Microbial elements as the initial triggers in the pathogenesis of polymorphic light eruption?

The primary trigger of polymorphic light eruption (PLE) remains to be uncovered. We hypothesize that PLE may be initiated by elements resulting from UV-induced damage to microbial communities of the skin, leading to a cascade of events eventually resulting in the skin rash of the disease. One mechanism by which epidermal injury by UV radiation could trigger PLE are danger signals such as damage or pathogen associated molecular patterns DAMP/PAMPs or commensal-associated molecular patterns (CAMPs). Such triggers could be produced due to UV-induced stress on microbial communities of the skin and exacerbate inflammatory responses by inducing the innate immune system through antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as psoriasin, RNase7, HBD-2 and LL-37. These AMPs also actively take part in initiating adaptive immunity. That signals derived from microbial rather than human elements may initiate PLE is supported by series of observations, including the PLE-protective effect of topically applied microbial-derived DNA repair enzymes.

A review of common dermatologic disorders of the external ear.

Skin disorders of the external ear are common. Although audiologists will not necessarily treat these conditions, it is important for them to be aware of these disorders and refer patients to a specialist in some instances. This report summarizes eight of the most commonly encountered skin conditions with an emphasis on recognition and appropriate referral. The cutaneous disorders of the external ear discussed in the article are divided into benign, premalignant, and malignant groups.

High sensitivity of Deinococcus radiodurans to photodynamically-produced singlet oxygen.

PURPOSE: To study the sensitivity of two bacterial cell systems to photodynamic treatment and X-ray irradiation as part of a project to establish efficient procedures for waste water disinfection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Stationary-phase cells of Deinococcus radiodurans (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) were exposed to visible light in a buffer solution containing up to 5 microg/ml sensitizer rose bengal (RB) and to X-rays at dose rates of 32.8 Gy/min or 14.6 Gy/min, respectively. RESULTS: Survival of both cell types decreased with increasing exposure time to visible light and increasing concentration of RB, and therefore with an increase in singlet oxygen production. Surprisingly, D. radiodurans, the most resistant cell system to ionizing radiation, was more sensitive to photodynamic treatment than E. coli by about a factor of 100. CONCLUSIONS: The main target of singlet oxygen reaction is the cell membrane. The repair of such damage in D. radiodurans is less effective than in E. coli.

Recovery of hepatic function and latent mortalities in sheep exposed to the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa.

Seventeen sheep died, and many others showed signs of hepatogenous photosensitivity after being exposed to Microcystis aeruginosa at Lake Mokoan, Victoria, Australia. Two groups of sheep were observed, and their hepatic recovery was monitored by means of serum biochemical tests during the subsequent six months. During the first three weeks, their serum gamma-glutamyl transferase activity and bilirubin concentration declined rapidly to normal levels, and the signs of hepatogenous photosensitivity disappeared. Serum bile acid concentrations were above normal for almost three months. Thirty-four per cent of the sheep died during the observation period, and the serum biochemical tests provided no clear indication of the cause of these delayed mortalities. This study suggests that sublethal exposure to microcystins may cause prolonged morbidity and delayed mortality.

Photosensitization associated with exposure to Pithomyces chartarum in lambs.

An epidemic of photosensitization was observed in a group of lambs on irrigated autumn pasture in western Oregon. Signs included crusting, necrosis, and sloughing of the skin over the nostrils, lips, and ears, and of the mucous membranes of the buccal regions. Microscopic examination of plant material from the pasture disclosed spores of Pithomyces chartarum. This fungus has been documented as a causal factor in photosensitization in sheep and cattle (facial eczema) in other parts of the world. An infective agent or other plant material that could have induced the clinical signs in the lambs was not evident. Weather and humidity conditions were ideal for fungal growth during the grazing period, and the fungus was detected in large numbers before and during the epidemic. Even though facial eczema has not been reported previously in northwestern United States, we feel the circumstances surrounding this epidemic warrant such a diagnosis.

Fungi on Narthecium ossifragum leaves and their possible involvement in alveld disease of Norwegian lambs.

Spores of Pithomyces chartarum (Berk. & Curt.) M.B. Ellis were only rarely seen on leaves of Narthecium ossifragum (L.) Hudson collected in summer from five areas in western Norway in which alveld, a photosensitization disease of lambs, is endemic. Cladosporium magnusianum (Jaap) M.B. Ellis was found on all 118 leaf samples collected in the summers of 1990 and 1991. The hypothesis that P. chartarum contributes to the aetiology of alveld could not be supported, but it is possible that C. magnusianum may have a role in the causation of the disease.