“No bastan muros de piedra para hacer una prisión”: la vida cotidiana de los internos de la cárcel Villahermosa, Cali, Colombia / “Stone walls are not enough to build a prison”: the daily life of inmates at "Villahermosa" prison in Cali, Colombia

El presente artículo derivado de investigación, describe la situación carcelaria en Colombia en los últimos años, haciendo énfasis sobre la situación particular del hacinamiento en el establecimiento carcelario Villahermosa de la ciudad de Cali(Colombia). Finalmente se realiza un análisis sobre la manera en que transcurre la vida cotidiana en dicho Centro Carcelario.

The current article, derived from a piece of research, describes the prison situation in Colombia, in the last few years, making emphasis on the particular overcrowding situation at “Villahermosa” Prison in the city of Cali, Colombia. Lastly, an analysis of the daily living conditions at that prison is made.

Educar en las cárceles: Unidad Terapeútica y Educativa de Villabona (Asturias, España) / Educating in jails: Therapeutical and Educational Unit –UTE- in Villabona (Asturias, Spain) / Educar nas prisões: Unidade Terapêutica e Educativa de Villabona (Astúrias, Espanha)

Aquí se pretende aproximar a la sociedad a la prisión para que comparta procesos educativos desde espacios de normalidad y, desde ahí, desarrollar principios para una acción “reeducadora”, de acuerdo con la legislación actual del Estado español. El objetivo será dar forma a las principales líneas teóricas de la Unidad Terapéutica y Educativa –UTE-, sobre las cuales reconocer y valorar sus acciones terapéuticas y educativas, fundamentadas sobre la noción de conducta –hechos, acciones observables–, basándola en su continuidad y consistencia para poder presentar y explicar la propuesta de cambio establecida en los procesos para su comprensión: corresponsabilidad y cogestión, a la vez que su mecanismo para la adaptación: confrontamiento. El análisis de las características organizacionales dará paso a presentar los principales instrumentos de intervención de la UTE: la escuela y el grupo, identificando los distintos tipos de cambio posibles en la intervención desarrollada y derivada del tipo de paso por diferentes contextos penitenciarios. Finalmente, se reflexiona sobre las necesidades que se deben desarrollar para dar paso al modelo alternativo de prisión en el sistema jurídico del Estado español.

The purpose here is get society closer to prison in order for it to share educational processes from normality spaces and, from there, develop principles for a “reeducative” action according to the present legislation of the Spanish state. The objective consists of giving shape to the main theoretical lines of the “UTE” on which its therapeutical and educational actions can be recognized and valued as grounded on the notion of conduct –observable facts, actions– on the base of their continuity and consistency, in order to be able to submit and explain the change proposal established in the processes used for their comprehension: co-responsibility and co-management, as well as their mechanism for adaptation. The analysis of the organizational features will pave the way for the presentation of the main UTE’s intervention instruments: the school and the group, by identifying the different types of changes feasible in an intervention developed and deriving from the kind of stages seen through the different penitentiary contexts. Finally, a reflection is made with respect to the needs that should be developed in order to give way to an alternative prison model in the Spanish state’s legal system.

Aqui pretende-se aproximar a sociedade à prisão de modo que compartilhe processos educativos dos espaços de normalidade e, de lá, desenvolver princípios para uma ação de “reeducadora”, segundo a legislação atual do Estado espanhol. O objetivo será materializar as linhas teóricas principais do UTE, sobre as quais seja possível reconhecer e avaliar suas ações terapêuticas e educativas, baseadas na noção de conduta –fatos, ações observáveis–, baseando-a nas sua continuidade e consistência para poder apresentar e explicar a proposta da mudança estabelecida nos processos para sua compreensão: co-responsabilidade e co-gerenciamento, assim como seu mecanismo para a adaptação: confrontação. A análise das características dos organizativas abrirá o espaço para apresentar os instrumentos principais de intervenção da UTE: a escola e o grupo, identificando os diferentes tipos de mudança possíveis na intervenção desenvolvida e derivada do tipo de passo pelos diferentes contextos do penitenciários. Finalmente, reflete-se sobre as necessidades que devem-se desenvolver para abrir os espaços para o modelo alternativo da prisão no sistema legal do Estado espanhol.

Elevación de los conocimientos sobre virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana y sida en reclusos de la Prisión Kilo 8 de Pinar del Río / Increase of knowledge on the human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS in prisoners of Prison Kilo 8 from Pinar del Río

Introducción: en la conducta sexual influyen varios factores, tales como: personalidad individual, clase social, moral vigente en los entornos social y familiar. Objetivo: ampliar los conocimientos sobre VIH/sida en reclusos de la Prisión Kilo 8 de Pinar del Río. Métodos: se efectuó un estudio de intervención educativa en 70 individuos de 20-30 años, pertenecientes a la Prisión Kilo 8 de Pinar del Río, desde enero hasta julio del 2011. La investigación se diseñó en 3 etapas, según el protocolo general del Programa de Intervención Comunitaria (diagnóstico inicial, intervención y diagnóstico final). Para el análisis comparativo se empleó la prueba de Ji al cuadrado. Resultados: inicialmente, existían dificultades en el nivel de conocimientos sobre conceptos, vías de transmisión y principales conductas de riesgo, pero una vez concluida la intervención educativa, se obtuvieron cambios significativos, pues 97,1 por ciento identificaron el VIH/sida y reconocieron las medidas de prevención; 98,5 por ciento conocían las conductas de riesgo; 95,7 por ciento dominaban las vías de transmisión y todos expresaron la necesidad de usar el condón. Conclusiones: se demostró la efectividad de la instrucción realizada, la cual permitió desarrollar prácticas para evitar la adquisición del VIH/sida, así como tener una sexualidad sana y segura(AU)

Introduction: several factors, such as: individual personality, social status, moral in the social and family environments influence the sexual behaviour. Objective: to increase the knowledge on HIV/AIDS in prisoners of the Prison Kilo 8 from Pinar del Río.Methods: a study of educational intervention was carried out in 70 prisoners between 20-30 years, belonging to the Prison Kilo 8 of Pinar del Río, from January to July, 2011. The investigation was designed in 3 stages, according to the general protocol of the Community Intervention Program (initial diagnosis, intervention and final diagnosis). For the comparative analysis the chi-square test was used.Results: initially, difficulties were found in the level of knowledge on concepts, transmission ways and main risky behaviours, but once the educational intervention was concluded, significant changes were obtained, because 97.1 percent identified HIV/aids and they recognized the prevention measures; 98.5 percent knew the risky behaviours; 95.7 percent knew about the transmission ways and all expressed the necessity to use the condom. Conclusions: the effectiveness of the instruction carried out was demonstrated, which allowed to develop practices to avoid the infection by HIV/aids, as well as to have a healthy and safe sexuality(AU)

Factores de riesgo asociados a la delincuencia masculina en México: un estudio a reclusos de un centro de readaptación social varonil / Fatores de risco associados à criminalidade masculina no México: um estudo para os presos de um centro de reabilitação social varonil / Risk factors associated with male delinquency in Mexico: a study among inmates in a social male re-adaptation center

Se realizó un estudio transversal, descriptivo y correlacional, cuyo propósito fue analizar los niveles de violencia intrafamiliar, el consumo de alcohol y la sintomatología depresiva en un grupo de internos de un centro de readaptación social, así como determinar la relación de estas variables con el tipo de delito cometido. Se seleccionó una muestra no probabilística de 385 hombres, que se encontraban internos en un centro de readaptación social en México; el mayor porcentaje de ellos tenían entre 18 y 30 años de edad. Se utilizó un instrumento que evaluó: el consumo de alcohol, en cuanto a frecuencia y cantidad (indicadores de la Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones); la sintomatología depresiva (Cédula del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos, CES-D) y la violencia intrafamiliar (agresión verbal, agresión física, humillación y respeto). Los resultados mostraron que el 75,6% de los internos habían cometido robo y que más de la mitad aún se encontraban en proceso de recibir su sentencia. Respecto a los niveles de violencia intrafamiliar y el consumo de alcohol, el mayor porcentaje de los internos reportó niveles bajos (81,8 y 49,5%, respectivamente). Sin embargo, en niveles de depresión, el 50% presentó niveles altos. Se encontró un mayor número de internos que habían cometido secuestro con violencia intrafamiliar severa; se detectó un mayor porcentaje de ellos que habían cometido homicidio, con consumo severo de alcohol, y respecto a la sintomatología depresiva, se halló, en este grupo, una mayor cantidad con niveles severos, que reportaron haber cometido violaciones

A transversal, descriptive and correlational study was carried out for the purpose of analyzing domestic violence, alcohol consumption, and depressive symptomatology in a group of inmates in a social re-adaptation center, and to determine as well the relationship between these variables and the type of crimes committed. A non-probabilistic sample of 385 men confined in a social re-adaptation center in Mexico was selected, of which the highest percentage consisted of males between 18 and 30 years of age.An instrument was used to assess: alcohol consumption in terms of frequency and amount (indicators of the National Addiction Survey); depressive symptomatology (Scale of the Epidemiological Study Center CES-D), and domestic violence (verbal aggression, physical aggression, humiliation, and disrespect). The results showed that 75.6% of the inmates had committed theft, and more than half of them were still awaiting sentencing. With respect to domestic violence and alcohol consumption, the highest percentage of inmates reported low volumes (81.8 and 49.5%, respectively). Nevertheless, in depression situations, 50% exhibited high levels. It was found that a larger number of inmates with a history of intense domestic violence had committed kidnappings, and a higher percentage of those with a heavy consumption of alcohol were charged with murder or manslaughter. As per those with high depressive symptomatology rates, most of them reported having committed rapes

Um estudo transversal, descritivo e de correlação foi realizado. O objetivo foi analisar os níveis de violência doméstica, o consumo de álcool e os sintomas da depressão em um grupo de prisioneiros de um centro de reabilitação social, bem como a determinação da relação destas variáveis com o tipo de crime cometido. Uma amostra não probabilística de 385 homens foi selecionada. Os homens ficavam presos em um centro de reabilitação social no México; a maior percentagem deles tinham entre 18 e 30 anos de idade. Nós usamos um instrumento que avaliou: o consumo de álcool, em termos de frequência e quantidade (indicadores da Escola Nacional de Vícios); sintomas depressivos (Cédula do Centro de Estudos Epidemiológicos, CES-D) e violência doméstica (agressão verbal, agressão física, humilhação e respeito). Os resultados mostraram que 75,6 % dos detentos havia cometido roubo e que mais da metade estavam ainda em processo de receber sua sentença. Com relação aos níveis de violência doméstica e o consumo de álcool, a maior percentagem de detidos reportou níveis baixos (81,8 e 49,5%, respectivamente). No entanto, nos níveis de depressão, o 50% apresentou níveis elevados. Encontramos um maior número de presos que cometeram rapto com violência doméstica severa; uma percentagem mais elevada daqueles que tinham cometido assassinato foi detectada, com consumo de álcool grave e sintomas depressivos. A maioria neste grupo apresentava níveis graves, que relatou ter cometido estupro

Privación de libertad en los establecimientos 3 de Medellín / Deprivation of liberty in penitentiaries in Medellin

La investigación “Estado de los derechos fundamentales de las personas privadas de la libertad en los establecimientos penitenciarios y carcelarios de Medellín” se ocupó de definir el contexto histórico y actual de los establecimientos de privación de la libertad en el municipio de Medellín. De acuerdo con ello se describen los establecimientos que han existido en el municipio y los que actualmente existen para la privación de la libertad de miembros de la Policía Nacional, el Ejército Nacional y civiles adultos hombres y mujeres. Como una manera de evidenciar que la privación de la libertad es discriminada en diversos tipos de establecimientos y que aquellos que se construyeron como la solución a grandísimos problemas penitenciarios y carcelarios simplemente entran a hacer parte del problema.

The research "the state of the fundamental rights of people deprived of liberty in correctional and prison institutions in Medellín" dealt with defining the historical and the current context of institutions of deprivation of liberty in the municipality of Medellín. Based on that, those that have existed in the municipality are described, as well as those which currently exist for the deprivation of liberty for the members of the National Police, the National Army, and civilian adult men and women. As a way to demonstrate that the deprivation of liberty is discriminated in various types of those institutions, and that those which were built as the solution to huge prison and penitentiary problems, are simply part of the problem.

Research notes from the underworld: the entry logs of the Rio de Janeiro Casa de Detenção, 1860-1969.

The Rio de Janeiro state archive's collection of entry logs for the city's central detention center, going back to the mid-nineteenth century, provides a rare glimpse into the lives of Rio's­and Brazil's­poor and working classes who otherwise left few written records behind. During the time when the institution maintained the entry logs, police exercised broad power to make arrests. Although relatively few detainees were ever prosecuted or even formally charged, the detention center kept detailed records of detainees' physical appearance, attire, home address, nationality, sex, affiliation, and so on, as well as information about any criminal charges. This article explores the wealth of empirical data that the entry logs provide. It also suggests how scrutinizing this type of document across time shows how record keeping itself changed, in turn affording researchers rare insight into the inner workings of modern Latin American society.

The cross politics of Ecuador's penal state.

This essay examines inmate "crucifixion protests" in Ecuador's largest prison during 2003-04. It shows how the preventively incarcerated-of whom there are thousands-managed to effectively denounce their extralegal confinement by embodying the violence of the Christian crucifixion story. This form of protest, I argue, simultaneously clarified and obscured the multiple layers of sovereign power that pressed down on urban crime suspects, who found themselves persecuted and forsaken both outside and within the space of the prison. Police enacting zero-tolerance policies in urban neighborhoods are thus a key part of the penal state, as are the politically threatened family members of the indicted, the sensationalized local media, distrustful neighbors, prison guards, and incarcerated mafia. The essay shows how the politico-theological performance of self-crucifixion responded to these internested forms of sovereign violence, and were briefly effective. The inmates' cross intervention hence provides a window into the way sovereignty works in the Ecuadorean penal state, drawing out how incarceration trends and new urban security measures interlink, and produce an array of victims.

Intervención educativa sobre VIH/SIDA en población penal de la provincia de Ciego de Ávila / Educative intervention about AIDS in jail population of Ciego de Ávilan province

Se realizó un estudio pre-experimental (antes-después) para evaluar la eficacia de una intervención educativa sobre conocimiento del VIH/SIDA en la población penal de la prisión provincial de Ciego de Ávila durante el período de enero a octubre del 2007. El universo de trabajo estuvo constituido por 100 reclusos que representan el total de la población penal de la galera 3 del destacamento 2 de la prisión, ya que dicha galera es la de mayor incremento en los últimos año de la infección por el VIH/SIDA. A los reclusos se le aplicó una encuesta previa validación por los autores de la investigación para conocer los conocimientos antes de la intervención, a los mismos se le realizaron diferentes actividades del programa educativo y después se aplicó el instrumento inicial. Se comprobó que los resultados obtenidos después de la intervención educativa fueron aceptables y medianamente aceptables lo que nos habla de la efectividad de la misma (AU)

A pre-experimental study (before/after) was carried out so as to evaluate the efficiency of an educative intervention about HIV/AIDS in the jail population of Ciego de Ávila Prison during the period January-October / 2007. The universe of work was constituted by 100 inmates that represented the total prison population of galley 3, detachment 2 in the prison, because this is the more infested from HIV/AIDS since the last few years. A previous validation survey was applied to the prisoners by the research authors so as to know their knowledge on this virus. Different activities of the educative syllabus and later the initial. instrument was applied. It was them checked that the results obtained after putting into practice the educative intervention were acceptable and halfway acceptable, what evidenced their effectiveness (AU)

Intervención educativa sobre VIH/SIDA en población penal de la provincia de Ciego de Ávila / Educative intervention about AIDS in jail population of Ciego de Ávilan province

Se realizó un estudio pre-experimental (antes-después) para evaluar la eficacia de una intervención educativa sobre conocimiento del VIH/SIDA en la población penal de la prisión provincial de Ciego de Ávila durante el período de enero a octubre del 2007. El universo de trabajo estuvo constituido por 100 reclusos que representan el total de la población penal de la galera 3 del destacamento 2 de la prisión, ya que dicha galera es la de mayor incremento en los últimos año de la infección por el VIH/SIDA. A los reclusos se le aplicó una encuesta previa validación por los autores de la investigación para conocer los conocimientos antes de la intervención, a los mismos se le realizaron diferentes actividades del programa educativo y después se aplicó el instrumento inicial. Se comprobó que los resultados obtenidos después de la intervención educativa fueron aceptables y medianamente aceptables lo que nos habla de la efectividad de la misma.

A pre-experimental study (before/after) was carried out so as to evaluate the efficiency of an educative intervention about HIV/AIDS in the jail population of Ciego de Ávila Prison during the period January-October / 2007. The universe of work was constituted by 100 inmates that represented the total prison population of galley 3, detachment 2 in the prison, because this is the more infested from HIV/AIDS since the last few years. A previous validation survey was applied to the prisoners by the research authors so as to know their knowledge on this virus. Different activities of the educative syllabus and later the initial. instrument was applied. It was them checked that the results obtained after putting into practice the educative intervention were acceptable and halfway acceptable, what evidenced their effectiveness.

[The wind prophylaxis. Repressive and sanitary institutions in Argentina's Patagonia, 1880-1940]. / La profilaxis del viento. Instituciones represivas y sanitarias en la Patagonia Argentina, 1880-1940.

This article focuses on the study of some social control technologies and discourses, displayed in Argentina's provinces between 1880 and 1940, with particular reference to the so-called 'Territorios Nacionales' of La Pampa Río Negro and Neuquén, which were submitted to a direct federal authority. THe main purpose is to analyze - within these areas- - the building of repressive and sanitary institutions (i.e., police, prisons, asylums, hospitals) as well as the enforcement of positivists studying and classifying methodologies, intended to identify 'abnormality'. A straight and permanent rule of these "territorios Nacionales' on the federal State could have meant a longer attention to their social and economic development through a direct and intense presence of national, modernizing, positivist institutions. However, a deeper historical study of repressive and sanitary institutions allows to arrive to completely different conclusions. The sources show that these institutions had numerous daily problems, were frequently and severely under-budgeted and were obliged to develop not originally forseen functions and tasks. These situations imply revising not only these institutions' real regulation capacities but also the very existence of a generalized, efficient social control programme in Argentina at the beginning of the 20th century, as many scholars focused on Buenos Aires's study case have already argued.

Conhecimento dos presidiáriossobre as DST/HIV e AIDS e medidas de prevençäo, num sistema previdenciário / The prisoners'knoledge on DST/HIV and AIDS and prevention measus, in a pentitentiary System

O estudo piloto trve como objetivo verificar o conhecimento dos presos sobre as DST/HIV e AIDS e as medidas de prevençäo, em um Sistema Previdenciário de RioBranco - ACRE - Brasil. Foram estudados 18 detentos, sendo 9 masculinos e 9 femininos. Os rsultados mostrm uma populaçäo jovens, solteiros e com menos de um ano de prisäo. As doenças mais citadas foram a gonorréia, HIV, sífilis e hepatite, onde ressalta o baixo uso de preservativos nas suas práticas sexuais. Os presos gostaram desta experiência, se sentiram motivados e estimulados e se prontificaram a participar de campanhas internas de prevençäo junto a um programa de extensäo universitária