology: A Four Level Matrix Model" (this issue, PP. 1033-1054). We agree with many of the specific sentiments expressed by these authors but not with their dismissal of the Boulder model. We conclude that the Boulder model is as valuable today as when first articulated and that it provides a sturdy foundation upon which to make the sorts of changes the authors suggest.

Can psychotherapeutic competence be taught?

This paper is presented in defense of an educational concept for psychotherapists, which is based on the proposition that attitudes as well as behavioral components can be shaped by training. The training program contains the process of observing, reflecting and practicing individual segments of constructive therapeutic behavior as a part of education in client-centered therapy.