Attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy for the prediction of hormone concentrations in plants.

Plant hormones are important in the control of physiological and developmental processes including seed germination, senescence, flowering, stomatal aperture, and ultimately the overall growth and yield of plants. Many currently available methods to quantify such growth regulators quickly and accurately require extensive sample purification using complex analytic techniques. Herein we used ultra-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) to create and validate the prediction of hormone concentrations made using attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectral profiles of both freeze-dried ground leaf tissue and extracted xylem sap of Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica) plants grown under different environmental conditions. In addition to these predictions made with partial least squares regression, further analysis of spectral data was performed using chemometric techniques, including principal component analysis, linear discriminant analysis, and support vector machines (SVM). Plants grown in different environments had sufficiently different biochemical profiles, including plant hormonal compounds, to allow successful differentiation by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy coupled with SVM. ATR-FTIR spectral biomarkers highlighted a range of biomolecules responsible for the differing spectral signatures between growth environments, such as triacylglycerol, proteins and amino acids, tannins, pectin, polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose, DNA and RNA. Using partial least squares regression, we show the potential for accurate prediction of plant hormone concentrations from ATR-FTIR spectral profiles, calibrated with hormonal data quantified by UHPLC-HRMS. The application of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics offers accurate prediction of hormone concentrations in plant samples, with advantages over existing approaches.

High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Quantification of the Plant Hormone Abscisic Acid at ppb Levels in Plant Samples after a Single Immunoaffinity Column Cleanup.

High-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) is a common analysis technique due to its high versatility and simple operation. In the present study, HPLC-UV detection was integrated with immunoaffinity cleanup (IAC) of the sample extracts. The matrix effect was greatly reduced, and the limit of detection was as low as 1 ng/g of free abscisic acid (ABA) in fresh plant tissues. A monoclonal antibody 3F1 (mAb 3F1) was developed to specifically recognize free ABA but not ABA analogues. The mAb 3F1-immobilized immunoaffinity column exhibited a capacity of 850 ng/mL and an elution efficiency of 88.8-105% for standards. The extraction recoveries of the column for ABA ranged from 80.4 to 108.9%. ABA content was detected in various plant samples with IAC-HPLC-UV. The results were verified with ultraperformance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. IAC-HPLC-UV can be a sensitive and cost-efficient method for plant hormone analysis.

Chemical bonding of cross-linked glutaraldehyde/chitosan on the surface of a titanium wire to prepare a robust biocompatible SPME fiber for analysis of phytohormones in plants.

A robust biocompatible solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber, so-called Ti/APTS/GA/CS, was prepared by chemical bonding of cross-linked glutaraldehyde-chitosan to the surface of a titanium wire using APTS. The fiber was applied for sampling of phytohormones in plant tissues, followed by HPLC-UV analysis. The structure and morphology of the fiber coating was investigated by FT-IR, SEM, EDX, XRD, and TGA techniques. A Box-Behnken design was implemented to optimize the experimental variables. The calibration graphs were linear over a wide linear range (0.5-200 µg L-1) with LODs over the range of 0.01-0.06 µg L-1. The intra-day and inter-day precisions were found to be 1.3-6.3% and 4.3-7.3%, respectively. The matrix effect values ranged from 86.5% to 111.7%, indicating that the complex sample matrices had an insignificant effect on the determination of phytohormones. The fiber was successfully employed for the direct-immersion SPME (DI-SPME-HPLC) analysis of the phytohormones in cucumber, tomato, date palm, and calendula samples.

Regulating the defects of MIL-101(Cr) for the efficient and simultaneous determination of eleven plant growth regulators in fresh fruit juice.

This work presents an efficient sorbent for plant growth regulators (PGRs) by regulating the defects of a metal-organic framework MIL-101(Cr). Using the regulated MIL-101(Cr), we developed a simple and effective method for the simultaneous determination of eleven PGRs in fresh fruit juice. The extraction conditions were optimized by an orthogonal array design. Under optimal conditions, the method showed a satisfactory limit of detection (0.1-1.2 ng/g), recovery rates (83.4-110.2 %), and precision (2.9-18.0 % for intra-day and 2.7-10.8 % for inter-day), as well as a greatly suppressed matrix effect. Notably, regulating the defects significantly enhanced the desorption of PGRs on MIL-101(Cr). The sorbent didn't need to be destroyed to release the adsorbed PGRs and could be reused at least 6 times. Furthermore, the defects of MIL-101(Cr) and interactions between the sorbent and PGRs were studied by TGA, ATR-IR, XPS, NH3-TPD and UV-Vis DRS.

A rapid and sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of phytohormones in the medicinal plant saffron.

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a valuable Chinese herb with high medicinal value. Saffron pistils are used as medicine, so increasing the number of flowers can increase the yield. Plant hormones have essential roles in the growth and development of saffron, as well as the response to biotic and abiotic stresses (especially in floral initiation), which may directly affect the number of flowers. Quantitative analysis of plant hormones provides a basis for more efficient research on their synthesis, transportation, metabolism, and action. However, starch (which interferes with extraction) is present in high levels, and hormone levels are extremely low, in saffron corms, thereby hampering accurate determination of plant-hormone levels in saffron. Herein, we screened an efficient and convenient pre-treatment method for plant materials containing abundant amounts of starch. Also, we proposed an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the quantification of abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin (IAA). Then, the method was applied for the detection of hormone-content differences between flowering and non-flowering top buds, as well as between lateral and top buds. Our method showed high sensitivity, reproducibility, and reliability. Specifically, good linearity in the range 2-100 ng ml-1 was achieved in the determination of ABA and IAA, and the correlation coefficient (R2) was >0.9982. The relative standard deviation was 2.956-14.51% (intraday) and 9.57-18.99% (interday), and the recovery range was 89.04-101.1% (n = 9). The matrix effect was 80.38-90.50% (n = 3). The method was thoroughly assessed employing various "green" chemistry evaluation tools: Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI), Complementary Green Analytical Procedure Index (Complex GAPI) and Red Green Blue 12 Algorithm (RGB12). These tools revealed the good greenness, analytical performance, applicability, and overall sustainability alignment of our method. Quantitative results showed that, compared with saffron with a flowering phenotype cultivated at 25 °C, the contents of IAA and ABA in the terminal buds of saffron cultivated at 16 °C decreased significantly. When cultivated at 25 °C, the IAA and ABA contents in the terminal buds of saffron were 1.54- and 4.84-times higher than those in the lateral buds, respectively. A simple, rapid, and accurate UPLC-MS/MS method was established to determine IAA and ABA contents. Using this method, a connection between the contents of IAA and ABA and the flowering phenotype was observed in the quantification results. Our data lay a foundation for studying the flowering mechanism of saffron.

Application of three-dimensional material CZIF-8/CS-MS as adsorbents for the determination of plant growth regulators in Schisandra chinensis.

In this study, we employed a melamine sponge (MS) as the skeleton material and utilized carbonized ZIF-8 (CZIF-8) and chitosan (CS) as the raw materials to prepare CZIF-8/CS-MS, a novel material featuring a three-dimensional interconnected porous network. The resulting CZIF-8/CS-MS material possesses a unique porous structure, significant specific surface area and abundant active sites. These characteristics make CZIF-8/CS-MS a promising absorbent for selective purification of plant growth regulators (PGRs) including 1-naphthlcetic acid (NAA), naphthoxyacetic acid (NOA), 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (4-CPA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). After optimizing the extraction conditions, excellent linearity (r > 0.9994) was observed within a wide linear range of 1-100 ng/mL using ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry. The detection limits (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were found to be in the range of 0.013-0.154 ng/mL and 0.044-0.515 ng/mL, respectively. Additionally, the relative recovery of Schisandra chinensis fruit samples was determined to be 89.7-99.4 %, with a relative standard deviation (RSDs) of ≤ 8.4 % (n = 3). Compared to other methods, this approach offers a multitude of benefits, which include but are not limited to exceptional sensitivity, reduced sample volume requirements, low LODs, a comparable linear range, and high reproducibility. The findings of this study pave the way for exploring novel functionalized sponge columns, which leverage the integration of nano-sorbent materials and coating agents, for the purpose of analyzing PGRs within intricate matrix samples.

The effect of exogenous plant growth regulators on elevated Cd phytoremediation by Solanum nigrum L. in contaminated soil.

Maximizing amendment potential is an emphasis in the HM-contaminated field of phytoremediation by hyperaccumulators due to the low bioavailability of HMs in soils and small biomass yields of plants. This study investigated the influence of different types and concentrations of plant growth regulators on Cd phytoremediation by Solanum nigrum in contaminated soil. Our conclusions showed that the shoot Cd extractions (µg plant-1) and the root and shoot biomasses at all the treatments remarkedly increased compared with that of the CK (p < 0.05), while the Cd concentrations at root and aboveground parts by S. nigrum, the extractable Cd concentrations, and pH value of soils did not change significantly compared with the CK (p < 0.05). Furthermore, correlation analysis showed that the shoot Cd phytoaccumulation and the root and aboveground biomasses of S. nigrum were particularly dependent upon the application of CTK and GA3 concentration gradient (p < 0.05). Moreover, some related physicochemical indexes were determined for supervising the growth conditions of plants, and these results pointed out that after exogenous PGRs treatments, the chlorophyll content and antioxidative enzymes POD and SOD activities in vivo of plants clearly advanced, while the H2O2 and MDA contents and CAT apparently declined. These consequence demonstrated that the exogenous PGR addition prominently reinforced the Cd phytoextraction capacity of S. nigrum in contaminated soil by stimulating plant growth and increasing shoot yields.

Highly sensitive analysis of photoregulation and dynamic distribution of phytohormones based on nanoconfined liquid phase nanoextraction.

BACKGROUND: As a vital energy source, light is one of the most significant environmental signals for plants' growth and development. The crosstalk amongst phytohormones regulated by light exhibits quantitative dynamic changes, but methodologies to analyze their distribution during plant growth are still limited. Rapid, highly sensitive, low-invasive detection and simultaneous assessment of the levels of multiple classes of phytohormones have important phytology applications, however the existing sample pretreatment strategies remain intricate, laborious, and far from being developed for in vivo high-sensitivity testing. (81) RESULTS: We applied a nanoconfined liquid phase nanoextraction (NLPNE) technique based on acidified carbon nanofibers (ACNFs) in combination with LC-ESI-MS/MS for highly sensitive analysis of acidic phytohormones' photoregulation and dynamic distribution. In this system, the mass transfer ability of analytes entering the nanoconfined space is significantly improved given the nanoconfined effect. In particular, the accelerated and strong adsorption of alkaline compounds to the ACNFs surface provide minimum interference for acidic compounds (photosensitive phytohormones), which facilitates their simple, fast, and selective quantification with improved sensitivity. The ACNFs-NLPNE strategy achieved quantitative enrichment of multi-class phytohormones in less than 5 min, and detection limits down to 0.49 fg mL-1. Moreover, we monitored the phytohormone changes under red and blue monochromatic light with relative standard deviations <13.4 %. The results further indicated that short-time red light regulation promoted Lepidium sativum L. growth while blue light inhibited it. (141) SIGNIFICANCE: A nanoconfinement effect-based sample pretreatment platform was developed for monitoring photoregulation phytohormones dynamic distribution with higher sensitivity and stability. Our findings highlighted the importance of the NLPNE approach in providing an accurate plant crosstalk information at the molecular level, which opens a promising avenue for investigating internal hormonal responses to external stimuli. (52).

Application of a three dimensional polyethyleneimine functionalized graphene oxide aerogel as an adsorbent for the determination of phytohormones in ginseng.

Aerogels have attracted considerable attention in sample pretreatment for their outstanding properties, such as the unique porous structure, large surface area and abundant modifiable active sites. The present research reports a three-dimensional interconnected porous network aerogel (PEI-AGO) manufactured based on graphene oxide (GO), polyethyleneimine (PEI) and agar as basic materials through a vacuum freeze-drying treatment. The PEI-AGO aerogel exhibits great potential as a solid phase extraction adsorbent for the selective purification of six endogenous plant hormones in conjunction with high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Several factors affecting the extraction efficiency were investigated. Under the optimized extraction conditions, a wide linear range of 0.5-100 ng mL-1 with a good linearity (r > 0.9934) was observed. Low limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were obtained in the range of 0.032-0.155 ng mL-1 and 0.107-0.518 ng mL-1, respectively. Furthermore, the relative recoveries for spiked ginseng samples exhibited remarkable consistency, ranging from 90.2% to 117.6%, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of ≤9.4% (n = 3). In summary, PEI-AGO has proven to be an effective adsorbent for the pretreatment and enrichment of phytohormones which can be used for the determination of trace endogenous acidic plant hormones in ginseng leaves.

[Determination of three plant growth regulators in Dendrobium officinale and Anoectochilus roxburghii by three-phase hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction- high performance liquid chromatography].

Dendrobium officinale (D. officinale) and Anoectochilus roxburghii (A. roxburghii) are precious raw materials for traditional Chinese medicine. The growing demand for D. officinale and A. roxburghii cannot be met by current production techniques. Hence, the widespread artificial cultivation of D. officinale and A. roxburghii using substantial amounts of plant growth regulators (PGRs) has emerged. The excessive use of PGRs not only affects the quality and efficacy of medicinal materials but also causes a series of safety issues. Therefore, expanding research on residual PGRs in valuable Chinese medicinal materials is important to avoid the health hazards caused by these substances. Unfortunately, the identification of PGRs is challenging because of their trace and complex matrices. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has become one of the mainstream analytical methods for PGR determination. An important consideration in the application of this technique to the detection of trace acidic PGRs is how to improve its accuracy and sensitivity. Three-phase hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (3P-HF-LPME) has the advantages of a high enrichment factor, complex sample purification ability, low reagent consumption, low cost, and easy integration with chromatographic systems. Thus, the 3P-HF-LPME method overcomes the many shortcomings of traditional sample pretreatment methods. In this study, a novel, simple, and effective analytical method based on 3P-HF-LPME combined with HPLC was developed to extract, purify, enrich, and detect three trace acidic PGRs (indole-3-acetic acid, naphthyl acetic acid and indolebutyric acid) in D. officinale and A. roxburghii. The chromatographic separation conditions and 3P-HF-LPME model parameters were systematically optimized for this purpose. First, the sample solution was prepared by ultrasonication and low-temperature standing, and then adjusted to pH 3.0 using dilute hydrochloric acid. The sample solution (10 mL) and NaCl (1.50 g) were stored in a 15 mL brown extraction bottle with a built-in magnetic stirrer. Next, 30 µL of NaOH solution (pH 11.0) as the inner phase solution was injected into the inner cavity of a hollow fiber tube, which was subsequently sealed at both ends. The hollow fiber tube was soaked in n-octanol for 5 min and dried naturally to remove excess extraction solvent from its surface. Finally, the fiber tube was placed in a brown extraction bottle and stirred using a thermostatic magnetic stirrer at 40 ℃ and 1600 r/min for 2 h. After extraction, the three target analytes were separated on a Welch Ultimate XB-C18 column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 µm) under isocratic elution conditions using acetic acid aqueous solution and methanol (45∶55, v/v) as the eluent. The results indicated that the three PGRs showed good linearity in the range of 0.5-100.0 µg/L (coefficients of determination (r2)=0.9999), with limits of detection (LODs) of 0.02-0.15 µg/L. The method recoveries were 88.5-102.2%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 3.7% (n=3). The extraction efficiencies and enrichment factors of the three PGRs in 15 batches of fresh D. officinale and A. roxburghii products were found to be 42.0%-86.8% and 140-289. Full-scan mass spectrometry was used to further identify positive samples to avoid false-positive results and enhance the reliability of the experimental method. In summary, the proposed method is sensitive, accurate, reliable, environment friendly, and capable of high enrichment. It could be used to determine the residues of three acidic PGRs in D. officinale and A. roxburghii. Moreover, it can provide technical support for the residue detection of PGRs in other Chinese medicinal materials.

[Effect of Rhizophagus intraradices on growth of Salvia miltiorrhiza].

The study aimed to explore the effects of inoculation of Rhizophagus intraradices on the biomass, effective component content, and endogenous hormone content of Salvia miltiorrhiza through pot experiments. The number of leaves, plant height, dry weight of aboveground and underground parts, branch number, root number, root length, root diameter, and other biomass were mea-sured by weighing and counting methods. The content of salvianolic acid B, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, tanshinone Ⅰ, tanshinone Ⅱ_A, cryptotanshinone, and other effective components was determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. The content of ABA and GA_3 was determined by triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The correlations between biomass and effective components and between effective components and plant hormones ABA and GA_3 were analyzed. The results showed that R. intraradices significan-tly increased the aboveground dry weight, leaf number, and root number of S. miltiorrhiza by 0.24-0.65 times, respectively. The content of salvianolic acid B and rosmarinic acid in the aboveground part and the content of salvianolic acid B, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, tanshinone Ⅰ, and tanshinone Ⅱ_A in the underground part were significantly increased by 0.44-1.78 times, respectively. R. intraradices infection significantly increased the GA_3/ABA values of aboveground and underground parts by 3.82 and 76.47 times, respectively. The correlation analysis showed that caffeic acid, the effective component of the aboveground part, was significantly positively correlated with plant height, tanshinone Ⅱ_A, the effective component of the underground part, was significantly positively correlated with biomass root number, cryptotanshinone, and dry weight, while rosmarinic acid was significantly negatively correlated with dry weight. There were significant positive correlations between cryptotanshinone and ABA, tanshinone Ⅱ_A and ABA and GA_3, and caffeic acid and GA_3. In conclusion, R. intraradices can promote the accumulation of biomass and secondary metabolites of S. miltiorrhiza and regulate the balance between plant hormones ABA and GA_3, thereby promoting the growth of S. miltiorrhiza.

Dual-template hydrophilic imprinted resin as an adsorbent for highly selective simultaneous extraction and determination of multiple trace plant growth regulators in red wine samples.

In recent years, numerous plant growth regulators have been found in foods and have a toxicity to human health, so its simultaneous multiple monitoring is urgently. For the first time, a rapid, accurate, and high-selective method was established to extract and determine multiple plant growth regulators simultaneously in red wines using a new dual-template hydrophilic molecularly imprinted resin (DHMIR) as an adsorbent of pipette tip solid-phase extraction coupled with HPLC. The as-prepared DHMIR combined the advantages of the hydrophilicity of hydrophilic resin and multi-imprinted recognition of dual-template molecular imprinting, overcoming the poor imprinted recognition ability of traditional imprinting materials in water and low extraction efficiency to multiple targets. Under the optimized conditions, the proposed method exhibited high sensitivity (2.29-3.94 ng mL-1) and recoveries (80.9-109.0 %) using only 15 mg DHMIR. This study provides an effective strategy for rapid, accurate, low-cost, and high-selective determination of the multiple analytes in food samples.

Development of a novel method for multiple phytohormone analysis by UHPLC-MS/MS from bio-enriched organic fertilizer prepared using banana pseudostem sap waste.

Banana harvesting generates a large amount of banana pseudostem waste, which is generally burnt or thrown away, despite containing many nutrients. Bio-enriched organic fertilizer (BOF) was prepared from banana pseudostem sap (BPS), and it has been patented (Patent No. WO 2013/001478 Al). Several reports revealed that its application increases plant growth promotion of various horticulture crops. Apart from macro- and micronutrients, it also contained phytohormones. Hence, the present study aims to detect and quantify phytohormone in it. A novel method was developed to extract four phytohormones, viz., indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), gibberellic acid (GA3), and salicylic acid (SA) using single solvent from BPS and BOF. Extracted hormones were analyzed by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with heated electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HESI-MS/MS). BOF showed a higher concentration of IAA, IBA, GA3, and SA than BPS. Thus, this is the first time a method has been reported to extract and detect phytohormones from banana pseudostem sap.

Range of factors in the reduction of hyperhydricity associated with in vitro shoots of Salvia santolinifolia Bioss / Gama de fatores na redução da hiperidricidade associada a brotos in vitro de Salvia santolinifolia Bioss

Hyperhydricity is a serious physiological disorder and affects In vitro propagation of many plants and as well of Salvia santolinifolia. The donor material to initiate the in vitro culture was the callus taken from the in vitro shoots produced on Murashig and Skoogs (MS) medium at 4.0 mg/l BA. This callus formed numerous hyperhydric shoots on culturing upon the medium of the same composition. The aim was to systematically evaluate the effect of cytokinins (Benzyladnine (BA) and N6-(-2-isopentenyl) adenine (2iP), culture vessels magnitude, medium solidification, source of nitrogen and calcium chloride for the alleviation of hyperhydricity. In the tissue cultures of S. santolinifolia BA and 2iP induced severe hyperhydricity, when other factors i.e. culture vessels magnitude and a suitable concentration of agar, ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), potassium nitrate (KNO3) & calcium chloride (CaCl2.2H2O) were not optimized. After 30 days' culture, we observed 83.82% hyperhydric shoots at increased level (1.5 mg/l 2iP) and 81.59% at decreased levels (1.0 mg/l 2iP). On the other hand, hyperhydricity percentage at decreased (0.4%) and at increased (0.8%) levels of agar were 72.37% and 39.08%, respectively. MS medium modification with NH4NO3 (412 mg/l), KNO3 (475 mg/l) and CaCl2.2H2O (880 mg/l) was found the best medium to reduced hyperhydricity (23.6%).

A hiperidricidade é um distúrbio fisiológico sério e afeta a propagação in vitro de muitas plantas e também da Salvia santolinifolia. O material doador para iniciar a cultura in vitro foi o calo retirado dos brotos in vitro produzidos em meio Murashig e Skoogs (MS) a 4,0 mg / l BA. Esse calo formou numerosos rebentos hiperídricos em cultura no meio da mesma composição. O objetivo foi avaliar sistematicamente o efeito das citocininas (Benziladnina (BA) e N6 - (- 2-isopentenil) adenina (2iP), magnitude dos vasos de cultura, solidificação do meio, fonte de nitrogênio e cloreto de cálcio para o alívio da hiperidricidade. culturas de tecidos de S. santolinifolia BA e 2iP induziram hiperidricidade severa, quando outros fatores, como magnitude dos vasos de cultura e uma concentração adequada de ágar, nitrato de amônio (NH4NO3), nitrato de potássio (KNO3) e cloreto de cálcio (CaCl2.2H2O), não foram otimizados. Após 30 dias de cultura, observamos 83,82% de brotos hiperídricos em níveis aumentados (1,5 mg / l 2iP) e 81,59% em níveis reduzidos (1,0 mg / l 2iP). Por outro lado, a porcentagem de hiperidricidade diminuiu (0,4%) e em níveis aumentados (0,8%) de ágar foram 72,37% e 39,08%, respectivamente. A modificação do meio MS com NH4NO3 (412 mg / l), KNO3 (475 mg / l) e CaCl2.2H2O (880 mg / l) foi encontrada melhor hiperidricidade média a reduzida (23,6%).

Effect of Rhizophagus intraradices on growth of Salvia miltiorrhiza / 中国中药杂志

The study aimed to explore the effects of inoculation of Rhizophagus intraradices on the biomass, effective component content, and endogenous hormone content of Salvia miltiorrhiza through pot experiments. The number of leaves, plant height, dry weight of aboveground and underground parts, branch number, root number, root length, root diameter, and other biomass were mea-sured by weighing and counting methods. The content of salvianolic acid B, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, tanshinone Ⅰ, tanshinone Ⅱ_A, cryptotanshinone, and other effective components was determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. The content of ABA and GA_3 was determined by triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The correlations between biomass and effective components and between effective components and plant hormones ABA and GA_3 were analyzed. The results showed that R. intraradices significan-tly increased the aboveground dry weight, leaf number, and root number of S. miltiorrhiza by 0.24-0.65 times, respectively. The content of salvianolic acid B and rosmarinic acid in the aboveground part and the content of salvianolic acid B, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, tanshinone Ⅰ, and tanshinone Ⅱ_A in the underground part were significantly increased by 0.44-1.78 times, respectively. R. intraradices infection significantly increased the GA_3/ABA values of aboveground and underground parts by 3.82 and 76.47 times, respectively. The correlation analysis showed that caffeic acid, the effective component of the aboveground part, was significantly positively correlated with plant height, tanshinone Ⅱ_A, the effective component of the underground part, was significantly positively correlated with biomass root number, cryptotanshinone, and dry weight, while rosmarinic acid was significantly negatively correlated with dry weight. There were significant positive correlations between cryptotanshinone and ABA, tanshinone Ⅱ_A and ABA and GA_3, and caffeic acid and GA_3. In conclusion, R. intraradices can promote the accumulation of biomass and secondary metabolites of S. miltiorrhiza and regulate the balance between plant hormones ABA and GA_3, thereby promoting the growth of S. miltiorrhiza.

Principal Component Analysis to Assess the Changes of Yield and Quality in Pinellia ternata at Different Stages after Brassinolide Treatments.

Brassinolide (BR) is the "sixth class" plant hormone, which plays an important role in various physiological and biochemical processes of plants. The wide variety of functions of Pinellia ternata means that there is huge demand for it and thus it is in short supply. This paper mainly assessed the changes of yield and quality in P. ternata at different stages after BR treatments by principal component analysis, in order to improve the yield and quality of P. ternata and at the same time determine the best harvest time. The results showed that the tuber yield of P. ternata was significantly increased by BR treatments at different stages (except for the 15th day). After the 15th, 45th, 60th, 75th, 90th, and 105th day of treatments, the tuber yield of P. ternata reached peak values at 0.10 (0.65 g), 0.50 (1.97 g), 0.50 (1.98 g), 1.00 (2.37 g), 1.00 (2.84 g), and 2.00 mg/L (3.76 g) BR treatment, respectively. The optimal harvest time was the 75th day after 0.10, 0.50, and 1.00 mg/L BR treatments, which not only significantly improved the yield of P. ternata, but also retained high level of total alkaloids in the tubers (20.89, 5.37, and 13.44%) and bulbils (9.74, 20.42, and 13.62%), high total flavone content in the tubers (17.66, 16.26, and 12.74%) and bulbils (52.63, 12.79, and 38.69%), and high ß-sitosterol content in the tubers (25.26, 16.65, and 0.62%) of P. ternata, compared with the control, respectively.

Using targeted metabolomics to elucidate the indole auxin network in plants.

The plant hormone auxin plays important roles throughout the entire life span of a plant and facilitates its adaptation to a changing environment. Multiple metabolic pathways intersect to control the levels and flux through indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the primary auxin in most plant species. Measurement of changes in these pathways represents an important objective to understanding core aspects of auxin signal regulation. Such studies have become approachable through the technologies encompassed by targeted metabolomics. By monitoring incorporation of stable isotopes from labeled precursors into proposed intermediates, it is possible to trace pathway utilization and characterize new biosynthetic routes to auxin. Chemical inhibitors that target specific steps or entire pathways related to auxin synthesis aid these techniques. Here we describe methods for obtaining stable isotope labeled pathway intermediates necessary for pathway analysis and quantification of compounds. We describe how to use isotope dilution with methods employing either gas chromatography or high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry techniques for sensitive analysis of IAA. Complete biosynthetic pathway analysis in seedlings using multiple stable isotope-labeled precursors and chemical inhibitors coupled with highly sensitive liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods are described that allow rapid measurement of isotopic flux into biochemical pools. These methods should prove to be useful to researchers studying aspects of the auxin metabolic network in vivo in a variety of plant tissues and during various environmental conditions.

[Simultaneous determination of 40 plant growth regulators, fungicides, insecticides, and antibiotics in bean sprouts by QuEChERS-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].

Chromatography combined with mass spectrometry is the most commonly used detection technology, and it offers the advantages of high sensitivity and high selectivity. The quick, easy, inexpensive, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method is low-cost, effective, and time efficient. The application of the QuEChERS has now been extended to the analysis of contaminants in food samples. The aim of the study was to identify different concentration levels of multiple harmful drug residues in bean sprouts. In this study, QuEChERS coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was established for the simultaneous determination of 40 plant growth regulators, fungicides, insecticides, and antibiotics in bean sprouts. In the HPLC-MS/MS experiment, gibberellic acid, 4-fluorophenoxyacetic acid, chloramphenicol, N6-(δ2-isopentenyl)-adenine, 6-benzylaminopurine, 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were analyzed by MS/MS with negative electrospray ionization (ESI-). The other 33 target analytes (chlormequat, ronidazole, metronidazole, pymetrozine, dimetridazole, methomyl, carbendazim, enoxacin, levofloxacin, pefloxacin mesylate, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, thiabendazole, lomefloxacin, chlorpyrifos, sarafloxacin, imidacloprid, etc.) were analyzed by MS/MS with positive electrospray ionization (ESI+). Sensitive MS conditions were realized by optimizing the instrumental parameters such as the desolvent temperature, collision energy, spraying needle position, precursor ions, and product ions. Then, the optimal pretreatment method was determined by comparing the recovery rates of the 40 drugs obtained with different extraction solvents (methanol, acetonitrile, acetonitrile containing 0.1% ammonia, acetonitrile with 1% acetic acid), different extraction methods (ultrasonic extraction, shaking extraction), and purification with primary secondary amine (PSA) and C18. In this study, the bean sprouts samples were extracted twice by 10 mL acetonitrile with 1% acetic acid, and extracted under ultrasonic conditions. Then, the extracting solution was only cleaned with 100 mg C18. The chromatographic separation of the 40 compounds was accomplished on a Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) with gradient elution. Methanol and 0.01% formic acid aqueous solution were used as the mobile phases. The 40 compounds were analyzed in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The matrix matching external standard method was used for quantitative determination. The results showed that the 40 compounds could be analyzed within 15 min. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration curves showed good linearities for the 40 compounds, and the coefficients of determination (r2) were greater than 0.99 in the range of 2-200 µg/L. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were in the range of 0.1-3 µg/kg and 0.3-9 µg/kg, respectively. Using negative bean sprouts as the substrates, the recovery tests were carried out at three spiked levels of 5, 10, and 50 µg/kg. The average recoveries of the 40 drugs were 78.5% to 115.3%, and the corresponding relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 1.3% to 9.7% (n=6). This method was successfully applied to the analysis of the 40 drug residues in 21 batches of local bean sprouts in Handan city. The results revealed the presence of extensive drug residues in the bean sprouts. The 26 batches were detected to varying degrees, among which 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, carbendazim, 6-benzyladenine, 2,4-D, enrofloxacin, and metronidazole were detected at high rates. The detection rates of 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, 6-benzyladenine, carbendazim, 2,4-D, gibberellic acid, and enrofloxacin were 28.6%, 19.0%, 9.5%, 9.5%, 4.8%, and 4.8%, respectively. The contents ranged from 37.5-352.4, 32.4-273.1, 28.8-38.7, 316.1-20.2, 19.9 and 13.6 µg/kg, respectively. Given its advantages of simplicity, rapidness, and high sensitivity, the developed method can be used for the rapid and accurate determination of trace levels of the 40 drug residues in large quantities of bean sprouts.

Uncovering the effects of kaolin on balancing berry phytohormones and quality attributes of Vitis vinifera grown in warm-temperate climate regions.

BACKGROUND: The application of kaolin particle film is considered a short-term strategy against several environmental stresses in areas with a Mediterranean-like climate. However, it is known that temperature fluctuations and water availability over the season can jeopardize kaolin efficiency in many Mediterranean crops. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the effects of kaolin foliar application on berry phytohormones, antioxidant defence, and oenological parameters at veraison and harvest stages of Touriga-Franca (TF) and Touriga-Nacional (TN) grapevines in two growing seasons (2017 and 2018). The 2017 growing season was considered the driest (-147.1 dryness index) and the warmest (2705 °C growing degree days) of the study. RESULTS: In 2017, TF kaolin-treated berries showed lower salicylic acid (-26.6% compared with unsprayed vines) and abscisic acid (ABA) (-10.5%) accumulation at veraison, whereas salicylic acid increased up to 28.8% at harvest. In a less hot season, TN and TF kaolin-treated grapevines showed a twofold in ABA content and a threefold increase in the indole-3-acetic acid content at veraison and lower ABA levels (83.8%) compared with unsprayed vines at harvest. Treated berries showed a decreased sugar content, without compromising malic and tartaric acid levels, and reactive oxygen species accumulation throughout berry ripening. CONCLUSION: The results suggest kaolin exerts a delaying effect in triggering ripening-related processes under severe summer stress conditions. Treated berries responded with improved antioxidant defence and phytohormone balance, showing significant interactions between kaolin treatment, variety, and developmental stage in both assessed years. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Sumatran fleabane (Conyza sumatrensis [Retz.] E. Walker) control in soybean with combinations of burndown and preemergence herbicides applied in the off-season

Sumatran fleabane (Conyza sumatrensis [Retz.] E. Walker) can be found in many different agricultural environments and impact different crops, such as soybeans and corn. It is believed that the application of burndown and preemergence herbicides in the off-season are effective in controlling Sumatran fleabane in soybean crops. The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of burndown and preemergence herbicides in the off-season, with one or two applications, in the control of Sumatran fleabane in soybean cultivation. Five field experiments were conducted in Maripá, state of Paraná (PR), Brazil. The treatments consisted of the application of burndown herbicides in combinations with preemergence ones, with one or two applications. Control of Sumatran fleabane and soybean yield were evaluated. With the set of experiments, it is highlighted that the strategy combining more applications, with different herbicides, burndown and preemergence, is more promising in the control of Sumatran fleabane. When comparing synthetic auxins, dicamba and triclopyr stand out. For sequential application, worse performance was observed for diquat. Combinations between burndown and preemergence herbicides were effective in controlling Sumatran fleabane, for pre sowing application in soybean. With emphasis on managements with sequential applications of saflufenacil with glufosinate or glyphosate. The strategy combining more applications, with different herbicides, burndown and preemergence herbicides, is more promising in the control of Sumatran fleabane.