La farmacia del hospital Nuestra Señora de Gracia de Zaragoza: la importancia histórica de un legado / The pharmacy of the Nuestra Señora de Gracia Hospital in Zaragoza: the historical importance of a legacy

Las farmacias de hospital han tenido a lo largo de los siglos una importancia relevnate dentro del desarrollo global de la farmacia, tanto desde el aspecto profesional, como en el científico y el artístico. En España han sido destacables las aportaciones y la historial de la farmacia del Hospital de la Santa Creu de Barcelona, de la que se tienen datos desde la fundación del Hospital en 1404 y las de los hospitales General de Valencia y el de Madrid. En Aragón el Hospital de Nuestra Señora de Gracia de Zaragoza ha sido durante siglos su principal centro sanitario. De su botica tenemos conocimiento desde tiempos de Fernando el Católico y su importancia está avalada por documentos y estudios de distintas épocas. Trasladado el Hospital a su actual emplazamiento, tras la destrucción del primitivo en 1808, la farmacia sufrió varias remodelaciones, la más importante se realizó poco después de hacerse cargo la Diputación Provincial de Zaragoza del funcionamiento del centro en el último tercio del siglo XIX. En este trabajo pretendemos exponer el funcionamiento del Hospital Nuestra Señora de Gracia de Zaragoza y especialmente de su farmacia en el último tercio del siglo XIX describiendo sus funciones, la importancia de los farmacéuticos que trabajaron ella y la renovación de sus estructura en 1881 que se ha conservado en su esencia hasta el presente

Over centuries hospital pharmacies have played an important role in the global development of Pharmacy, as much from the professional as scientific and artistic aspects. In Spain, the contribution and history of the pharmacy of the Hospital de Santa Creu in Barcelona, with data from its foundation in 1404, and those of the General hospitals of both Valencia and Madrid, have been outstanding. In Aragon, Zaragoza's Nuestra Señora de Gracia Hospital has been the main health centre. We have knowledge from its pharmacy dating from the time of Fernando the Catholic and its importance is backed by documents and studies from different periods. The Hospital was moved to its current localtion after the original was destroyed in 1808, the pharmacy underwent several restructurings with the most important was done shortly after the Diputación Provincial de Zaragoza took over its running in the last third of the XIXth century. This work intends to show how Zaragoza's Nuestra Señora de Gracia hospital worked and, in particular, its pharmacy in the last third of the XIXth century, describing its functions, the importance of the pharmacists working there and the renewal of its structure in 1881, which have been maintained in essence until the present day

Sistema organizativo para implementar el ejercicio de la atención farmacéutica hospitalaria en Santiago de Cuba / Organizational system for implementation of the pharmaceutical care practice at hospital in Santiago de Cuba province

INTRODUCCIÓN: a partir de 1990 se han desarrollado programas de Atención Farmacéutica en ambiente hospitalario, centrando su atención en el Seguimiento farmacoterapéutico, sin embargo, la comunidad científica internacional farmacéutica visualiza problemáticas como la ausencia de un ejercicio sistematizado, continuo y permanente. OBJETIVO: diseñar un sistema organizativo para implementar el ejercicio de la atención farmacéutica como práctica profesional, en el ámbito hospitalario cubano, específicamente en la provincia Santiago de Cuba. MÉTODOS: para el diseño del sistema se aplicaron herramientas del método sistémico; se definieron: partes componentes, principios, estructura y representación gráfica, así como, características y enfoque. RESULTADOS: se propuso un sistema organizativo complejo, dinámico, probabilístico, adaptable e inestable, dependiente de la integración de factores interactuantes que son: sistema de relaciones esenciales, estructura, proceso y resultado; aplicable a cualquier actividad farmacéutica hospitalaria orientada a la clínica, bajo los conceptos de la atención farmacéutica. CONCLUSIONES: la implementación del sistema propuesto se podrá constituir en elevada contribución para la atención farmacéutica hospitalaria en Cuba, en la medida en que las recomendaciones puedan ser adoptadas por las autoridades sanitarias cubanas(AU)

INTRODUCTION: starting from 1990, several pharmaceutical care programs have been developed at the hospital setting, focused on the pharmacotherapeutic follow-up of the patient. However, the international scientific community of pharmacists has envisaged some problems such as the lack of systematic, continuous and permanent implementation. OBJECTIVE: to design an organizational system to support the pharmaceutical care as a professional practice at the Cuban hospital settings, particularly in Santiago de Cuba province. METHODS: the systemic method tools were used for the system design and the components, the principles, the structure and the graphic presentation as well as the characteristics and the approach were all defined. RESULTS: acomplex, dynamic, probabilistic, adaptive and unstable system was put forward, which will depend on the integration of interacting factors as the following: System of essential relationships, Structure, Process and Result will be applicable to any clinic-oriented pharmaceutical activity at hospital under the concepts of the Pharmaceutical Care. CONCLUSIONS: the implementation of the suggested system could represent a significant contribution to the pharmaceutical care at hospital in Cuba as long as the Cuban health authorities adopt the recommendations made in this respect(AU)

[Drugs under temporary use authorisation: 50 years of French drug development]. / Les autorisations temporaires d' utilisation (ATU): 50 ans d' histoire de l' évolution de la réglementation des médicaments en France.

Drug under temporary use authorisation (authorisation temporaire d' utilisation - ATU) was created in 1994 in France. Before this date, various procedures controlled patients' use of imported drug and drug in process. The AIDS pandemy development in 80's and the need to control news drugs patients' use contributed to the ATU statement setting up. This regulatory statement allows companies to sell drugs without market drug authorisation (autorisation de mise sur le marché - AMM), the letter being done in adequation with good pharmaceutical quality and a satisfactory level of benefices/ risks ratio. It's a recent French drug evaluation evolution.

La renovación de la Farmacia en la Nueva España a finales del periodo colonial / Renovation process of Pharmacy in New Spain in the end of colonial period

En este trabajo se abordan los procesos de profesionalización e institucionalización de la química y la farmacia ocurridos en la Nueva España a finales del siglo XVIII, época en que la farmacia experimentó un proceso de creciente especialización, tanto en el terreno académico como en el profesional. En el proceso de renovación incidieron las expediciones científicas y el establecimiento de instituciones académicas de corte moderno, como la creación del Jardín Botánico (1788) y de su cátedra de botánica, en donde se enseñaba el sistema linnenano de clasificación de vegetales y la nomenclatura química de Lavoisier. En este contexto se destacan las aportaciones de los españoles peninsulares y novohispanos para modernizar esa disciplina, en una etapa marcada por los desarrollos derivados de los procesos de ilustración y de la revolución química (AU)

[Apothecaries in Dowai at the beginning of the 18th century]. / Les apothicaires douaisiens au début du XVIIIe siècle.

This article presents the rules and regulations governing the Corporation of Apothecaries in Douai at the beginning of the 18th century. The official statutes (ordonnances politiques) were drawn up by the municipal magistrates (échevins) shortly after Douai was annexed by France. They define the organisation of the training of candidates for the profession, the exams they had to take and the financial contributions that were due. They mention their relationship with doctors, surgeons and religious communities as well as their dealings with suppliers, retail and wholesale druggists and herbalists. Their widows'rights were guaranteed. A register, which gives summary accounts of the activities of the Corporation, shows how the rules were observed.

[The organization of pharmaceutical supply in Wielkopolska in the period from 1945 to 1998]. / Organizacja zaopatrzenia farmaceutycznego w Wielkopolsce w latach 1945-1998.

The Archive of the Poznan CEFARM, located in a three-story building at 15 Mostowa St. in Poznan, comprises a collection, difficult to assess in terms of its size, which documents the operations of pharmacies in Wielkopolska within nearly 50 years. A small part of this collection, i.e. only approximately 8-10 running meters of archives, constitutes the documents of management boards (which appear under different names) of entities which acted as a head-office for the pharmacies. Archives filed in portfolios and paginated documents are of diverse historical value. Numerous balance sheets indicating the execution of plans above the expected limits are less valuable. However, the minutes from the meetings of the boards of directors and the boards of the Trade Unions of the Medical Care Organization's employees as well as as post-audit reports of the Chief Board of Supervision are quite useful for a historian. The statistical data presenting the development of this entity and the reporting pharmacies sometimes Missing documents on the operations of the Independent and Autonomous Trade Union "Solidarity" from the periods 1980-1981 and 1989-1990 are a characteristic phenomenon. They were lost in unexplained circumstances. The organization of pharmaceutical supply in Poland in 1945-1998 is an interesting issue for research, since the State's political and economic system changed twice in this period. The abolition of private ownership in pharmacy and in the wholesale distribution of medicines, medical materials and sanitary goods in 1951 and the democratic changes commenced with the Round Table Negotiations in 1989 significantly influenced the system of pharmaceutical supply, which proves its strong dependence on politics. In 1945-1951 the system was characterised by excessive development of central and provincial administration, comprehensive reporting and, following the Soviet Union, the application of principles of central planning and central management. The establishment of the state's monopoly in the area of wholesale and retail distribution of medicines did not result in the considerable development of the network of pharmacies and increased availability of medicines expected by the society and proclaimed by the authorities. It was typical that the State-owned pharmaceutical wholesalers, existing in 1951-1989, aimed at indoctrinating their staff through a broad offer of social benefits available in a wider range for those persons who participated in welfare work and other profession unrelated activities of ideological nature.