Penetrating cations enhance uncoupling activity of anionic protonophores in mitochondria.

Protonophorous uncouplers causing a partial decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential are promising candidates for therapeutic applications. Here we showed that hydrophobic penetrating cations specifically targeted to mitochondria in a membrane potential-driven fashion increased proton-translocating activity of the anionic uncouplers 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and carbonylcyanide-p-trifluorophenylhydrazone (FCCP). In planar bilayer lipid membranes (BLM) separating two compartments with different pH values, DNP-mediated diffusion potential of H(+) ions was enhanced in the presence of dodecyltriphenylphosphonium cation (C12TPP). The mitochondria-targeted penetrating cations strongly increased DNP- and carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP)-mediated steady-state current through BLM when a transmembrane electrical potential difference was applied. Carboxyfluorescein efflux from liposomes initiated by the plastoquinone-containing penetrating cation SkQ1 was inhibited by both DNP and FCCP. Formation of complexes between the cation and CCCP was observed spectophotometrically. In contrast to the less hydrophobic tetraphenylphosphonium cation (TPP), SkQ1 and C12TPP promoted the uncoupling action of DNP and FCCP on isolated mitochondria. C12TPP and FCCP exhibited a synergistic effect decreasing the membrane potential of mitochondria in yeast cells. The stimulating action of penetrating cations on the protonophore-mediated uncoupling is assumed to be useful for medical applications of low (non-toxic) concentrations of protonophores.

In intact leaves, the maximum fluorescence level (F(M)) is independent of the redox state of the plastoquinone pool: a DCMU-inhibition study.

The effects of DCMU (3-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) on the fluorescence induction transient (OJIP) in higher plants were re-investigated. We found that the initial (F(0)) and maximum (F(M)) fluorescence levels of DCMU-treated leaves do not change relative to controls when the treatment is done in complete darkness and DCMU is allowed to diffuse slowly into the leaves either by submersion or by application via the stem. Simultaneous 820 nm transmission measurements (a measure of electron flow through Photosystem I) showed that in the DCMU-treated samples, the plastoquinone pool remained oxidized during the light pulses whereas in uninhibited leaves, the F(M) level coincided with a fully reduced electron transport chain. The identical F(M) values with and without DCMU indicate that in intact leaves, the F(M) value is independent of the redox state of the plastoquinone pool. We also show that (i) the generally observed F(0) increase is probably due to the presence of (even very weak) light during the DCMU treatment, (ii) vacuum infiltration of leaf discs leads to a drastic decrease of the fluorescence yield, and in DCMU-treated samples, the F(M) decreases to the I-level of their control (leaves vacuum infiltrated with 1% ethanol), (iii) and in thylakoid membranes, the addition of DCMU lowers the F(M) relative to that of a control sample.

Stoichiometry of the photosynthetic apparatus and phycobilisome structure of the cyanobacterium Plectonema boryanum UTEX 485 are regulated by both light and temperature.

The role of growth temperature and growth irradiance on the regulation of the stoichiometry and function of the photosynthetic apparatus was examined in the cyanobacterium Plectonema boryanum UTEX 485 by comparing mid-log phase cultures grown at either 29 degrees C/150 micromol m(-2) s(-1), 29 degrees C/750 micromol m(-2) s(-1), 15 degrees C/150 micromol m(-2) s(-1), or 15 degrees C/10 micromol m(-2) s(-1). Cultures grown at 29 degrees C/750 micromol m(-2) s(-1) were structurally and functionally similar to those grown at 15 degrees C/150 micromol m(-2) s(-1), whereas cultures grown at 29 degrees C/150 micromol m(-2) s(-1) were structurally and functionally similar to those grown at 15 degrees C/10 micromol m(-2) s(-1). The stoichiometry of specific components of the photosynthetic apparatus, such as the ratio of photosystem (PS) I to PSII, phycobilisome size and the relative abundance of the cytochrome b(6)/f complex, the plastoquinone pool size, and the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase complex were regulated by both growth temperature and growth irradiance in a similar manner. This indicates that temperature and irradiance may share a common sensing/signaling pathway to regulate the stoichiometry and function of the photosynthetic apparatus in P. boryanum. In contrast, the accumulation of neither the D1 polypeptide of PSII, the large subunit of Rubisco, nor the CF(1) alpha-subunit appeared to be regulated by the same mechanism. Measurements of P700 photooxidation in vivo in the presence and absence of inhibitors of photosynthetic electron transport coupled with immunoblots of the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase complex in cells grown at either 29 degrees C/750 micromol m(-2) s(-1) or 15 degrees C/150 micromol m(-2) s(-1) are consistent with an increased flow of respiratory electrons into the photosynthetic intersystem electron transport chain maintaining P700 in a reduced state relative to cells grown at either 29 degrees C/150 micromol m(-2) s(-1) or 15 degrees C/10 micromol m(-2) s(-1). These results are discussed in terms of acclimation to excitation pressure imposed by either low growth temperature or high growth irradiance.

Target sites for herbicides: entering the 21st century.

At present the use-rate of modern herbicides is in the range of 100-300 g AI ha-1, with a tendency to decline. The low use-rate (ca 10 g AI ha-1) of the original sulfonylurea and cyclic imide herbicides prompted agrochemical scientists to look for even more active compounds which led to the successive discoveries of many new herbicidal acetolactate synthase inhibitors and no less than 18 cyclic imides in the class of protoporphyrinogen-IX oxidase inhibitors in the 1990s. In this paper, mechanisms of action related to function and biosynthesis of chlorophylls, carotenoids, plastoquinone, amino acids, fatty acids and photosynthetic electron transport and other metabolic processes are discussed as plant-specific herbicidal target domains.

Identification of a functional respiratory complex in chloroplasts through analysis of tobacco mutants containing disrupted plastid ndh genes.

The plastid genomes of several plants contain homologues, termed ndh genes, of genes encoding subunits of the NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase or complex I of mitochondria and eubacteria. The functional significance of the Ndh proteins in higher plants is uncertain. We show here that tobacco chloroplasts contain a protein complex of 550 kDa consisting of at least three of the ndh gene products: NdhI, NdhJ and NdhK. We have constructed mutant tobacco plants with disrupted ndhC, ndhK and ndhJ plastid genes, indicating that the Ndh complex is dispensible for plant growth under optimal growth conditions. Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis shows that in vivo the Ndh complex catalyses the post-illumination reduction of the plastoquinone pool and in the light optimizes the induction of photosynthesis under conditions of water stress. We conclude that the Ndh complex catalyses the reduction of the plastoquinone pool using stromal reductant and so acts as a respiratory complex. Overall, our data are compatible with the participation of the Ndh complex in cyclic electron flow around the photosystem I complex in the light and possibly in a chloroplast respiratory chain in the dark.