ABSTRACT
Background Particulate matter (particles < 2.5 µm [ PM 2.5]) exposure during the in utero and postnatal developmental periods causes cardiac dysfunction during adulthood. Here, we investigated the potential priming effects of preconception exposure of PM 2.5 on cardiac function in adult offspring. Methods and Results Male and female friend leukemia virus b (FVB) mice were exposed to either filtered air ( FA ) or PM 2.5 at an average concentration of 38.58 µg/m3 for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for 3 months. Mice were then crossbred into 2 groups: (1) FA male× FA female (both parents were exposed to FA preconception) and, (2) PM 2.5male× PM 2.5female (both parents were exposed to PM 2.5 preconception). Male offspring were divided: (1) preconception FA (offspring born to FA exposed parents) and, (2) preconception PM 2.5 (offspring born to PM 2.5 exposed parents) and analyzed at 3 months of age. Echocardiography identified increased left ventricular end systolic volume and reduced posterior wall thickness, reduced %fractional shortening and %ejection fraction in preconception PM 2.5 offspring. Cardiomyocytes isolated from preconception PM 2.5 offspring showed reduced %peak shortening, -dL/dT, TPS 90 and slower calcium reuptake (tau). Gene and protein expression revealed modifications in markers of inflammation ( IL -6, IL -15, TNF α, NF ÒB, CRP , CD 26E, CD 26P, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) profibrosis (collagen type III alpha 1 chain), oxidative stress ( NOS 2), antioxidants (Nrf2, SOD , catalase), Ca2+ regulatory proteins ( SERCA 2a, p- PLN , NCX ), and epigenetic regulators (Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, Dnmt3b, Sirt1, and Sirt2) in preconception PM 2.5 offspring. Conclusions Preconception exposure to PM 2.5 results in global cardiac dysfunction in adult offspring, suggesting that abnormalities during development are not limited to the prenatal or postnatal periods but can also be determined before conception.
Subject(s)
Inhalation Exposure/adverse effects , Maternal Exposure/adverse effects , Particulate Matter/toxicity , Paternal Exposure/adverse effects , Preconception Injuries/chemically induced , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/chemically induced , Ventricular Function, Left/drug effects , Animals , Calcium Signaling/drug effects , Epigenesis, Genetic/drug effects , Female , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects , Inflammation Mediators/metabolism , Male , Mice , Myocardial Contraction/drug effects , Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects , Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Particle Size , Preconception Injuries/genetics , Preconception Injuries/metabolism , Preconception Injuries/physiopathology , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors , Sex Factors , Stroke Volume/drug effects , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/genetics , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/metabolism , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathology , Ventricular Function, Left/geneticsABSTRACT
Features of the existential organization of a bioelectric activity of a brain at posterity from rats with a lateral injury of the brain were investigated. The EEG analysis revealed in one month animals significantly increased the proportion of advanced and lagging decrease in the activity of the right frontal derivation towards the right occipital region. Change between structural ties in terms of the rats were correlated with the severity of behavioral disorders in the test "open field" (OF). The most significant change in the existential organization of a bioelectrical activity (the reduction of synchronous communications between the frontal derivations) recorded in rats with severe conduct disorder compared with animals of the same groups, in which the behavior was not significantly different from the norm. The violation of the behavior in the test OF was accompanied by a decrease in synchronous activity between the left frontal and right occipital region or the decline in the anticipatory activity in the right frontal region in relation to the right occipital region. By maintaining the integrity of the behavior of these parameters were increased in comparison with an intact control.
Subject(s)
Brain Injuries/physiopathology , Brain Waves , Brain/physiology , Preconception Injuries/physiopathology , Animals , Female , Mothers , Pregnancy , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Spatial LearningABSTRACT
The research was carried out in 60 days old posterity of female rats which suffer chronic alcohol-induced liver injury. In this work we studied motivational element of sexual behavior under conditions of "barrier" experiment. Intensity of sexual motivational behavior was estimated by the change of activity near the barrier, under which there was a receptive oestrous female. The appearance of sexual activity with the animals under experiment was estimated in the experiment of direct interaction of sexual partners. It was found, that "alcoholic" animals have the symptoms of malfunction of sexual motivation formation. The experiment shows that males which had mothers with chronic alcohol-induced hepatobiliary system injury have the deviations of sexual behavior display. These deviations show the weak form of sexual behavior induction of "alcoholic" males that can be the result of nervous system disorders.
