Senses and meanings of primary health care academic visions in nursing / Sentidos y significados de las visiones académicas de la atención/cuidado primaria de salud en enfermería / Sentidos e significados das visões acadêmicas da atenção básica/cuidado em enfermagem

Introduction: Primary Health Care (PHC) has acquired different meanings for different people, at specific times and places, which poses important challenges for its understanding. Objective: To analyze the meaning(s) and sense(s) of Primary/Basic Health Care in the academic views on Nursing/Health in the context of undergraduate Nursing courses offered at two public Higher Education Institutions. Materials and methods: Qualitative study with an exploratory approach. Semi-structured interviews and documentary analysis were used as data collection techniques. Results: The senses/meanings of Primary Health Care converge with the population's gateway to the health system at the first care level and with the first contact of a person with the health service. However, it is still considered as a less important service within the care network. Conclusion: Primary Health Care means a relevant possibility for Nursing/Health care through health promotion and disease prevention actions, with a commitment to respond to most of the population's health needs.

Introducción: La Atención Primaria de Salud ha adquirido diferentes significados para diversas personas, en momentos y lugares específicos, lo cual plantea importantes retos para su entendimiento. Objetivo: Analizar los significados y sentidos de la Atención Primaria de Salud desde una visión académica en Enfermería y en el contexto de cursos de pregrado en Enfermería ofrecidos en dos Instituciones Públicas de Educación Superior. Materiales y métodos: Estudio cualitativo con un enfoque exploratorio, para la recolección de datos se emplearon entrevistas semiestructuradas y análisis documental de contenidos. Resultados: Los sentidos/significados de la Atención Primaria de la Salud convergen con el ingreso de la población al sistema de salud en el primer nivel de atención y la primera experiencia de la persona con el servicio de salud. Sin embargo, dicha Atención Primaria todavía se considera un servicio de baja importancia dentro de la red asistencial. Conclusión: La Atención Primaria de Salud representa una posibilidad relevante para el cuidado de Enfermería a través de acciones de promoción de la salud y prevención de enfermedades, que debe fortalecerse para responder la mayoría de las necesidades de salud de la población.

Introdução: A Atenção Primária à Saúde tem adquirido diferentes significados para diferentes pessoas, em momentos e locais específicos, o que coloca desafios importantes para a sua compreensão. Objetivo: Analisar os sentidos e significados da Atenção Primária à Saúde na perspectiva acadêmica em Enfermagem e no contexto dos cursos de graduação em Enfermagem oferecidos em duas Instituições de Ensino Superior Públicas. Materiais e métodos: Estudo qualitativo com abordagem exploratória, utilizou-se entrevistas semiestruturadas para coleta de dados e análise de conteúdo documental. Resultados: Os sentidos/significados da Atenção Primária à Saúde convergem com a entrada da população no sistema de saúde no primeiro nível de atenção e a primeira experiência da pessoa com o serviço de saúde. Contudo, a referida Atenção Básica ainda é considerada um serviço de baixa importância dentro da rede de saúde. Conclusão: A Atenção Primária à Saúde representa uma possibilidade relevante para o cuidado de Enfermagem por meio de ações de promoção da saúde e prevenção de doenças, que devem ser fortalecidas para responder à maioria das necessidades de saúde da população.

An innovative business model using established Medicare items for delivery of cardiac rehabilitation: A value proposition for primary care.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 70% of Australians do not attend cardiac rehabilitation (CR). A potential solution is integrating CR into primary care OBJECTIVE: To propose a business model for primary care providers to implement CR using current Medicare items. DISCUSSION: Using the chronic disease management plan, general practitioners (GPs) complete four clinical assessments at 1-2 weeks, 8-12 weeks, and 6 and 12 months after discharge. The net benefit of applying this model, compared with claiming the most used standard consultation Item 23, in Phase II CR is up to $505 per patient and $543 in Phase III CR. The number of rural GPs providing CR in partnership with the Country Access To Cardiac Health (CATCH) through the GP hybrid model has increased from 28 in 2021 to 32 in 2022. This increase might be attributed to this value proposition. The biggest limitation is access to allied health services in the rural areas.

Educational interventions for the prevention and management of adverse events following immunisation: a systematic review. / Intervenções educativas para prevenção e conduta dos eventos adversos pós-vacinação: uma revisão sistemática.

This study investigated educational interventions for the prevention and management of adverse events following immunisation. This a systematic review was conducted by examining observational studies, with no restriction as to language or year, registered in PROSPERO with the identifier CRD42022313144 and by searching the MEDLINE, LILACS, Embase, CINAHL and Scopus databases. Two researchers selected the studies, extracted the data and assessed the risk of study bias; disagreements were resolved by a third researcher. A total of six articles met the inclusion criteria of the systematic review and the studies reported significant post-intervention improvements in staff conduct in relation to immunisation. It was concluded that educational strategies that lead to continued professional development in relation to vaccination in primary care were effective in reducing and/or eradicating immunisation errors and adverse events following immunisation.

O estudo tem como objetivo investigar as intervenções educativas para a prevenção e conduta dos eventos adversos pós-vacinação. Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática realizada por meio da análise de estudos observacionais sem restrição de idioma e ano com registro no PROSPERO pelo identificador CRD42022313144 e busca nas bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS, Embase, CINAHL e Scopus. Dois pesquisadores selecionaram os estudos, extraíram os dados e avaliaram o risco de viés, as discordâncias foram resolvidas por um terceiro pesquisador. Atenderam os critérios de inclusão da revisão sistemática um total de seis artigos e os estudos apresentaram melhoras significativas pós-intervenção na conduta dos profissionais em relação à imunização. Conclui-se que o fornecimento de estratégias educativas de educação permanente no âmbito vacinal da atenção primária é eficaz para reduzir e/ou erradicar os erros de imunização e eventos adversos pós-vacinação.

Federal transfers to municipalities through parliamentary amendments: implications for SUS funding. / Transferências federais por emendas parlamentares aos municípios: implicações para o financiamento do SUS.

The present article analyzes the transfers from parliamentary amendments by the Ministry of Health to municipalities to finance public health actions and services from 2015 to 2021. A descriptive and exploratory study was carried out with secondary data, including all Brazilian cities. Resources from amendments showed an increase, particularly from 2018 onwards, indicating the expansion of their relevance for financing SUS. From 2016 to 2021, over 80% was allocated to municipalities, representing 9.5% of all federal transfers, with 91.2% for operational expenses. Transfers from amendments differ from regular transfers due to greater instability and per capita variation among the amounts collected by municipalities and due to the fact that they allocate most resources to the Northeast and primary care to the detriment of the Southeast and medium and high complexity care. These transfers represent a differentiated modality of resource allocation in SUS that produces new distortions and asymmetries, with implications for intergovernmental relations, as well as between the executive and legislative powers, increasing the risk of the discontinuity of actions and services and imposing challenges for the municipal management.

O artigo tem como objetivo analisar as transferências por emendas parlamentares do Ministério da Saúde aos municípios para o financiamento de ações e serviços públicos de saúde, de 2015 a 2021. Foi realizado estudo descritivo e exploratório com dados secundários, abrangendo a totalidade de municípios brasileiros. Os recursos provenientes de emendas apresentaram aumento, em especial a partir de 2018, indicando a expansão de sua relevância para o financiamento do SUS. No período de 2016 a 2021, mais de 80% foram alocados aos municípios, representando 9,5% dos repasses federais, com 91,2% de natureza de custeio. As transferências por emendas diferem dos repasses regulares por possuir maior instabilidade e variação per capita entre os montantes captados pelos municípios, e por destinar a maior parte dos recursos ao Nordeste e à atenção primária, em detrimento do Sudeste e da média e alta complexidade. Configura-se uma modalidade diferenciada de alocação de recursos no SUS que produz novas distorções e assimetrias, com implicações para as relações intergovernamentais e entre os poderes executivo e legislativo, ampliando o risco de descontinuidade de ações e serviços e impondo desafios para as gestões municipais.

Analysis of the performance of health services in a group of vulnerable municipalities. / Análise do desempenho dos serviços de saúde em um grupo de municípios vulneráveis.

This work was a descriptive study that analyzed the performance of health services in 112 municipalities (g100) characterized by more than 80,000 inhabitants, low public revenue, and socioeconomic vulnerability. Based on the Projeto de Avaliação de Desempenho do Sistema de Saúde, 31 indicators of funding, resources, access, effectiveness, acceptability, and appropriateness were selected for the period of 2017-2020, and were compared to the variations of each year's indicators year on year. In 2020, an increase in funding, especially SUS transfers (31.6%), was observed. The availability of hospital beds had been decreasing between 2017 and 2019, but began to increase again in 2020; likewise, the availability of health professionals also showed a slight increase. A decline was observed in cervical and breast cancer screening exams of nearly 40% (2020), as well as a decrease in surgical procedures, such as cataracts and angioplasties. The hospitalizations due to conditions manageable by primary care were 15.8% in 2020, 14.1% lower than in 2019. A 55.8% increase in mortality due to diabetes and greater tuberculosis treatment non-adherence was also observed. The pandemic context calls for caution when interpreting results, which highlight access barriers and postponements of proper health care.

Estudo descritivo que analisou o desempenho dos serviços de saúde de um grupo de 112 municípios denominado g100 caracterizado por mais de 80 mil habitantes, baixa receita pública e vulnerabilidade socioeconômica. Do Projeto de Avaliação de Desempenho do Sistema de Saúde, foram selecionados 31 indicadores de financiamento, recursos, acesso, efetividade, aceitabilidade e adequação, para o período 2017-2020, e comparadas variações de cada ano em relação ao anterior. Em 2020, houve aumento no aporte financeiro, especialmente por transferências SUS (31,6%). A disponibilidade de leitos vinha decaindo entre 2017 e 2019, aumentou em 2020 e a oferta de profissionais de saúde apresentou leve aumento. Houve redução nos exames de rastreamento de câncer de colo do útero e mama de quase 40% (2020), e reduções de internações cirúrgicas, como cataratas e angioplastias. O percentual de internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária foi 15,8% em 2020, 14,1% menor do que em 2019. Houve aumento de 55,8% na mortalidade por diabetes e maior abandono do tratamento de tuberculose. O contexto pandêmico exige cautela na interpretação de resultados, que apontam para barreiras de acesso e postergação na prestação de cuidados.

Telecare in the Brazilian Unified Health System: where we are and where we are heading. / Teleassistência no Sistema Único de Saúde brasileiro: onde estamos e para onde vamos?

This article explores telecare from telehealth developments and the recent acceleration of the digital health transformation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). It addresses terminological issues, the scope of actions, the potential use for healthcare, and constraints and contingencies for telecare in Brazil, focusing on teleconsultations and interactions between health professionals and patients. Finally, it presents a set of propositions for the development of telecare policies and practices in Brazil, considering SUS principles, in two central themes: organizational political guidelines and operational propositions to organise services and healthcare delivery. The importance of clarifying the scope and limits of new technologies is highlighted in the attempt to avoid idealizations with proposed solutions to complex health problems. Telecare solutions should be compatible with SUS principles and with the recommended model of care, with the healthcare network coordinated and organised by primary care, ensuring access to health services and integrated and quality healthcare for the Brazilian society.

O artigo explora a teleassistência a partir dos desenvolvimentos da telessaúde e da aceleração da transformação digital na saúde provocada pela pandemia de COVID-19, com foco no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Aborda questões terminológicas, escopo de ações, potencialidades do uso para atenção à saúde e condicionantes e contingências para a utilização da teleassistência no Brasil, concentrando-se nas teleconsultas e nas interações entre profissionais de saúde e pacientes. Por fim, apresenta um conjunto de proposições para o desenvolvimento das políticas e práticas de teleassistência no Brasil, tendo em vista os princípios do SUS, organizados em dois eixos estratégicos centrais: diretrizes político organizacionais e proposições operacionais e de organização dos serviços e do cuidado. Destaca-se a importância de ponderar e elucidar os alcances e os limites das novas tecnologias para evitar idealizações e deslumbramentos com suas propostas de solução para os complexos problemas de saúde. As soluções de teleassistência devem ser compatíveis com princípios e diretrizes do SUS e com o modelo de atenção preconizado, que prevê a organização da rede a partir da atenção primária, para garantir acesso, integralidade e qualidade da atenção à saúde para a sociedade brasileira.

Perspectives for Primary Health Care public policy in South America. / Perspectivas para las políticas públicas de Atención Primaria en Salud en Suramérica.

We aim to conduct a comparative analysis of the implementation of PHC in nine South American countries. Three dimensions were highlighted from documentary sources: political commitment, leadership, and governance; care model; and engagement of communities and other stakeholders. The results indicate a formal commitment that places PHC at the center of efforts to achieve universal access. The following can be observed: revitalization processes in public subsystems, based on guaranteeing preventive, promotional, curative and rehabilitation actions; PHC as gatekeeper; emphasis on family and community; assigned population and territory; multidisciplinary teams; and, in some cases, the accent on interculturality expressed in the concept of "buen vivir" (good living). The PHC revitalization processes were affected by political changes. Between progress and setbacks, the segmentation of coverage was not overcome. The current moment seeks to recover more inclusive and broad public policies in the context of the return of the progressive and democratic fields. The dissemination of country experiences can contribute to the development of a comprehensive, integrated, and quality approach to PHC in the Region.

El objetivo es realizar un análisis comparativo de la implementación de la APS en nueve países de Suramérica. A partir de fuentes documentales fueron destacadas tres dimensiones: compromiso político, liderazgo y gobernanza; modelo de atención; involucramiento de comunidades y otros actores. Los resultados indican la existencia de compromiso formal que localiza la APS en el centro de los esfuerzos para lograr el acceso universal. Se observan procesos de revitalización en los subsistemas públicos, basados en la garantía de acciones preventivas, promocionales, de cura y rehabilitación; puerta de entrada; enfoque familiar y comunitario; población y territorio adscriptos; equipos multiprofesionales, y, en algunos casos, énfasis en la interculturalidad expresada en la concepción de "buen vivir". Los procesos de revitalización de la APS fueron afectados por cambios políticos. Entre avances y retrocesos, no se logró superar la segmentación de cobertura. El momento actual es de rescate de políticas públicas más inclusivas y amplias, en el contexto de recomposición de los campos progresistas y democráticos. Difundir experiencias de los países puede contribuir para el desarrollo de un enfoque de APS integral, integrada y de calidad en la Región.

Managing COPD exacerbations in primary care.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common but underdiagnosed lung condition that is frequently managed inappropriately. It impacts poorest communities most, where health inequalities are greatest. New acute symptoms of breathlessness, cough, sputum production and wheeze should prompt clinical suspicion of underlying COPD in someone who is a current or ex-smoker (or has exposure to other risk factors) and be followed by referral for quality-assured spirometry once recovered. Management of COPD exacerbations in primary care includes use of short-acting bronchodilators if mild, and antibiotics and a short course of oral prednisolone if moderate/severe. Hospital at home schemes are safe and effective and should be considered for some patients exacerbating in the community; these are increasingly supported by remote monitoring ('virtual wards'). New or worsening hypoxia is an indication for hospital admission and therefore oxygen saturation monitoring is an important part of exacerbation management; clinicians should be aware of patient safety alerts around use of pulse oximeters. Exacerbations drive poor health status and lung function decline and therefore asking about exacerbation frequency at planned reviews and taking action to reduce these is an important part of long-term COPD care. An exacerbation is an opportunity to ensure that fundamentals of good care are addressed. Patients should be supported to understand and act on exacerbations through a supported self-management plan; prompt treatment is beneficial but should be balanced by careful antibiotic and corticosteroid stewardship. COPD rescue packs on repeat prescription are not recommended.

An analysis of NHS 111 demand for primary care services: A retrospective cohort study.

The NHS 111 service triages over 16,650,745 calls per year and approximately 48% of callers are triaged to a primary care disposition, such as a telephone appointment with a general practitioner (GP). However, there has been little assessment of the ability of primary care services to meet this demand. If a timely service cannot be provided to patients, it could result in patients calling 999 or attending emergency departments (ED) instead. This study aimed to explore the patient journey for callers who were triaged to a primary care disposition, and the ability of primary care services to meet this demand. We obtained routine, retrospective data from the Connected Yorkshire research database, and identified all 111 calls between the 1st January 2021 and 31st December 2021 for callers registered with a GP in the Bradford or Airedale region of West Yorkshire, who were triaged to a primary care disposition. Subsequent healthcare system access (111, 999, primary and secondary care) in the 72 hours following the index 111 call was identified, and a descriptive analysis of the healthcare trajectory of patients was undertaken. There were 56,102 index 111 calls, and a primary care service was the first interaction in 26,690/56,102 (47.6%) of cases, with 15,470/26,690 (58%) commenced within the specified triage time frame. Calls to 999 were higher in the cohort who had no prior contact with primary care (58% vs 42%) as were ED attendances (58.2% vs 41.8), although the proportion of avoidable ED attendances was similar (10.5% vs 11.8%). Less than half of 111 callers triaged to a primary care disposition make contact with a primary care service, and even when they do, call triage time frames are frequently not met, suggesting that current primary care provision cannot meet the demand from 111.

Validation of the patient reported experiences and outcomes of safety in primary care compact Form Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the psychometric properties of the cross-culturally adapted version of the Patient Reported Experiences and Outcomes of Safety in Primary Care (PREOS-PC) Compact Form Brazil. METHODS: A methodological study was conducted with 281 adult Primary Health Care users. Data collection took place online. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to evaluate the psychometric properties of the PREOS-PC after the process of cross-cultural adaptation to the Brazilian context. Internal consistency was evaluated through Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α) and McDonald's omega coefficient (ω). RESULTS: The sample consisted of 73.3% women. The mean age was 36.1 years (SD = 12.2). Of the 23 items of the PREOS-PC that were eligible for CFA, a model with four correlated domains and 16 items presented satisfactory fit indexes. The domains were Practice Activation (PrA) (four items), Patient Activation (PaA) (two items), Experiences of patient safety events (EPaS) (five items) and Outcomes of patient safety (OPaS) (six items). One domain (GPeS) presented one question with a 0 to 10 response scale and two open questions, which cannot be inserted in the CPA due to the nature of the items, but can be included in the application of the scale, being evaluated individually. In this factorial model, five items (EPaS2, EPaS3, EPaS4, EPaS5, EPaS6 and EPaS8) presented factor loadings ≤ 0.30. The α and ω values demonstrated good internal consistency for all domains of the PREOS-PC. CONCLUSIONS: The Brazilian version of the PREOS-PC Compact Form Brazil composed of four domains (PrA, PA, EPaS and OPaS) and 16 items presented evidence of validation of its psychometric properties and can be used to evaluate the experiences and results of patient safety in Primary Health Care in the Brazilian context.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the self-care and health condition of the older adults. CUIDAMOS+75. A mixed methods study protocol.

Aims: To assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the health condition of people ≥75 years of age and on their family caregivers in Spain. Design: Multicentric, mixed method concurrent study. Methods: This work, which will be conducted within the primary care setting in 11 administrative regions of Spain, will include three coordinated studies with different methodologies. The first is a population-based cohort study that will use real-life data to analyze the rates and evolution of health needs, care provision, and services utilization before, during, and after the pandemic. The second is a prospective cohort study with 18 months of follow-up that will evaluate the impact of COVID-19 disease on mortality, frailty, functional and cognitive capacity, and quality of life of the participants. Finally, the third will be a qualitative study with a critical social approach to understand and interpret the social, political, and economic dimensions associated with the use of health services during the pandemic. We have followed the SPIRIT Checklist to address trial protocol and related documents. This research is being funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III since 2021 and was approved by its ethics committee (June 2022). Discussion: The study findings will reveal the long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the older adults and their caregivers. This information will serve policymakers to adapt health policies to the needs of this population in situations of maximum stress, such as that produced by the COVID-19 pandemic. Trial Registration: Identifier: NCT05249868 [ClinicalTrials.gov].

Comparing performance of primary care clinicians in the interpretation of SPIROmetry with or without Artificial Intelligence Decision support software (SPIRO-AID): a protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Spirometry is a point-of-care lung function test that helps support the diagnosis and monitoring of chronic lung disease. The quality and interpretation accuracy of spirometry is variable in primary care. This study aims to evaluate whether artificial intelligence (AI) decision support software improves the performance of primary care clinicians in the interpretation of spirometry, against reference standard (expert interpretation). METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A parallel, two-group, statistician-blinded, randomised controlled trial of primary care clinicians in the UK, who refer for, or interpret, spirometry. People with specialist training in respiratory medicine to consultant level were excluded. A minimum target of 228 primary care clinician participants will be randomised with a 1:1 allocation to assess fifty de-identified, real-world patient spirometry sessions through an online platform either with (intervention group) or without (control group) AI decision support software report. Outcomes will cover primary care clinicians' spirometry interpretation performance including measures of technical quality assessment, spirometry pattern recognition and diagnostic prediction, compared with reference standard. Clinicians' self-rated confidence in spirometry interpretation will also be evaluated. The primary outcome is the proportion of the 50 spirometry sessions where the participant's preferred diagnosis matches the reference diagnosis. Unpaired t-tests and analysis of covariance will be used to estimate the difference in primary outcome between intervention and control groups. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study has been reviewed and given favourable opinion by Health Research Authority Wales (reference: 22/HRA/5023). Results will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals, presented at relevant national and international conferences, disseminated through social media, patient and public routes and directly shared with stakeholders. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05933694.

Deploying an asthma dashboard to support quality improvement across a nationally representative sentinel network of 7.6 million people in England.

Every year, there are ~100,000 hospital admissions for asthma in the UK, many of which are potentially preventable. Evidence suggests that carefully conceptualised and implemented audit and feedback (A&F) cycles have the potential to improve clinical outcomes for those with chronic conditions. We wanted to investigate the technical feasibility of developing a near-real time asthma dashboard to support A&F interventions for asthma management in primary care. We extracted cross-sectional data on asthma from 756 participating GP practices in the Oxford-Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre (RCGP RSC) database in England comprising 7.6 million registered people. Summary indicators for a GP practice were compared to all participating RCGP RSC practices using practice-level data, for the week 6-12th-Mar-2023. A weekly, automated asthma dashboard with features that can support electronic-A&F cycles that compared key asthma indicators for a GP practice to RCGP RSC could be created ( https://tinyurl.com/3ydtrt85 ): 12-weeks-incidence 0.4% vs 0.4%, annual prevalence 6.1% vs 6.7%, inhaled relievers to preventer 1.2 vs 1.1, self-management plan given 83.4% vs 60.8%, annual reviews 36.8% vs 57.3%, prednisolone prescriptions 2.0% vs 3.2%, influenza vaccination 56.6% vs 55.5%, pneumococcal vaccination ever (aged ≥65 years) 90.2% vs 84.1% and current smokers 14.9% vs 14.8%. Across the RCGP RSC, the rate of hospitalisations was 0.024%; comparative data had to be suppressed for the study practice because of small numbers. We have successfully created an automated near real-time asthma dashboard that can be used to support A&F initiatives to improve asthma care and outcomes in primary care.

Susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae against a dual treatment antibiotics regimen in primary health centres in Surabaya, Indonesia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: There were 82.4 million new gonorrhoea cases worldwide in 2020. Dual treatment with ceftriaxone or cefixime and azithromycin or doxycycline is currently recommended for gonorrhoea in Indonesia. However, reduced susceptibility and resistance to cephalosporins and azithromycin are increasing. We evaluated the susceptibility pattern of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to cefixime, ceftriaxone, azithromycin and doxycycline. METHOD: N. gonorrhoeae isolates were obtained from 19 male participants with clinically and laboratory-confirmed gonorrhoea. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted by disc diffusion and interpreted according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria. RESULTS: Reduced susceptibility or resistance was observed against doxycycline in 19 isolates (100%), cefixime in six (31.6%), ceftriaxone in three (15.8%) and azithromycin in zero (0%) isolates. DISCUSSION: A dual treatment regimen with ceftriaxone and azithromycin can still be recommended as first-line therapy for gonorrhoea in Indonesia. Antibiotic susceptibility surveillance of N. gonorrhoeae should be routinely conducted.

Improving pediatric atopic dermatitis care in the emergency department and primary care setting: a collaborative quality improvement pilot project.

Emergency department visits and healthcare expenditures for pediatric atopic dermatitis have been increasing over the last two decades. There is a paucity of replicable quality improvement initiatives addressed at educating primary care and emergency medicine clinicians on this condition. The goal of this initiative was to improve clinician knowledge and comfort in the diagnosis and management of pediatric atopic dermatitis and superinfection. Clinicians were recruited via email from academic and community settings in Travis County, Texas, in 2020. They were sent a pre-intervention survey, a series of three quizzes, and a post-intervention survey. After each quiz, participants received performance feedback and various forms of multimodal education. Differences between the first and final quiz scores and clinician confidence levels were analyzed for statistical significance. Fifty-six clinicians completed the intervention. The average overall and treatment-specific scores increased significantly by 10% and 37%, respectively. Further, confidence levels improved significantly in the majority of clinicians. Clinician qualitative feedback revealed high satisfaction. Results from this educational quality improvement project have demonstrated that this is an effective and replicable resource for educating clinicians who manage pediatric atopic dermatitis in the emergency department and outpatient setting.

The association between primary care appointment lengths and opioid prescribing for common pain conditions.

BACKGROUND: While brief duration primary care appointments may improve access, they also limit the time clinicians spend evaluating painful conditions. This study aimed to evaluate whether 15-minute primary care appointments resulted in higher rates of opioid prescribing when compared to ≥ 30-minute appointments. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study using electronic health record (EHR), pharmacy, and administrative scheduling data from five primary care practices in Minnesota. Adult patients seen for acute Evaluation & Management visits between 10/1/2015 and 9/30/2017 scheduled for 15-minute appointments were propensity score matched to those scheduled for ≥ 30-minutes. Sub-groups were analyzed to include patients with acute and chronic pain conditions and prior opioid exposure. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to examine the effects of appointment length on the likelihood of an opioid being prescribed, adjusting for covariates including ethnicity, race, sex, marital status, and prior ED visits and hospitalizations for all conditions. RESULTS: We identified 45,471 eligible acute primary care visits during the study period with 2.7% (N = 1233) of the visits scheduled for 15 min and 98.2% (N = 44,238) scheduled for 30 min or longer. Rates of opioid prescribing were significantly lower for opioid naive patients with acute pain scheduled in 15-minute appointments when compared to appointments of 30 min of longer (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.35-0.84). There were no significant differences in opioid prescribing among other sub-groups. CONCLUSIONS: For selected indications and for selected patients, shorter duration appointments may not result in greater rates of opioid prescribing for common painful conditions.

Patient Safety Domains in Primary Healthcare: A Systematic Review.

Background: Healthcare systems should ensure the provision of quality services to patients without harming them. However, the provision of services is occasionally accompanied by harm or complications, most of which are preventable. Most studies have focused on secondary healthcare rather than primary healthcare (PHC). Thus, this study aimed to identify various dimensions and components of patient safety in PHC worldwide. Methods: This systematic review study was conducted in November 2022 based on PRISMA reporting guidelines. Studies were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and EMBASE and searched for English documents using the keywords "patient safety" and "PHC" from 2000 to 2022. Finally, two reviewers extracted the data independently and analyzed using thematic content analysis. Results: Overall, 23 out of the initially 4937 identified articles were selected for the final analysis based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Most of these studies used a qualitative-quantitative approach (61.9%, seven studies for both), and 64% had been conducted in European countries. Eventually, five dimensions and 22 components were identified for patient safety in PHC, including management measures, quality management, resources and technology, documents, and patient-related factors. Conclusion: The patient safety dimensions and components identified in this research can help develop a clear definition of patient safety and its assessment standards and criteria in PHC. Considering that most previous studies on patient safety in PHC were conducted in European and developed countries, it is suggested that researchers conduct more studies in developing countries to fill this research gap.

Use of mobile hospitals to improve access to health services and promote primary health care: lessons from Zambia (2011-2018).

Background: Mobile hospitals play a critical role in serving difficult to access populations. In 2011, they were introduced by the Zambian government to improve access to health care. However, little is known about and/or documented about their use in Zambia, and other similar settings where people rely on them to access critical health care, or have to travel long distances to the nearest health centre. Objective: To understand the use of mobile hospitals in Zambia and share lessons on their implementation that may be useful for similar settings. It describes their design, implementation, and challenges. Methods: The qualitative research employed document review, key informant interviews with 15 respondents, and observation of the operations of the mobile hospitals in the field. Results: The research finds that while they help to reduce inequities associated with accessing health services, there needs to be careful resource planning and addressing of the major issues in health care such as human resources, infrastructure, and disease prevention before long term use. Conclusion: The research not only highlights conditions that must be considered for the effective implementation of mobile hospitals, but also the need for engagement of various key stakeholders during agenda setting in order to build trust and buy in, which contribute to smoother implementation.