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1.
World Neurosurg ; 82(5): 781-90, 2014 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24915069

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Pituitary apoplexy is an infrequent occurrence that can require timely treatment. The term "pituitary apoplexy" as used in the literature describes a heterogeneous spectrum. There is controversy about which subsets require urgent as opposed to elective surgical treatment or even medical treatment alone. We present a retrospective series of 109 consecutive cases of pituitary apoplexy from a single institution from 1992-2012 and develop a comprehensive classification system to analyze outcome. METHODS: Surgical and endocrine consult databases were reviewed to analyze patterns of presentation, imaging, treatment, and outcomes. RESULTS: Most of the patients in this series presented clinically with "classic" pituitary apoplexy (97%), had magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation (99%), underwent transsphenoidal surgery as their primary treatment (93%), and were found to have pituitary adenomas on histopathology (90%). We categorized patients into 5 grades based on clinical presentation. Tumor volume, cavernous sinus involvement, suprasellar extension, and need for ongoing endocrine replacement correlated with grade. Long-term endocrine replacement at follow-up was required in 62%-68% of patients with a higher grade compared with 0-23% of patients with a lower grade. Higher grade patients tended to undergo earlier surgery after symptom onset. Symptoms resolved or improved with treatment in 92%-100% of patients across all grades with good general outcomes for visual deficits and ocular motility problems, validating management decisions overall. CONCLUSIONS: We offer a simple yet comprehensive grading system to classify the clinical spectrum of pituitary apoplexy, which has implications for management, outcomes, and categorization for future studies.


Subject(s)
Elective Surgical Procedures/methods , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Neurosurgical Procedures/methods , Pituitary Apoplexy , Adenoma/classification , Adenoma/pathology , Adenoma/surgery , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Databases, Factual , Female , Glasgow Coma Scale , Humans , Karnofsky Performance Status , Male , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Grading , Pituitary Apoplexy/classification , Pituitary Apoplexy/pathology , Pituitary Apoplexy/surgery , Pituitary Neoplasms/classification , Pituitary Neoplasms/pathology , Pituitary Neoplasms/surgery , Retrospective Studies , Sphenoid Bone/surgery , Treatment Outcome , Young Adult
2.
Praxis galen ; 1(1): 8-15, 1993. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-134732

ABSTRACT

Revisamos 42 artículos de la experiencia internacional sobre el tema y aspectos relacionados, encontrándose que existen muchos criterios cambiantes en la actualidad. La apoplejia pituitaria (AP) es conocida desde Bleibtreu en 1905. Se la puede definir como el cuadro de necrosis hemorrágica de una hipofisis adenomatosa con incremento del volumen previo y un espectro amplio de manifestaciones. Su frecuencia relativa en las series de tumores de hipófisis fluctúa entre 1.5 al 27 por ciento, promediando alrededor del 10 por ciento, su mayor frecuencia está en los adenomas cromofobos. La AP constituyó el primer diagnóstico de un adenoma hipofisario, entre el 21,2 y 100 por ciento; sin embargo en algunos casos el análisis retrospectivo ha mostrado la endocrinopatia preexistente aunque no haya sido diagnosticada. Como factores desencadenantes han sido involucrados; radioterapia, procedimientos neumoencefalográficos, angiográficos, uso de clorpromazina, trauma craneal, infección respiratoria alta, anticoagulación, narcomanía, estrogenoterapia, uso de bromocriptina, embarazo y otros. Las manifestaciones son agrupables así: 1- Endocrinopatias, que generalmente desembocan en panhipopituitarismo; 2- Cefálea,, que es universal; 3- Signos neurológicos focales, que en su mayoría son neuroftalmológicos; 4- Signos catastróficos de disfunciónneurológica difusa; 5- Radiológicos. El diagnóstico se basa en la demostración de una producción hormonal hipofisaria anormal, evidencia de hemorragia mediante tomografía axial computarizada (TAC) y resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN), demostración histológica de adenoma con necrosis hemorragica. La combinación de varias manifestaciones clínicas puede contribuir al diagnostico. El tratamiento es controvertido.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adenoma, Chromophobe , Pituitary Gland, Anterior , Necrosis , Neurology , Pituitary Apoplexy/classification , Pituitary Apoplexy/diagnosis , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/history , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Pituitary Apoplexy/history , Pituitary Apoplexy/physiopathology , Pituitary Apoplexy/therapy
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