Dessecting the toxicological profile of polysorbate 80 (PS80): comparative analysis of constituent variability and biological impact using a zebrafish model.

Polysorbate 80, commonly abbreviated as PS80, is a widely used pharmaceutical excipient renowned for its role as a solubilizer and stabilizer in drug formulations. Although PS80 is essential for various pharmaceutical applications, particularly in the formulation of injectable drugs, it has been implicated in a range of adverse reactions. However, due to the complexity of the composition of PS80, the differences in the types and contents of the constituents of PS80 from different manufacturers increase the probability or likelihood of their uneven quality. Addressing the complete spectrum of PS80's components is challenging; thus, most studies to date have examined PS80 as a singular entity. This approach, however, carries a degree of uncertainty, as it overlooks the unique composition and concentration of components within the PS80 used in experiments, which may not reflect the actual diversity in commercially available PS80 products. Recognizing the critical need to understand how PS80's composition influences biological effects and toxicity, our study aims to bridge this knowledge gap. By doing so, we can clarify how different PS80 compositions from various manufacturers might affect the quality of pharmaceutical formulations, and also guide excipient manufacturers toward producing higher-quality PS80. Such insights could further facilitate a more targeted application of PS80 in drug development. Building on our previous work, we isolated and prepared two key components of PS80-polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (PSM) and polyoxyethylene isosorbide monooleate (PIM)-and conducted a systematic comparison. We evaluated the acute, hemolytic, and target organ toxicity of two different PS80 samples, as well as PSM and PIM, using a zebrafish model. Our research also delved into the potential mechanisms behind the observed toxicological effects, providing an in-depth understanding of PS80's impact on biological systems.The results show that PS80, PSM, and PIM resulted in developmental anomalies in larval zebrafish. The primary organs of acute toxicity in zebrafish exposed to PS80 and its typical components PSM and PIM include the cardiovascular system, kidneys, intestines, skin, and liver. Notably, PIM further induced severe pericardial edema and erythrocyte hemolysis, thereby affecting blood flow. The samples also instigated oxidative damage by disrupting the redox equilibrium in the larvae. Compared to PS80, both PSM and PIM induced greater oxidative damage, with PIM notably causing significantly higher lipid oxidation, suggesting that oxidative stress may play a crucial role in polysorbate80-induced toxicity. Furthermore, our study found that PS80 could induce alterations in DNA conformation. The findings underscore the necessity for excipient regulators to establish comprehensive quality standards for Polysorbate 80 (PS80). By implementing such standards, it is possible to minimize the clinical risks associated with the variability in PS80 composition, ensuring safer pharmaceutical products for patients.

Toxicity of organic solvents and surfactants to the sea urchin embryos.

A comparative toxicity of widely applied organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, i-propanol, n-butanol, 2-butanol, i-butanol, t-butanol, 3-methoxy-3-methylbutanol-1 (MMB), ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, 2-methoxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, glycerol, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, benzene, dioxane, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfoxide, 2-pyrrolidone, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) and surfactants (PEG 300, PEG 6000, Tween 20, Tween 80, miramistin, and Cremophor EL) was studied using a sea urchin embryo model. Sea urchin embryo morphological alterations caused by the tested chemicals were described. The tested molecules affected P. lividus embryo development in a concentration-dependent manner. The observed phenotypic anomalies ranged from developmental delay and retardation of plutei growth to formation of aberrant blastules and gastrules, cleavage alteration/arrest, and embryo mortality. Discernible morphological defects were found after embryo exposure with common pharmaceutical ingredients, such as glycerol, Tween 80, and Cremophor EL. In general, solvents were less toxic than surfactants. PEG 6000 PEG 300, DMSO, ethanol, and methanol were identified as the most tolerable compounds with minimum effective concentration (MEC) values of 3.0-7.92 mg/mL. Previously reported MEC value of Pluronic F127 (4.0 mg/mL) fell within the same concentration range. Toxic effects of methanol, ethanol, DMSO, 2-methoxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, Tween 20, and Tween 80 on P. lividus embryos correlated well with their toxicity obtained using other cell and animal models. The sea urchin embryos could be considered as an appropriate test system for toxicity assessment of solvents and surfactants for their further application as solubilizers of hydrophobic molecules in conventional in vitro cell-based assays and in vivo mammalian models. Nevertheless, to avoid adverse effect of a solubilizing agent in ecotoxicological and biological experiments, the preliminary assessment of its toxicity on a chosen test model would be beneficial.

PAH bioremediation with Rhodococcus rhodochrous ATCC 21198: Impact of cell immobilization and surfactant use on PAH treatment and post-remediation toxicity.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are prevalent environmental contaminants that are harmful to ecological and human health. Bioremediation is a promising technique for remediating PAHs in the environment, however bioremediation often results in the accumulation of toxic PAH metabolites. The objectives of this research were to demonstrate the cometabolic treatment of a mixture of PAHs by a pure bacterial culture, Rhodococcus rhodochrous ATCC 21198, and investigate PAH metabolites and toxicity. Additionally, the surfactant Tween ® 80 and cell immobilization techniques were used to enhance bioremediation. Total PAH removal ranged from 70-95% for fluorene, 44-89% for phenanthrene, 86-97% for anthracene, and 6.5-78% for pyrene. Maximum removal was achieved with immobilized cells in the presence of Tween ® 80. Investigation of PAH metabolites produced by 21198 revealed a complex mixture of hydroxylated compounds, quinones, and ring-fission products. Toxicity appeared to increase after bioremediation, manifesting as mortality and developmental effects in embryonic zebrafish. 21198's ability to rapidly transform PAHs of a variety of molecular structures and sizes suggests that 21198 can be a valuable microorganism for catalyzing PAH remediation. However, implementing further treatment processes to address toxic PAH metabolites should be pursued to help lower post-remediation toxicity in future studies.

Ecological impact of surfactant Tween-80 on plankton: High-scale analyses reveal deeper hazards.

The ecological risks of surfactants have been largely neglected because of their low toxicity. Multiscale studies have indicated that even if a pollutant causes no acute toxicity in a test species, it may alter interspecific interactions and community characteristics through sublethal impacts on test organisms. Therefore, we investigated the lethal and sublethal responses of the plankton species Scenedesmus quadricauda, Chlorella vulgaris, and Daphnia magna, to surfactant Tween-80. Then, high-scale responses in grazer life-history traits and stability of the D. magna-larval damselfly system were further explored. The results showed that discernible adverse effects on the growth or survival of the three plankton species were evident only at exceptionally high concentrations (≥100 mg L-1). However, 10 mg L-1 of Tween-80 notably affected the MDA concentration in grazer species, simultaneously displaying a tendency to diminish grazer's heartbeat and swimming frequency. Furthermore, Tween-80 reduced the grazer reproductive capacity and increased its predation risk by larval damselflies, which ultimately jeopardized the stability of the D. magna-larval damselfly system at much lower concentrations (10-100 fold lower) than the individual-scale responses. This study provides evidence that high-scale traits are far more sensitive to Tween-80, compared with individual-scale traits for plankton organisms, suggesting that the ecological risks of Tween-80 demand careful reassessment. SYNOPSIS: The concentration of Tween-80 needed to induce changes in community characteristics is markedly lower than that needed to produce individual-scale consequences. Thus, high-scale analyses have broad implications for understanding the hazardous effects of surfactants compared with an individual-scale analysis.

Safety assessment of different unloaded polymeric nanocapsules in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Nano-sized drug delivery systems have been the subject of intense research in recent years because polymeric materials allow the absorption and release of active substances in a controlled manner. Despite the benefits, the safety of nanoparticulate systems is an aspect to be understood, particularly in vivo systems. Caenorhabditis elegans is a very useful alternative model for nanotoxicology and has been recently applied in this field. The aim of this study was to evaluate toxicological endpoints in C. elegans exposed to nanocapsules (NC) prepared with different coatings: polysorbate 80 (NCP80); polyethylene glycol (NCPEG), Eudragit® RS 100 (NCEUD) and chitosan (NCCS). Nanocapsules were prepared by nanoprecipitation method and showed acceptable physico-chemical characterization. Polyethylene glycol nanocapsules and chitosan nanocapsules increased worms lethality in a dose-dependent manner in acute exposure; polysorbate 80 nanocapsules, polyethylene glycol nanocpsules and chitonan nanocapsules also increased lethality following chronic exposure. Chitosan nanocapsules were the most toxic in all exposures, demonstrating toxicity even at low concentrations. Reproduction and body length were not affected by any of the nanocapsules exposures. The expression of superoxide dismutase showed that polysorbate 80 nanocapsules at the highest concentration slightly increased SOD-3::GFP expression. On the other hand, chitosan nanocapsules exposure blunted SOD-3 expression. This work demonstrates the toxicological differences between nanocapsule produced with different coatings and indicates higher safety for the use of eugragit nanocapsule in new formulations for future drug delivery and targeting systems.

Macromolecules in polysorbate 80 for injection: an important cause of anaphylactoid reactions.

Polysorbate 80 for injection (TW80) is a common excipient used for injection whose macromolecular impurities, including those that cause anaphylactoid reactions, are frequently ignored. The main aim of this study was to prove that the macromolecular impurities in the excipient are an important cause of anaphylactoid reactions. Component A (containing macromolecules > 100 kDa), Component B (containing macromolecules from 10 to 100 kDa), and Component C (containing substances < 10 kDa) were prepaired from the original TW80 using ultrafilters. The original TW80 contained numerous substances with molecular weights > 10kD. The original TW80 and Components A and B caused strong anaphylactoid reactions in both guinea pigs and rabbits by intravenous administration. Moreover, the original TW80 and Components A and B even caused strong passive cutaneous anaphylactoid (PCA) reactions and pulmonary capillary permeability. The PCA reaction and increased permeability were partly prevented by cromolyn sodium. Additionally, the original TW80 and Components A and B caused vasodilation and severe hemolysis in vitro. The anaphylactoid reactions were associated with histamine release but not with mast cell degranulation. Nevertheless, Component C almost caused no anaphylactoid reactions or hemolysis and was weaker in the few reactions that ocurred. Taken together, these results suggest that macromolecular substances are one of the main risk factors responsible for anaphylactoid reactions and hemolysis caused by TW80.

Polysorbate 80-Induced Anaphylactoid Reaction and the Effects on Cardiovascular Function: Dose Threshold and Species Comparison.

Polysorbate 80 (PS80) is commonly used in pre-clinical formulations. The dose threshold for cardiovascular (CV) changes and hypersensitivity reaction in the dog was assessed and compared to other species. PS80 was administered by intravenous (IV) bolus (.5, 1 mg/kg), IV infusion (.3, .5, 1, 3 mg/kg), subcutaneous (SC) injection (5, 10, 15 mg/kg) and oral gavage (10 mg/kg) to dogs with CV monitoring. Monkeys and minipigs received PS80 by IV infusion at 3 mg/kg. Plasma histamine concentration was measured following PS80 IV infusion and with diphenhydramine pre-treatment in dogs only. In dogs, PS80 was not associated with CV changes at doses up to 15 mg/kg SC and 10 mg/kg oral, but decreased blood pressure and increased heart rate with IV bolus at ≥ .5 mg/kg and IV infusion at ≥ 1.0 mg/kg and decreased body temperature with IV infusion at 3 mg/kg was observed. Transient edema and erythema were noted with all administration routes, in all three species including doses that were devoid of CV effects. In monkeys and minipigs, PS80 did not induce CV, cutaneous or histamine concentration changes. These results suggest that mild, transient skin changes occur following PS80 administration at doses that are not associated with CV effects in the dogs. In dogs, the cardiovascular effect threshold was <.5 mg/kg for IV bolus, .3 mg/kg for IV infusion, 15 mg/kg for SC injection, and 10 mg/kg for oral administration. Monkey and minipig were refractory to PS80-induced histamine release at 3 mg/kg by IV infusion over 15 minutes.

Threshold for Anaphylactoid Reaction to Polysorbate 80 in Canines.

Polysorbate 80 (PS80) functions as a dispersing agent or solubilizer in many pharmaceuticals, and as a stabilizer in biopharmaceuticals. Topical or parenteral administration of low doses of PS80 in biopharmaceuticals has been associated with mild allergic reactions, including local injection site reactions in humans. High doses of PS80, such as levels found in traditional Chinese herbal parenteral medicines, have been linked to systemic effects consistent with anaphylactoid-type reactions, which are characterized by the direct release of histamine from mast cells (degranulation). Nonclinical safety assessments of PS80 in vivo have mainly focused on canine model systems, a species established to be particularly sensitive to PS80. However, there is conflicting data about the dose and route of administration of PS80 required to elicit an anaphylactoid-type reaction in this model system. Therefore, studies using multiple dosing regimens in anesthetized and conscious dogs including a combination of cardiovascular data, clinical signs, and biomarkers of mast cell degranulation were conducted. An intravenous (IV) bolus of 1 mg/kg PS80 (0.25% w/v) elicited a positive anaphylactoid reaction including increased heart rate, hypotension, and clinical signs associated with anaphylactoid reactions (e.g., reddened muzzle). However, a full reaction was not observed with a subcutaneous (SC) injection of PS80 (0.25% w/v) up to 20 mg/kg and IV bolus or IV infusions up to 0.5 mg/kg. These data establish a threshold dose for eliciting an anaphylactoid reaction in canine which varies depending on the route of administration as well as the rate of PS80 infusion.

Food emulsifier polysorbate 80 promotes the intestinal absorption of mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate by disturbing intestinal barrier.

Di-2-ethylhexyl phosphate (DEHP) and its main toxic metabolite mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) are the typical endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and widely affect human health. Our previous research reported that synthetic nonionic dietary emulsifier polysorbate 80 (P80, E433) had the promotional effect on the oral absorption of DEHP in rats. The aim of this study was to explore its mechanism of promoting oral absorption, focusing on the mucus barrier and mucosal barrier of the small intestine. A small molecule fluorescent probe 5-aminofluorescein-MEHP (MEHP-AF) was used as a tracker of MEHP in vivo and in vitro. First of all, we verified that P80 promoted the bioavailability of MEHP-AF in the long-term and low-dose exposure of MEHP-AF with P80 as a result of increasing the intestinal absorption of MEHP-AF. Afterwards, experimental results from Western blot, qPCR, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence showed that P80 decreased the expression of proteins (mucus protein mucin-2, tight junction proteins claudin-1 and occludin) related to mucus barrier and mucosal barrier in the intestine, changed the integrity of intestinal epithelial cell, and increased the permeability of intestinal epithelial mucosa. These results indicated that P80 promoted the oral absorption of MEHP-AF by altering the intestinal mucus barrier and mucosal barrier. These findings are of great importance for assessing the safety risks of some food emulsifiers and clarifying the absorption mechanism of chemical pollutants in food, especially for EDCs.

Effect of tween 40 and ethanol on the secretion, structure and antioxidant activities of exopolysaccharides from Inonotus rickii.

In this study, the effects of Tween 40 and ethanol supplementation on the secretion, structure and antioxidant activities of exopolysaccharide (EPS) from Inonotus rickii were investigated. It was observed that Tween 40 and ethanol displayed a stimulatory effect on EPS secretion. The EPSs obtained by the addition of Tween 40 (EPS-T), ethanol (EPS-E) and control (EPS-C) were purified by Sepharose CL-6B gel chromatography and molecular weights of EPS-T, EPS-E and EPS-C were estimated to be 22.1, 30.0, and 40.5 kDa, respectively. Monosaccharide composition analysis indicated that EPS-T, EPS-E and EPS-C were mainly composed of mannose and glucose. Furthermore, EPS-E exhibited better OH• and DPPH scavenging activities than those of EPS-C and EPS-T, which might be associated with its molecular characterization.

Joint effect of surfactants and cephalexin on the formation of Escherichia coli filament.

Both antibiotics and surfactants commonly exist in natural environment and have generated great concerns due to their biological influence on the ecosystem. A major concern lies in the capacity of antibiotics to induce bacterial filaments formation, which has potential health risks. However, their joint effect is not clear so far. Here, we studied the joint effect of cephalexin (Cex), a typical antibiotic, and differently charged surfactants on the formation of E. coli filaments. Three kinds of surfactants characterized by different charges were used: cationic surfactant (CTAB), anionic surfactant (SDS) and nonionic surfactant (Tween). Data showed that Cex alone caused the formation of E. coli filaments, elongating their maximum profile from ca. 2 µm (a single E. coli cell) to tens of micrometers (an E. coli filament). A joint use of surfactants with Cex could produce even longer E. coli filaments, elongating the maximum length of the bacteria to larger than 100 µm. The capacity order of different surfactants under their optimum concentrations to produce elongated E. coli filaments was Tween > SDS > CTAB. The E. coli filaments were characterized with a normal DNA distribution and a good cell membrane integrity. We measured the stiffness of bacterial cell wall by atomic force microscopy and correlated the elongation capacity of the E. coli filaments to the stiffness of cell wall. Zeta potential measurement indicated that inserting into or being bound to the cell surface in a large quantity was tested not to be the major way that surfactants interacted with bacteria.

Nanostructured oleic acid/polysorbate 80 emulsions with diminished toxicity in NL-20 cell line: Insights of potential drug carriers.

Nanoemulsions (NE) are nowadays required drug nanocarriers. We have selected i) oleic acid (OA) as oil (O), ii) polysorbate 80 (PS80) as surfactant (S), and iii) water (W) in a prototype NE. Our best formulation had O:S ratio [OA]/[PS80] = 0.0708/0.0382 = 1.85 [mol·L-1], implying 1.85 parts of OA covered/stabilized by 1 part of PS80, giving 71.86 nm and 0.42 polydispersity index (PDI) in NE, determined by DLS and TEM. These nanosystems stored at room temperature/darkness stabilized up to 12 months (measured by DLS and TEM) maintaining very similar particle sizes and sometimes decreasing PDI. NE stability was determined by DSC, evidencing reversibility upon heating from 25 to 100 °C, increasing to 125 °C (sealed systems) produced more attenuated heating profiles in second and third cycles, compared with first, indicating partial but enough stability for storage means. NE cytotoxicity tests were conducted on immortalized normal lung epithelial cells (NL-20), as reference. The results show 50 % inhibitory concentrations (IC50,µM) of 1100, OA, and 2.6, PS80. The IC50 was 20.5, PS80 (PS80@NE) and 37.9, OA (OA@NE) clearly indicating that components changed their toxicities upon nanostructuring, OA exhibited 30-fold increase (IC50(OA) 1100.0→37.9) while PS80, decreased 7.9-fold (IC50(PS80) 2.6→20.5). PS80 is the most toxic component but when is included in PS80@NE, less toxic nanocarriers were generated.

Brij-58, a potential injectable protein-stabilizer used in therapeutic protein formulation.

Polysorbates (PSs) are common protein stabilizers used in biotherapeutic formulations. However, PSs are heterogeneous and unstable in liquid protein formulations [1,2]. The purpose of this work is to explore possible alternatives for polysorbate replacements that demonstrate superior protein protection, superior self-stability, low toxicity, and wide applicability. For this purpose, 8 non-ionic surfactants that have not yet been used as excipients in marketed biotherapeutic products were investigated with PS20/80 as the benchmark. Compared with PS20/80, Brij-58 showed better protein protection ability in the mAb1 formulation under forced degradation conditions when examined by visual inspection, SEC, and dynamic lighting scanning. Additionally, Brij-58 has a better inherent stability than PS20/80 in the protein formulation when detected by UPLC-CAD. Moreover, Brij-58 is an inert excipient that does not affect protein bioactivity and conformation. In addition, the LD50 and hemolysis concentration of Brij-58 were determined, which is relatively safe when used as a parenteral injection. Furthermore, Brij-58 was also an effective protein stabilizer for the other two antibody products (IgG4 subtype and bispecific antibody) in the shaking study. In summary, Brij-58 stands out as a promising PS replacement in biotherapeutic formulations with a safe, stable and effective protein-protection profile among candidate surfactants.

Safety Assessment of Sorbitan Esters as Used in Cosmetics.

The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (Panel) assessed the safety of 20 sorbitan esters; this report included sorbitan esters that were reviewed in 1985 and 2002, as well as 3 previously unreviewed sorbitan esters (sorbitan undecylenate, sorbitan sesquicaprylate, and sorbitan palmate). Most of the sorbitan esters are reported to function in cosmetics as surfactant-emulsifying agents. The Panel reviewed the data from previous sorbitan ester reports, as well as additional data included in this report, to determine the safety of these ingredients. The Panel concluded that the sorbitan esters included in this safety assessment are safe in cosmetics in the present practices of use and concentration.

Dietary emulsifiers consumption alters anxiety-like and social-related behaviors in mice in a sex-dependent manner.

Dietary emulsifiers carboxylmethylcellulose (CMC) and polysorbate 80 (P80) alter the composition of the intestinal microbiota and induce chronic low-grade inflammation, ultimately leading to metabolic dysregulations in mice. As both gut microbiota and intestinal health can influence social and anxiety-like behaviors, we investigated whether emulsifier consumption would detrimentally influence behavior. We confirmed that emulsifier exposure induced chronic intestinal inflammation, increased adiposity, and altered gut microbiota composition in both male and female mice, although the specific microboal taxa altered following emulsifier consumption occurred in a sex-dependent manner. Importantly, emulsifier treatment altered anxiety-like behaviors in males and reduced social behavior in females. It also changed expression of neuropeptides implicated in the modulation of feeding as well as social and anxiety-related behaviors. Multivariate analyses revealed that CMC and P80 produced distinct clustering of physiological, neural, and behavioral effects in male and female mice, suggesting that emulsifier treatment leads to a syndrome of sex-dependent changes in microbiota, physiology, and behavior. This study reveals that these commonly used food additives may potentially negatively impact anxiety-related and social behaviors and may do so via different mechanisms in males and females.

Production, characterization and toxicology assay of creatine pegylated nanoliposome with polysorbate 80 for brain delivery.

Creatine acts intracellularly as energy buffer and storage, demonstrating protective effects in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. However, its permeability throught blood-brain barrier (BBB) is reduced. The aim of the present study was developing a carrier to facilitate the delivery of creatine to the central nervous system. Creatine nanoliposomes were produced, characterized and assayed in models of toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Particles showed negative zeta potential (-12,5 mV), polydispersity index 0.237 and medium-size of 105 nm, which was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. Toxicity assay in vitro was evaluated with blank liposomes (no drug) or creatine nanoliposomes at concentrations of 0.02 and 0.2 mg/mL, that did not influence the viability of Vero cells. The result. of the comet assay that the nanoliposomes are not genotoxic, togeher with cell viability demonstrated that the nanoliposomes are not toxic. Besides, in vivo assays not demonstrate toxicity in hematological and biochemical markers of young rats. Nevertheless, increase content of creatine in the cerebral cortex tissue after subchronic treatment was observed. Altogether, results indicate increase permeability of creatine to the BBB that could be used as assay for in vivo studies to confirm improved effect than free creatine.

Synergistic Toxicity Produced by Mixtures of Biocompatible Gold Nanoparticles and Widely Used Surfactants.

Nanoparticle safety is usually determined using solutions of individual particles that are free of additives. However, the size-dependent properties of nanoparticles can be readily altered through interactions with other components in a mixture. In applications, nanoparticles are commonly combined with surfactants or other additives to increase dispersion or to enhance product performance. Surfactants might also influence the biological activity of nanoparticles; however, little is known about such effects. We investigated the influence of surfactants on nanoparticle biocompatibility by studying mixtures of ligand-stabilized gold nanoparticles and Polysorbate 20 in embryonic zebrafish. These mixtures produced synergistic toxicity at concentrations where the individual components were benign. We examined the structural basis for this synergy using solution-phase analytical techniques. Spectroscopic and X-ray scattering studies suggest that the Polysorbate 20 does not affect the nanoparticle core structure. DOSY NMR showed that the hydrodynamic size of the nanoparticles increased, suggesting that Polysorbate 20 assembles on the nanoparticle surfaces. Mass spectrometry showed that these assemblies have both increased uptake and increased toxicity in zebrafish, as compared to the gold nanoparticles alone. We probed the generality of this synergy by performing toxicity assays with two other common surfactants, Polysorbate 80 and sodium dodecyl sulfate. These surfactants also caused synergistic toxicity, although the extent and time frame of the response depends upon the surfactant structure. These results demonstrate a need for additional, foundational studies to understand the effects of surfactants on nanoparticle biocompatibility and challenge traditional models of nanoparticle safety where the matrix is assumed to have only additive effects on nanoparticle toxicity.

Co-nanoencapsulation of antimalarial drugs increases their in vitro efficacy against Plasmodium falciparum and decreases their toxicity to Caenorhabditis elegans.

Drugs used for the treatment and prevention of malaria have resistance-related problems, making them ineffective for monotherapy. If properly associated, many of these antimalarial drugs may find their way back to the treatment regimen. Among the therapeutic arsenal, quinine (QN) is a second-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria but has side effects that limit its use. Curcumin (CR) is a natural compound with anti-plasmodial activities and low bioavailability. In this context, the aim of this work was to develop and characterize co-encapsulated QN + CR-loaded polysorbate-coated polymeric nanocapsules (NC-QC) to evaluate their activity on Plasmodium falciparum and the safety of the nanoformulations for Caenorhabditis elegans. NC-QC displayed a diameter of approximately 200 nm, a negative zeta potential and a slightly basic pH. The drugs are homogeneously distributed in the NCs in the amorphous form. Co-encapsulated NCs exhibited a significant reduction in P. falciparum parasitemia, better than QN/CR. The worms exposed to NC-QC showed higher survival and longevity and no decrease in their reproductive capacity compared to free and associated drugs. It was possible to prove that the NCs were absorbed orally by the worms using fluorescence microscopy. Co-encapsulation of QN and CR was effective against P. falciparum, minimizing the toxic effects caused by chronic exposure of the free drugs in C. elegans.

Cytotoxicity and CYP1A inhibition in rainbow trout liver (RTL-W1) cell lines exposed to dispersant Corexit 9500 and its major surfactant components.

As part of a large study examining the toxicity of the Corexit® family of oil spill dispersants on aquatic vertebrates, we examined effects on the liver in an in vitro study using the rainbow trout liver cell line (RTL-W1). We exposed RTL-W1 cells to the dispersant Corexit 9500 and its major surfactant components and measured their cytotoxic effects as well as modulation of activity of CYP1A, one of the major enzymes responsible for organic contaminant metabolism. The anionic surfactant DOSS was found to be the most cytotoxic with a 24h EC50 of 10mg/L, as compared to 45 to 91mg/L for the non-ionic surfactants, Tween 80 and 85 and Span 80. The EC50 for Corexit was intermediate between these compounds at 29mg/L. Corexit 9500 and the non-ionic surfactants Tween 80 and 85, but not DOSS or Span 80 knocked down CYP1A activity induced by benzo[a]pyrene, a model agonist, demonstrating the potential of these compounds to compromise the ability of exposed organisms to metabolize petroleum hydrocarbons or other CYP1A substrates.

Dietary Emulsifier-Induced Low-Grade Inflammation Promotes Colon Carcinogenesis.

The increased risks conferred by inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to the development of colorectal cancer gave rise to the term "colitis-associated cancer" and the concept that inflammation promotes colon tumorigenesis. A condition more common than IBD is low-grade inflammation, which correlates with altered gut microbiota composition and metabolic syndrome, both present in many cases of colorectal cancer. Recent findings suggest that low-grade inflammation in the intestine is promoted by consumption of dietary emulsifiers, a ubiquitous component of processed foods, which alter the composition of gut microbiota. Here, we demonstrate in a preclinical model of colitis-induced colorectal cancer that regular consumption of dietary emulsifiers, carboxymethylcellulose or polysorbate-80, exacerbated tumor development. Enhanced tumor development was associated with an altered microbiota metagenome characterized by elevated levels of lipopolysaccharide and flagellin. We found that emulsifier-induced alterations in the microbiome were necessary and sufficient to drive alterations in major proliferation and apoptosis signaling pathways thought to govern tumor development. Overall, our findings support the concept that perturbations in host-microbiota interactions that cause low-grade gut inflammation can promote colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Res; 77(1); 27-40. ©2016 AACR.