Subject(s)
Chlorides/therapeutic use , Gold Compounds/therapeutic use , Metal Nanoparticles/therapeutic use , Nanomedicine , Neoplasms/therapy , Photothermal Therapy , Animals , Chlorides/adverse effects , Gold Compounds/adverse effects , Humans , Metal Nanoparticles/adverse effects , Photothermal Therapy/adverse effectsABSTRACT
Immunotherapies have been accelerating the development of anti-cancer clinical treatment, but its low objective responses and severe off-target immune-related adverse events (irAEs) limit the range of application. Strategies to remove these obstacles primarily focus on the combination of different therapies and the exploitation of new immunotherapeutic agents. Nanomedicine potentiates the effects of activating immune cells selectively and reversing tumor induced immune deficiency microenvironment through multiple mechanisms. In the last decade, a variety of nano-enabled tumor immunotherapies was under clinical investigation. As time goes by, the advantages of nanomedicine are increasingly prominent. With the continuous development of nanotechnology, nanomedicine will offer more distinctive perspectives in imaging diagnosis and treatment of tumors. In this Review, we wish to provide an overview of tumor immunotherapy and the mechanisms of nanomaterials that aim to enhance the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy under development or in clinic treatment.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Genetic Therapy , Immunotherapy , Nanoparticles/therapeutic use , Neoplasms/therapy , Photothermal Therapy , Theranostic Nanomedicine , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects , Cytotoxicity, Immunologic , Drug Carriers , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Genetic Therapy/adverse effects , Humans , Immunotherapy/adverse effects , Immunotherapy, Adoptive , Nanoparticles/adverse effects , Neoplasms/genetics , Neoplasms/immunology , Neoplasms/metabolism , Photothermal Therapy/adverse effects , Signal Transduction , Treatment Outcome , Tumor MicroenvironmentABSTRACT
Cutaneous chrysiasis is gold deposition in the dermis, described after parenteral administration of gold salts or after topical exposure to gold-containing materials. Gold microparticles (GMPs) have versatile therapeutic effects and are increasingly used in medicine. This case report describes the development of a blue-gray macule following the facial application of GMPs and laser treatment of acne vulgaris. Dermoscopy showed a nonspecific homogenous blue-gray pattern, gradually fading over an 8-month-period. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) detected hyperreflective, subcellular particles in the papillary dermis, localized around hair follicles, eccrine glands, and inside macrophages. Histopathological evaluation, darkfield illumination with hyperspectral imaging, and neutron activation analysis confirmed the presence of GMPs in the dermis. RCM allowed non-invasive fast visualization of aggregates of hyperreflective particles in the dermis and can potentially be used for monitoring localized cutaneous chrysiasis and other metal deposition conditions over time. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
