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1.
Clin Toxicol (Phila) ; 58(4): 275-283, 2020 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31271318

ABSTRACT

Background and objectives: The toxicity of second-generation antihistamines after an overdose by a child is still unknown. The objective of this study is to use data from Poisons Centres in France to describe the toxicity profile of second-generation antihistamines for children and to compare the severity of poisoning observed from these with a first-generation antihistamine.Method: This was a retrospective, multi-centre and observational study focusing on human cases of single-substance exposure to a second-generation antihistamine and to mequitazine, reported between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2016 in Poisons Centres in France.Results: From a total of 9403 children included, 5980 were exposed to a second-generation antihistamine and 3423 were exposed to mequitazine. The severity of exposure to second-generation antihistamines in children is low: among the children followed until a known outcome, 9% of children were symptomatic and in 97% of cases, the symptoms shown were of a minor-level severity (primarily drowsiness or restlessness). Depending on the substance, children who ingested doses 16 to 69 times the maximum recommended therapeutic dose remained asymptomatic. No deaths or severe symptoms were observed. No cases of lengthening of the QT interval or arrhythmias were identified. Mequitazine led to more symptoms than other substances (14.8% symptomatic children vs. 7.5%, Odd ratio (OR): 2.3 (2.0-2.6), p < 0.0001), more symptoms of moderate intensity (1.4 vs. 0.2%, OR: 8.3 (4.1-18.5), p < 0.0001) and more hospitalisation (19.1 vs. 8.7%, OR: 2.5, 95% CI: (2.2-2.8), p < 0.0001).Conclusion: The severity of poisoning from second-generation antihistamines appears to be low among children and considerably lower than poisoning caused by mequitazine.


Subject(s)
Drug Overdose/epidemiology , Histamine H1 Antagonists, Non-Sedating/poisoning , Phenothiazines/poisoning , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , France , Histamine Antagonists/poisoning , Histamine H1 Antagonists/poisoning , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Retrospective Studies , Severity of Illness Index
4.
Forensic Sci Int ; 214(1-3): e26-9, 2012 Jan 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21839594

ABSTRACT

Forensic pathologists are sometimes confronted with microscopic foreign bodies mixed in with soft tissues surrounding wounds and which are thus difficult to identify. This identification, however, could be primordial in investigating a crime and in determining the weapon used. A case of a fatal respiratory distress syndrome due to conjoining suicidal drug intoxication and laryngeal obstruction by a voluminous foreign body giant cell granuloma is presented. The classical histological examination showed exogenous particles in the vocal cord tumor with birefringent qualities. Their analysis with Fourier-Transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry coupled with infrared microscope allows the determination of their chemical nature as polytetrafluoroethylene and to the diagnosis of teflonoma. This case report put the emphasis on the forensic interest of the FTIR imaging.


Subject(s)
Granuloma, Foreign-Body/diagnosis , Laryngeal Diseases/diagnosis , Polytetrafluoroethylene/adverse effects , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared , Adult , Airway Obstruction/etiology , Airway Obstruction/pathology , Antipsychotic Agents/poisoning , Forensic Pathology , Granuloma, Foreign-Body/etiology , Humans , Laryngeal Diseases/etiology , Laryngostenosis/etiology , Laryngostenosis/pathology , Larynx/pathology , Male , Microscopy , Phenothiazines/poisoning , Respiratory Aspiration/complications , Respiratory Distress Syndrome/etiology , Suicide
5.
Sud Med Ekspert ; 51(5): 39-41, 2008.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19048878

ABSTRACT

The method of clinoid dehydration of biological fluids along with pH measurement is shown to be suitable for the diagnosis of narcotic intoxication and poisoning with narcotic and potent agents. The data obtained by this and conventional methods are compared. Diagnostically significant signs of narcotic intoxication are deduced from the hemogram of a dry blood droplet and serum pH values.


Subject(s)
Benzodiazepines/poisoning , Forensic Toxicology/methods , Narcotics/poisoning , Phenothiazines/poisoning , Benzodiazepines/blood , Benzodiazepines/urine , Cadaver , Case-Control Studies , Cause of Death , Dehydration , Humans , Narcotics/blood , Narcotics/urine , Phenothiazines/blood , Phenothiazines/urine , Substance-Related Disorders/diagnosis , Substance-Related Disorders/mortality
7.
Przegl Lek ; 64(4-5): 304-7, 2007.
Article in Polish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17724892

ABSTRACT

UNLABELLED: Two cases (woman and man) of the extended suicidal poisonings with carbamazepine and phenothiazine derivatives are presented. Drug's blood concentrations during poisoning were monitored. We examine correlation between patient's general status and the drug's blood concentrations, carbamazepine and phenothiazine derivatives interaction due to young, healthy people who received no earlier treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: blood samples for toxicological examinations were collected at 0, 12, 24 and 48 hours after admission. Carbamazepine was determined using FPIA method and phenothiazines derivatives by HPLC-DAD. The highest blood concentrations were for carbamazepine: 30.92 mg/l (woman) and 20.95 ng/ml (man); for phenothiazine derivatives: 927 ng/ml (woman) and 733 ng/ ml (man). CONCLUSIONS: In both cases severe central nervous depression was observed due to summed action of the drugs. Sex and individual differences in cytochromes activities should have influence to carbamazepine metabolism and faster elimination time in woman. In the case of phenothiazine derivatives faster elimination time in man was observed. The differences in elimination times between compared drugs confirm their different metabolic routes.


Subject(s)
Carbamazepine/pharmacokinetics , Carbamazepine/poisoning , Inactivation, Metabolic , Phenothiazines/pharmacokinetics , Phenothiazines/poisoning , Adolescent , Adult , Anticonvulsants/blood , Anticonvulsants/urine , Carbamazepine/blood , Carbamazepine/urine , Central Nervous System Depressants/blood , Central Nervous System Depressants/pharmacokinetics , Central Nervous System Depressants/poisoning , Central Nervous System Depressants/urine , Drug Overdose , Emergency Service, Hospital , Female , Humans , Male , Phenothiazines/blood , Phenothiazines/urine , Severity of Illness Index , Sex Factors , Suicide, Attempted , Treatment Outcome
8.
J Emerg Med ; 31(1): 53-9, 2006 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16798156

ABSTRACT

Traditionally, pediatric phenothiazine exposures are considered dangerous even at low doses. The actual risk of exposure to 1-2 tablets is unclear. In an attempt to determine this risk, the authors performed a literature search, review of the American Association of Poison Control Center data, and evaluation of related resources (e.g., textbooks, bibliographies of relevant papers). This review reveals only sparse data from case reports regarding morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population despite years of clinical experience. Serious toxicity from exposure to low doses is rare and nearly always the result of chlorpromazine ingestion. Although the risk to the toddler ingesting 1-2 tablets seems to be extremely low, several factors should be considered when determining the need for triage to a health care facility.


Subject(s)
Phenothiazines/poisoning , Administration, Oral , Child, Preschool , Drug Overdose , Emergency Treatment , Humans
9.
Forensic Sci Int ; 137(1): 13-5, 2003 Oct 14.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14550607

ABSTRACT

A case of fatal poisoning with cyamemazine is presented. The cyamemazine was identified in post-mortem blood using a specific gas chromatographic/mass spectrometry method. The autopsy blood concentration of cyamemazine was 1800 ng/ml. Chronic use of cyamemazine was demonstrated by the presence of the drug in hair. Two other drugs were also detected (bromazepam and trimeprazine). We think that this current blood concentration (1800 ng/ml) is a fatal blood concentration because of the negativity of the other parameters, but careful interpretation of analytical findings are important, the possibility that this death was a consequence of the toxicity of combined drugs could not be excluded. Not many therapeutics and toxic levels were previously reported in overdosage cases in which cyamemazine was involved. We consider that this concentration is only of guidance value for a fatal cyamemazine poisoning.


Subject(s)
Antipsychotic Agents/poisoning , Phenothiazines/poisoning , Anti-Anxiety Agents/analysis , Antipruritics/analysis , Antipsychotic Agents/analysis , Bromazepam/analysis , Female , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Hair/chemistry , Humans , Middle Aged , Phenothiazines/analysis , Trimeprazine/analysis
10.
J Forensic Sci ; 45(1): 7-10, 2000 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10641912

ABSTRACT

To compare the characteristics of dextropropoxyphene (DXP) poisoning victims with those of victims of poisonings by antidepressants and sedatives, we examined all fatal poisonings due to DXP, antidepressants or sedatives among autopsies performed at one department of forensic medicine in Sweden during the six-year period from 1992 to 1997. In 202 cases, death was classified as fatal poisonings by DXP, antidepressants or sedatives. DXP caused death in 78 cases (39%), antidepressants in 49 (24%), and sedatives in 75 (37%). DXP as a single preparation was predominant in causing death. The second compound, flunitrazepam, caused death in 30 cases (15%). The victims of poisonings by DXP, antidepressants, or sedatives shared a similar history of alcohol/drug abuse, depression and somatic illness. They were mostly living alone at the time of death (>60%), the majority died at home (81%), and suicide was the most frequent manner of death (73%). Age seemed to be an important characteristic regarding the choice of drug. Younger people predominantly died of DXP (mean age 43 years, 95% confidence interval, CI 39-47), and elderly people of sedatives (mean age 59 years, CI 55-63). Antidepressants were found mainly in middle-aged victims (mean age 51 years, CI 48-54). The predominance of sedatives among the elderly might be explained by a very high prescription rate of such drugs in older age groups, but prescription rate could not explain the DXP predominance among younger people. We hypothesize that younger people are more prone to abuse therapeutic drugs for euphoric reasons than elderly people, and that because of its high toxicity, DXP leads to accidental deaths more often than sedatives.


Subject(s)
Antidepressive Agents/poisoning , Dextropropoxyphene/poisoning , Hypnotics and Sedatives/poisoning , Narcotics/poisoning , Poisoning/mortality , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Amitriptyline/poisoning , Autopsy , Azabicyclo Compounds , Clomipramine/poisoning , Female , Flunitrazepam/poisoning , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Phenothiazines/poisoning , Piperazines/poisoning , Trimeprazine/poisoning
11.
Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol ; 11(4): 451-3, 1999 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10321765

ABSTRACT

Hepatotoxicity of cyamamezine, a phenothiazine structurally related to chlorpromazine, has been rarely documented. We report here a case of acute symptomatic hepatitis following a unique massive intake of cyamamezine in a suicide attempt and discuss the mechanisms of such injury.


Subject(s)
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/etiology , Phenothiazines/poisoning , Acute Disease , Adult , Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/pathology , Female , Humans , Liver/pathology , Suicide, Attempted
13.
Anesteziol Reanimatol ; (3): 10-3, 1995.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7653856

ABSTRACT

Efficacy of dobutrex was assessed in 75 patients with grave poisonings. In 45 of these poisoning with cardiotoxic agents was complicated by acute heart failure and in 30 poisoning with psychopharmacological agents involved secondary disorders of cardiac contractile function. A sharp reduction of cardiac contractile function and output were observed in all the cases. Treatment efficacy was assessed by monitoring the parameters of central hemodynamics and by phase analysis of left-ventricular systole by rheopolycardiography with recording by mingograf-82. The results indicated a rapid and effective correction of decreased cardiac contractility and increase of cardiac output. The dose-effective concentration of dobutrex in the blood needed for the treatment of acute heart failure was from 10 to 17.5 micrograms/kg/min. Arterial pressure, cardiac contractility, and cardiac output stabilized within 4 to 6 h. After poisoning with psychopharmacological agents cardiac contractility recovered in 3-3.5 h. The dose-effective concentration of dobutrex in the blood was 5 micrograms/kg/min. Dobutrex is a highly active cardiotonic agent for the treatment of critical states developing in the aforesaid poisonings.


Subject(s)
Barbiturates/poisoning , Dobutamine/therapeutic use , Phenothiazines/poisoning , Poisoning/drug therapy , Psychotropic Drugs/poisoning , Acute Disease , Adolescent , Adult , Hemodynamics , Humans , Middle Aged , Myocardial Contraction , Poisoning/physiopathology , Time Factors
14.
Sud Med Ekspert ; 37(4): 25-7, 1994.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7892687

ABSTRACT

Ethacizin and its principal metabolite 2-carbethoxyaminophenothiazine may be isolated from cadaveric material by acetonitrile and subsequent ether extraction at pH 13.0. Detection of ethacizin from the hydrolysis product improves the sensitivity of detection.


Subject(s)
Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/analysis , Phenothiazines/analysis , Adult , Anti-Arrhythmia Agents/poisoning , Chromatography, Thin Layer/methods , Female , Humans , Phenothiazines/poisoning , Poisoning/metabolism , Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet , Triazines/analysis
15.
J Anal Toxicol ; 17(6): 386-8, 1993 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7903727

ABSTRACT

A fatality involving cyamemazine, a phenothiazine derivative, is presented. Cyamemazine was formally identified in postmortem blood using an HPLC-DAD screening procedure, and then quantified in some postmortem samples by means of a specific HPLC method. The blood concentration of cyamemazine was 9.8 micrograms/mL. Tissue distribution of cyamemazine is discussed in light of the existing literature.


Subject(s)
Antipsychotic Agents/poisoning , Phenothiazines/poisoning , Cause of Death , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Molecular Structure , Suicide
19.
Z Gesamte Inn Med ; 42(7): 187-90, 1987 Apr 01.
Article in German | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3604351

ABSTRACT

Underlying literature and taking into consideration own experiences in the anticholinergic syndrome the following view is taken: Physostigmine salicylate is the remedy of choice for the treatment of the anticholinergic syndrome and altogether causes only slight side effects. While for differential-diagnostic reasons the application is recommended under hospital conditions, the pre-hospital application is to be estimated as problematical. The improvement of the clinical symptoms under the influence of physostigmine salicylate must not lead to the neglect of the control of the patient. A differentiated use of physostigmine salicylate is necessary, and it cannot be regarded as "universal antidote" in intoxications caused by central-nervous effective substances.


Subject(s)
Cholinergic Fibers/drug effects , Physostigmine/analogs & derivatives , Poisoning/drug therapy , Adolescent , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Female , Humans , Nitrazepam/poisoning , Phenothiazines/poisoning , Physostigmine/adverse effects , Physostigmine/therapeutic use , Syndrome
20.
Ann Fr Anesth Reanim ; 6(2): 122-4, 1987.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2884905

ABSTRACT

A case is reported of massive drug self-poisoning (more than 200 pills associated with slices of oranges) in which repeated gastric lavage failed to empty the stomach. An attempt to split up the amalgamated pills, adherent to the gastric mucosa, by fibre-optic gastroscopy failed and a gastrotomy was required. Endoscopy together with gastric lavage is indicated in certain situations to quickly empty the stomach and so shorten the course of the poisoning. Indications are the large number of pills swallowed, a poor result of the treatment, a worsening of the clinical condition despite treatment, and three positive gastric toxicological assays within the first 24 h.


Subject(s)
Amitriptyline/poisoning , Antipsychotic Agents/poisoning , Gastric Lavage , Gastroscopy , Lorazepam/poisoning , Phenothiazines/poisoning , Electrocardiography , Female , Heart Block/etiology , Humans , Middle Aged
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