Covid-19 infection in pregnant women: Auditory evaluation in infants.

 Recent studies showed that COVID-19 infection can affect cochleo-vestibular system. The possibility of a vertical transmission is controversial. Some studies suggested that it is possible but unlikely, others find no evidence of vertical transmission. The objective of this study was to investigate whether exposure to COVID-19 during pregnancy or at birth has an impact on the hearing of the offspring. As part of the national hearing screening program, we performed in all newborns between January 2022 and February 2023, TEOAEs (Transient Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions) at birth and at 3 months. For those "REFER" at the third month test, we performed aABR (Automatic Auditory Brainstem Response) at 6 months. We analysed separately result between infants born to COVID-positive mothers during pregnancy and those born to COVID-negative mothers. To statistical verify differences we performed "Chi-square test". We enrolled a total of 157 infants, of whom 16 were born to mothers who had a molecular PCR test positive for COVID-19. In the latter we tested a total of 32 ears and only 1 ear (3,1%) resulted "REFER". On the other hand, in the control group we tested a total of 282 ears and 22 (7,8%) were found to be "REFER". Our study showed no significant differences in audiological assessment between newborns exposed to COVID-19 infection during pregnancy or at birth compared to the unexposed group. However, further studies with a larger patient's sample will be necessary for a more comprehensive evaluation.

Is it possible to identify COVID-19 infection-related biomarkers during pregnancy?: A prospective study in Turkish population.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has raised concerns about the potential complications it may cause in pregnant women. Therefore, biomarkers that can predict the course of COVID-19 in pregnant women may be of great benefit as they would provide valuable insights into the prognosis and, thus, the management of the disease. In this context, the objective of this study is to identify the biomarkers that can predict COVID-19 progression in pregnant women, focusing on composite hemogram parameters and systemic inflammatory and spike markers. The population of this single-center prospective case-control study consisted of all consecutive pregnant women with single healthy fetuses who tested positive for COVID-19 and who were admitted to Bakirköy Dr Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital in Istanbul, Turkey, a COVID-19 referral hospital, between April 2020 and March 2021, with an obstetric indication, during their second or third trimester. The control group consisted of consecutive pregnant women with a single healthy fetus who were admitted to the same hospital within the same date range, had demographic and obstetric characteristics matching the patient group, but tested negative for COVID-19. The patient and control groups were compared in terms of platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), platelet-to-neutrophil ratio (PNR), and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and systemic inflammatory and spike markers, including C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), cluster of differentiation 26 (CD26), and B7 homolog 4 (B7H4). There were 45 (51.1%) and 43 (48.8%) pregnant women in the patient and control groups, respectively. There was no significant difference between the groups in demographic and obstetric characteristics (P > .05). The PNR, PLR, and CRP values were significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group (P < .05). On the other hand, there was no significant difference between the groups in IL-6, IL-10, CD26, and B7H4 levels (P > .05). The findings of our study showed that specific inflammatory markers, such as CRP, PLR, and PNR, can potentially predict the course of COVID-19 in pregnant women. However, more comprehensive, well-controlled studies are needed to corroborate our study's findings and investigate other potential inflammatory markers.

Single-test syphilis serology: A case of not seeing the forest for the trees.

INTRODUCTION: There have been few empirical studies for diagnostic test accuracy of syphilis using a sequence of rapid tests in populations with low prevalence of syphilis such as pregnant women. This analysis describes syphilis test positivity frequency among pregnant women at an antenatal clinic in Zambia using a reverse-sequence testing algorithm for antenatal syphilis screening. METHODS: Between August 2019 and May 2023, we recruited 1510 pregnant women from a peri-urban hospital in Lusaka, Zambia. HIV positive and HIV negative women were enrolled in a 1:1 ratio. Blood collected at recruitment from the pregnant mothers was tested on-site for syphilis using a rapid treponemal test. Samples that tested positive were further tested at a different laboratory, with rapid plasma reagin using archived plasma. RESULTS: Of the total 1,421 sera samples which were screened with a rapid treponemal test, 127 (8.9%) were positive and 1,294 (91.1%) were negative. Sufficient additional samples were available to perform RPR testing on 114 of the 127 (89.8%) RDT positive specimens. Thirty-one (27.2%) of these 114 were reactive by RPR and 83 (72.8%) were negative, resulting in a syphilis overtreatment rate of 3 fold (i.e, 84/114). Insufficient sample or test kit availability prevented any testing for the remaining 89 (5.9%) participants. CONCLUSION: Use of only treponemal tests in low prevalence populations, like pregnant women, subjects individuals with non-active syphilis to the costs and possible risks of overtreatment. The use of the dual treponemal and non-treponemal tests would minimize this risk at some additional cost.

SARS-CoV-2 Infection Increases High Risk Rate of Down Syndrome Screening Test by Reducing Alpha-Fetoprotein.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been a significant global health issue in recent years. Numerous studies indicate that COVID-19 during pregnancy is associated with an increased likelihood of pregnancy complications. Additionally, pregnancy itself is known to elevate the risk of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. To explore the potential impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the probability of Down syndrome in fetuses, we conducted serological testing of Down syndrome markers in pregnant women who had contracted the virus. METHODS: Serological experiments were conducted utilizing a particle chemiluminescence test. The cohort of pregnant women was categorized into three groups: a control group with no infection, a group infected with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron within the first six weeks of gestation, and a group infected beyond the sixth week of gestation. RESULTS: In the group of individuals infected within 6 gestational weeks, the infection resulted in a decrease in alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels and a higher positive rate of Down syndrome screening tests (p ˂ 0.05). However, in this study, SARS-CoV-2 infection did not lead to an increase in the occurrence of Down syndrome in the fetus. The positive rate of women infected beyond 6 gestational weeks was slightly higher than the non-infected group (6.2% vs. 5.7%), but these differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Within the group infected beyond 6 gestational weeks, there was, compared to the control group, a decrease in free beta human chorionic gonadotropin (ß-hCG) levels (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study presents a novel investigation into the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on AFP and ß-hCG levels. It has been observed that pregnant women who contract SARS-CoV-2 may exhibit an increased likelihood of positive results in serum tests conducted for Down syndrome screening. However, it is important to note that the occurrence of Down syndrome in the developing fetus does not appear to be elevated. To validate these findings, additional research involving larger and diverse cohorts is necessary.

Epidemiological and virological surveillance of the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV among pregnant women in Togo.

BACKGROUND: In 2015, Togo introduced the "test-and-treat" strategy for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV. Pediatric HIV infection remains a public health problem in Togo, with a mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) rate of 3.6% in 2020. This study aimed to estimate cases of HIV seroconversion during pregnancy and to identify pregnant women at high risk of transmitting HIV to their children in Lomé, Togo. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out from 18 March to 22 May 2022 among women who had given birth in five maternity units providing PMTCT services in Lomé. Umbilical cord blood samples were taken from the maternal side by midwives after delivery. HIV serology was performed in the laboratory using the Alere™ HIV Combo SET and First Response HIV 1-2. Card Test version 2.0. A sample was considered positive if both tests were positive. The HIV-1 viral load in HIV-1-positive samples was measured using Cobas/Roche 4800 equipment. Information on the women was extracted from maternal antenatal records and antenatal consultation registers. RESULTS: A total of 3148 umbilical cord blood samples (median maternal age: 28 years (interquartile range [24-32]) were collected. Among them, 99.3% (3145/3148) had presented for at least one antenatal clinic visit before giving birth, and 78.7% (2456/3122) had presented for at least four visits. One hundred and twenty-one (121) cord samples were HIV-1 positive, representing a seroprevalence of 3.8% (95% CI = [3.2-4.6]). Among them, 67.8% (82/121) were known HIV-positive before the current pregnancy, 29.7 (36/121) were diagnosed as HIV-positive at the antenatal visits and 2.5% (3/121) were diagnosed as HIV-positive in the delivery room. Of the HIV-positive women, 85.9% (104/121) were on ARV treatment before delivery. The viral load was < 1000 copies/ml in 97.5% (118/121) cases. CONCLUSION: This study explored the virologic and epidemiological aspects of HIV among pregnant women in Togo. The results show significant viral suppression at delivery in women ART. Surveillance based on umbilical cord blood specimen screening is an interesting approach for monitoring the effectiveness of PMTCT programmes.

Unusual cerebral intraventricular hemorrhage and cardiomyopathy related to congenital cytomegalovirus from non-primary maternal infection: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection, resulting from non-primary maternal infection or reactivation during pregnancy, can cause serious fetal abnormalities, complications in the immediate neonatal period, and severe sequelae later in childhood. Maternal non-primary cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy is transmitted to the fetus in 0.5-2% of cases (1). CASE PRESENTATION: An African full term male newbornwas delivered by emergency caesarean section. Due to signs of asphyxia at birth and clinical moderate encephalopathy, he underwent therapeutic hypothermia. Continuous full video-electroencephalography monitoring showed no seizures during the first 72 h, however, soon after rewarming, he presented refractory status epilepticus due to an intracranial hemorrhage, related to severe thrombocytopenia. The patient also presented signs of sepsis (hypotension and signs of reduced perfusions). An echocardiography revealed severe cardiac failure with an ejection fraction of 33% and signs suggestive of cardiomyopathy. Research for CMV DNA Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) on urine, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and nasopharyngeal secretions was positive.The mother had positive CMV IgG with negative IgM shortly before pregnancy. Serology for CMV was therefore not repeated during pregnancy, but CMV DNA performed on the Guthrie bloodspot taken at birth yielded a positive result, confirming the intrauterine transmission and congenital origin of the infection. The baby was discharged in good general condition and follow up showed a normal neurodevelopmental outcome at 9 months. CONCLUSION: Although uncommon, congenital cytomegalovirus infection should be included in the differential diagnosis of intraventricular hemorrhage and cardiomyopathy. Furthermore, this case highlights the possible severity of congenital cytomegalovirus infection, even in cases of previous maternal immunity.

Long-term follow-up of a series of 24 congenital CMV-infected babies with false negative amniocentesis.

BACKGROUND: Congenital CMV infection is the most common congenital infection worldwide and a major cause of neurological impairment and sensorineural hearing loss. Fetal CMV infection is confirmed by a positive PCR test in the amniotic fluid (amniocentesis performed after 18-20 weeks of gestation and at least 8 weeks after maternal infection). However, despite a negative antenatal CMV PCR result, some newborns can be tested positive at birth. Although not widely documented, the prognosis for these babies appears to be good. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to evaluate the long-term prognosis of fetuses with a false-negative AFS for cCMV, with a minimum follow-up period of 6 years. STUDY DESIGN: This is a retrospective cohort study of false-negative amniocentesis reported at the CUB-Hôpital Erasme and Hôpital CHIREC in Brussels between 1985 and 2017. RESULTS: Of the 712 negative CMV PCR amniocenteses, 24 had a CMV PCR positive at birth. The false negative rate was 8.6 %. Of the 24 cases, 9 primary maternal infections occurred in the first trimester, 14 in the second trimester and 1 in the third trimester. Among the 24 children, 2 had symptoms at birth (hyperbilirubinemia and left paraventricular cysts), but all had normal follow-up (minimum 4 years, mean 16,6 years). DISCUSSION: Only 2 cases could be explained by early amniocentesis. Among the others, the false-negative results could be attributed to a low viral load, a delayed infection or, less likely, to a sample degradation. CONCLUSION: Despite the false-negative results, all 24 children had a normal long-term follow-up.

Performances of two rapid LAMP-based techniques for the intrapartum detection of Group B Streptococcus vaginal colonization.

PURPOSE: Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is the leading cause of invasive infections in newborns. The prevention of GBS neonatal disease relies on the administration of an intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis to GBS-colonized women. In recent years, rapid intrapartum detection of GBS vaginal colonization using real-time nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) emerged as an alternative to antenatal culture screening methods. METHODS: We compared the performances of two loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) tests, the Ampliflash® GBS and the PlusLife® GBS tests, to standard culture for GBS detection in vaginal specimens from pregnant women. The study was conducted from April to July 2023 in a French hospital of the Paris area. RESULTS: A total of 303 samples were analyzed, including 85 culture-positive samples (28.1%). The Ampliflash® GBS test and the PlusLife® GBS tests gave a result for 100% and 96.3% tests, respectively. The performances of the tests were as follows: sensitivity 87.1% (95% confidence interval (CI) 78.3-92.6) and 98.7% (95% CI 93.0-99.8), specificity 99.1% (95% CI 96.7-99.8), and 91.9% (95% CI 87.3-95.0), respectively. False negative results of the Ampliflash® GBS test correlated with low-density GBS cultures. Time-to-results correlated with GBS culture density only for the PlusLife® GBS test (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Both techniques provide excellent analytical performances with high sensitivity and specificity together with a short turnaround time and results available in 10 to 35 min. Their potential to further reduce the burden of GBS neonatal disease compared with antenatal culture screening needs to be assessed in future clinical studies.

Short-term variation of the fetal heart rate as a marker of intraamniotic infection in pregnancies with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes: a historical cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: Intraamniotic infection (IAI) and subsequent early-onset neonatal sepsis (EONS) are among the main complications associated with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM). Currently used diagnostic tools have been shown to have poor diagnostic performance for IAI. This study aimed to investigate whether the exposure to IAI before delivery is associated with short-term variation of the fetal heart rate in pregnancies with PPROM. METHODS: Observational cohort study of 678 pregnancies with PPROM, delivering between 24 + 0 and 33 + 6 gestational weeks from 2012 to 2019 in five labor units in Stockholm County, Sweden. Electronic medical records were examined to obtain background and exposure data. For the exposure IAI, we used the later diagnosis of EONS in the offspring as a proxy. EONS is strongly associated to IAI and was considered a better proxy for IAI than the histological diagnosis of acute chorioamnionitis, since acute chorioamnionitis can be observed in the absence of both positive microbiology and biochemical markers for inflammation. Cardiotocography traces were analyzed by a computerized algorithm for short-term variation of the fetal heart rate, which was the main outcome measure. RESULTS: Twenty-seven pregnancies were categorized as having an IAI, based on the proxy diagnosis of EONS after birth. Fetuses exposed to IAI had significantly lower short-term variation values in the last cardiotocography trace before birth than fetuses who were not exposed (5.25 vs 6.62 ms; unadjusted difference: -1.37, p = 0.009). After adjustment for smoking and diabetes, this difference remained significant. IAI with a later positive blood culture in the neonate (n = 12) showed an even larger absolute difference in STV (-1.65; p = 0.034), with a relative decrease of 23.5%. CONCLUSION: In pregnancies with PPROM, fetuses exposed to IAI with EONS as a proxy have lower short-term variation of the fetal heart rate than fetuses who are not exposed. Short-term variation might be useful as adjunct surveillance in pregnancies with PPROM.

Cracking the Code: Investigating the Correlation between Aerobic Vaginitis and Preterm Labor.

Aerobic vaginitis (AV) is a distinct clinical entity characterized by inflammation and abnormal vaginal microflora. Often mistaken for bacterial vaginosis, AV remains relatively unknown and underdiagnosed. AV's understanding is evolving, with some experts suggesting it may primarily be an immunological disorder, the prevalence of which has a range of 7-13% in non-pregnant women and 4.1-8.3% during pregnancy. Pregnancy can affect susceptibility to vaginal infections, leading to adverse outcomes for the woman and the newborn. This review summarizes the correlation between AV and adverse pregnancy outcomes, particularly preterm birth, the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among neonates. An improved understanding of AV's impact on pregnancy outcomes can lead to early recognition, proper management, and effective interventions. While some studies support an association between AV and preterm labor, the existing knowledge of this relationship remains limited. The evidence suggests that AV may contribute to adverse pregnancy outcomes, mainly preterm birth, but further research is needed to establish a definitive link. Further studies are needed to investigate the underlying mechanisms and clarify AV's role in premature labor. A comprehensive understanding of AV's impact on pregnancy outcomes is crucial for early recognition, appropriate management, and effective interventions.

Varicella in the 21st Century.

Varicella is a highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus and has a wide range of clinical presentations. Varicella can cause mild disease in infants born to infected persons who are immunized as a result of previous vaccination or previous clinical or subclinical infection. However, varicella can also lead to severe life-threatening disease in infants, particularly for those born to nonimmunized persons. In this review, we will summarize the natural history of varicella-zoster infection in pregnant persons, infants with congenital varicella syndrome, and infants with postnatal varicella infection. We will also provide guidance about isolation recommendations and chemoprophylaxis for exposed hospitalized infants. Finally, we will describe risk factors for developing disseminated disease and review the approach to treatment of infected infants.

"The anxiety coming up to every scan-It destroyed me": A qualitative study of the lived experience of cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence supporting the use of valaciclovir to reduce fetal infection after maternal primary cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has stimulated interest in routine CMV serological screening in pregnancy. It is important to understand the healthcare consumer perspective of a CMV infection during pregnancy to minimize unintended harms of screening. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews with Australian women who had a lived experience of CMV infection following serological testing during pregnancy. Participants were recruited via social media and healthcare consumer networks, and purposively selected to capture a range of perinatal outcomes. Interview transcripts were analyzed using inductive content analysis. RESULTS: Twelve participants were interviewed: 6 had a live birth, 4 had terminations of pregnancy, 1 had a neonatal death and 1 was pregnant at the time of interview. Four major categories emerged from the analysis. Women reported a lack of CMV awareness among themselves, their social networks, and among their health care providers. The participants described their experience as "hard" and "stressful". Uncertainty and variability characterized their clinical decision-making process. The pregnancy and postpartum periods were marked by ongoing anxiety about the long-term impacts of CMV. Women supported screening for CMV, decision making and reproductive choice, but acknowledged that routine testing may not be desired by everyone and may increase stress and terminations of pregnancy. Important coping strategies included obtaining support from partners, family, and other families with lived experience of CMV, as well as having access to knowledgeable and sensitive healthcare professionals. CONCLUSION: Serological diagnosis of maternal CMV infection during pregnancy can have severe and prolonged psychological impacts on parents, regardless of the pregnancy outcome. Improving healthcare professionals' knowledge and public awareness are essential before widespread serological screening can be responsibly introduced. Healthcare administrators that are considering implementing a prenatal screening program for secondary prevention of fetal CMV infection should pay attention to consumer perspectives to minimize unintended harms to women and their families.

Development and validation of an individualised nomogram to predict mother-to-child transmission in pregnant women with syphilis in China: a retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: The elimination of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of syphilis has been set as a public health priority. However, an instrument to predict the MTCT of syphilis is not available. We aimed to develop and validate an intuitive nomogram to predict the individualised risk of MTCT in pregnant women with syphilis in China. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Data was acquired from the National Information System of Prevention of MTCT of Syphilis in Guangdong province between 2011 and 2020. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 13 860 pregnant women with syphilis and their infants were included and randomised 7:3 into the derivation cohort (n=9702) and validation cohort (n=4158). PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Congenital syphilis. RESULTS: Among 13 860 pregnant women with syphilis and their infants included, 1370 infants were diagnosed with congenital syphilis. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression and multivariable logistic regression showed that age, ethnicity, registered residence, marital status, number of pregnancies, transmission route, the timing of syphilis diagnosis, stage of syphilis, time from first antenatal care to syphilis diagnosis and toluidine red unheated serum test titre were predictors of MTCT of syphilis. A nomogram was developed based on the predictors, which demonstrated good calibration and discrimination with an area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic of 0.741 (95% CI: 0.728 to 0.755) and 0.731 (95% CI: 0.710 to 0.752) for the derivation and validation cohorts, respectively. The net benefit of the predictive models was positive, demonstrating a significant potential for clinical decision-making. We have also developed a web calculator based on this prediction model. CONCLUSIONS: Our nomogram exhibited good performance in predicting individualised risk for MTCT of syphilis, which may help guide early and personalised prevention for MTCT of syphilis.

Efficacy of mobile phone intervention to increase male partner antenatal care attendance for HIV testing in Moshi municipal, Tanzania: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: HIV partner counselling and testing in antenatal care (ANC) is a crucial strategy to raise the number of males who know their HIV status. However, in many settings like Tanzania, male involvement in antenatal care remains low, and there is a definite need for innovative strategies to increase male partner involvement. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of mobile phone intervention increase male partner ANC attendance for HIV testing in Moshi municipal, Tanzania. METHODS: Between April and July 2022, we enrolled pregnant women presenting to a first ANC visit at Majengo and St. Joseph reproductive health facilities without their male partners. Eligible pregnant women were randomly assigned to invitation of their male partners either via phone calls, text messages from clinic staff and verbal invites from pregnant partners (intervention arm) or verbal invites only from the pregnant partners (control arm). Neither healthcare provider nor participant were blinded. The primary outcome was the proportion of male partners who attended ANC with their pregnant partners during a follow-up period of two consecutive visits. The secondary outcome measure was HIV testing among male partners following the invitation. Participants were analyzed as originally assigned (intention to treat). RESULTS: A total of 350 pregnant women presenting to ANC for the first time were enrolled, with 175 women enrolled in each arm. The efficacy of male attendance with their pregnant women following the invitations was 83.4% (147/175) in the intervention arm and 46.3% (81/175) in the control arm. Overall, the results suggest a positive and statistically significant average treatment effect among men who received mobile phone intervention on ANC attendance. For the secondary outcome, the percent of male partners who accepted HIV counselling and testing was 99.3% (146/147) in the intervention arm and 93.8% (76/81) in the control arm. Married men were having higher odds of ANC attendance compared with single men (aOR:6.40(3.26-12.56), Males with multigravida women were having lower odds of ANC attendance compared with primigravida women (aOR:0.17(0.09-0.33). CONCLUSION: The study demonstrates that supplementing verbal invitations with mobile phone calls and text messages from clinic staff can significantly increase male partner ANC attendance and HIV testing. This combined approach is recommended in improving ANC attendance and HIV testing of male partners who do not accompany their pregnant partners to antenatal clinics in the first visits. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PACTR202209769991162.

Treponema pallidum PCR with blood and cerebrospinal fluid of newborns exposed and not exposed to syphilis during pregnancy.

INTRODUCTION: Congenital syphilis (CS) has severe adverse outcomes, including abortion and death. Diagnosis of CS in asymptomatic newborns remains difficult. This study aims to evaluate an in-house polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood samples (BS) to identify T. pallidum DNA in newborns. METHODOLOGY: We performed an exploratory cross-sectional study that included newborns exposed to syphilis during pregnancy (SEG) and non-exposed (SNEG) newborns, between 2019 and 2020. In-house conventional PCR for T. pallidum targeting the tpp47 gene was used to analyze CSFS and dried blood spots. RESULTS: BS was obtained from 54 newborns (33 SEG/21 SNEG) and CSF from 55 newborns (33 SEG/22 SNEG). Twenty-five (71.4%) SEG newborns had reactive BS rapid plasmatic reagins (RPR), and all of them had RPR titers less than or equal to the corresponding maternal titers. All RPR CSF tests were negative. PCR for T. pallidum DNA was positive in 19/33 (57.6%) BS, and in 22/33 CSF. The only SEG newborn with clinical signs of early CS had a positive CSF PCR and a negative BS PCR. Conversely, among SNEG newborns, PCR was positive in 2/21 BS and 5/22 (22.7%) CSF. CONCLUSIONS: T. pallidum DNA was identified using our PCR tests. The exposed group did not present abnormalities that would indicate CS. This prevented conclusions regarding sensitivity and specificity. Dried spot permitted bedside collection, easy transportation, and storage. Further research is needed to evaluate and improve the accuracy of CS low-cost PCR tests, especially for limited resource settings.

Factors influencing the positivity of diagnostic tests for congenital syphilis.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to analyze the factors that influence the positivity of treponemal and non-treponemal tests in cases of congenital syphilis. METHODS: This cross-sectional and correlational study was carried out from the analysis of the database of Disease and Notification Information System (SINAN, in Portuguese) using the data obtained through the Epidemiological Surveillance Group 29, with 639 notifications of congenital syphilis between 2007 and 2018. The data were analyzed by a descriptive and inferential analysis from logistic regression with a significance level of 5% (p≤0.05). RESULTS: The positivity of the treponemal test was higher by 4.5 times in infants living in rural areas and 19.6 times among those whose mothers obtained the diagnosis of syphilis after birth. The treponemal test showed positivity 3.2 times higher for the variable "having been diagnosed between 2007 and 2015" and 5.5 times higher for the variable "having been diagnosed with maternal syphilis in the postpartum period." CONCLUSION: This study shows that testing during prenatal care is essential for early diagnosis and prevention of syphilis complications.

The cost-effectiveness of syphilis screening in pregnant women: a systematic literature review.

Introduction: The cost-effectiveness study of syphilis screening in pregnant women has not been synthesized. This study aimed to synthesize the economic evidence on the cost-effectiveness of syphilis screening in pregnant women that might contribute to making recommendations on the future direction of syphilis screening approaches. Methods: We systematically searched MEDLINE, PubMed, and Web of Science databases for relevant studies published before 19 January 2023 and identified the cost-effectiveness analyses for syphilis screening in pregnant women. The methodological design quality was appraised by the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) 2022 checklist. Results: In total, 17 literature met the eligibility criteria for a full review. Of the 17 studies, four evaluated interventions using different screening methods, seven assessed a combination of syphilis testing and treatment interventions, three focused on repeat screening intervention, and four evaluated the interventions that integrated syphilis and HIV testing. The most cost-effective strategy appeared to be rapid syphilis testing with high treatment rates in pregnant women who were positive. Discussion: The cost-effectiveness of syphilis screening for pregnancy has been widely demonstrated. It is very essential to improve the compliance with maternal screening and the treatment rates for positive pregnant women while implementing screening.

Neonatal herpes simplex virus encephalitis with intracranial bleeding in a newborn baby with concurrent rhesus incompatibility.

We report a baby with neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis concurrent with Rrhesus (Rh) incompatibility. He was delivered by a Ggravida 2 mother with a history of miscarriage in her previous pregnancy at a gestation age of 4 months. She had Bblood group 0 and Rrhesus negative. The baby was noticed to have jaundice on day one1 of life accompanied by generalised petechiae on the face and upper chest. A full blood picture revealed severe anaemia and severe thrombocytopaenia and HSV 1/2 IgM was positive. MRI of the brain showed multiple extensive haemorrhagic lesions on the frontal-temporal regions.