ABSTRACT
Infants smiling is considered an expression of affection, and an index of cognitive and socio-emotional development. Despite research advances in this area, there is much to explore on the ontogeny of smiling, its meaning and the context in which it is manifested early in life. This study aimed at: (a) investigating smiling patterns in these different developmental moments in early infancy, (b) analyzing patterns of association between babies smiles and their mothers affective behaviors, and (c) verifying whether babies can answer contingently, with smiles, to mothers affective behaviors. Participants were sixty Brazilian mother-infant dyads. Infants in three age levels (one, three, and five months of age) and their mothers were observed. They were videotaped at home, during 20 minutes in free sessions. The results indicate increase in frequency of infants smiling instances across ages (F(2, 59) = 9.18, p < .05), variations in the frequency of maternal behaviors accompanying the variations in infants smiling (F(2, 59) = 6.03, p < .05), correlations between infants smiling and mothers affective behaviors, and contingency between the behaviors of both mothers and infants. It was verified a strong association between mothers behavior and their babies smiles, emphasizing the importance of affective interactions in early stages of development (AU)
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Adult , Smiling/psychology , Cognitive Dissonance , Affective Symptoms/psychology , Child Behavior/psychology , Child Development/physiology , Child Development/classification , Facial Expression , Behavior/physiology , Child Behavior/classification , Psychology, Child/classificationABSTRACT
Este trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar una reflexión acerca de la vulnerabilidad de los niños y niñas víctimas del conflicto armado en Colombia. Para ello se recurriro al principio de auto-eco-organización y de Bucle inter-retroactivo. La violencia es un fenómeno complejo de múltiples interacciones, de características no-lineales y tendencia auto-eco-organizativa que afecta la noción de sujeto y altera el modo como los niños y niñas interpretan el mundo y sus interacciones.
This paper aims to carry out a reflection on the vulnerability of children, who are victims of the armed conflict in Colombia. This was used at the beginning of the self-eco-organization and the inter-retroactive loop. Violence is a complex phenomenon of multiple interactions, non-linear features, and a self-eco-organizational tendency, which affects the notion of subject and alters the way that children interpret the world and their interactions.
Subject(s)
Child , Psychology, Child , Psychology, Child/classification , Psychology, Child/economics , Psychology, Child/education , Psychology, Child/ethics , Psychology, Child/history , Psychology, Child/methods , Psychology, Child/trendsABSTRACT
Introducción: El manejo integral de los niños con Estreñimiento Crónico Funcional (ECF), incluye nutrición, medicamentos, y educación, con la intervención de varios profesionales de la salud, que ofrezcan un tratamiento integral, inter, trans y multidisciplinario. Los aspectos médicos y psicológicos, si bien están disociados en cuanto a su perspectiva de intervención, se unen en cuanto al interés referente al niño visto de manera integral. Objetivo: Reportar las características psicológicas de 15 niños del Hospital Universitario del Valle (HUV) de Cali, Colombia, con ECF. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo observacional de corte transversal en niños entre los 2 y 12 años de edad, 9 masculinos, que asistieron al Servicio de Gastroenterología Pediátrica del HUV de Cali, Colombia durante el segundo semestre de 2010, a quienes se les realizó una entrevista semiestructurada. Resultados: Diez madres presentaron inconvenientes durante su embarazo (no deseado, intento de aborto, tratamientos para fertilidad, amenaza de aborto, antecedentes de abortos, ansiedad, parto complicado); 4 niños fueron manipulados con enemas o estimulación; 3 fueron castigados físicamente durante el proceso de control de esfínteres; 10 fueron entrenados para el control de esfínteres antes de los 2 años; 4 presentaron enuresis/terrores nocturnos; 7 tenían sus padres separados, y 8 padres maltrataban física o psicológicamente a sus hijos. Conclusión: Los niños con ECF suscitan para la familia y profesionales de la salud, estados de ansiedad, confusión y frustración. Se identificaron dificultades físicas emocionales durante el embarazo, dificultad o temor a fallar en el papel materno, problemas conyugales, y educación precoz en el control de esfínteres; que si bien son normales durante la crianza de los niños, recibieron un manejo inadecuado.
Introduction: Integrated management of children with Chronic Functional Constipation (CFC), includingnutrition, drugs, and education, with the involvement of various health professionals who provide comprehensive inter, tranas and multidisciplinary treatment. Medical and psychological aspects, although they are differenciated in terms of intervention perspective, join in interest concerning the child seen holistically. Objective: To report the psychological characteristics of 15 children with CFC at the Hospital Universitario del Valle (HUV) from Cali, Colombia. Methodology: A descriptive crosssectional observational study in children with 2 and 12 years old; 9 males; attending the Pediatric Gastroenterology Service, during the second half of 2010, who underwent a semistructured interview. Results: Ten mothers had problems during her pregnancy (unwanted, attempeted abortion, fertility treatments, threatened abortion, history of abrotions, anxiety, complicated delivery); 4 children were manipulated with enemas or stimulation; 3 were physically punished during the potty training process; 10 were trained for toliet control before 2 years; 4 had enuresis/night terrors; 7 parents had separed, and 8 parents physically or psychologically abused their children. Conclusion: Children with CFC raise the family and health professionals, anxiety, confusión and frustation. Emotional physical difficulties were indentified during pregnancy, difficulty or fear of failure in the maternal role, marital problems, and early education in controlling sphincters, that are normal butfor the rearing of children received inadequate mangement.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Constipation/classification , Constipation/diagnosis , Psychology, Child/classification , Food and Nutrition Education , Pregnancy ComplicationsABSTRACT
This study compared 3 different methods of creating cut scores for a screening instrument, T scores, receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis, and the Rasch rating scale method (RSM), for use with the Behavioral and Emotional Screening System (BESS) Teacher Rating Scale for Children and Adolescents (Kamphaus & Reynolds, 2007). Using the BESS norm data set, we compared the methods across 7 classification indices. Additional information about accuracy was used with a subset of children who had been given a prior diagnosis for selected disorders. The results showed that the methods were generally in concordance, with similarities identified across methods. RSM and ROC analysis methods performed similarly, with both methods identifying the same optimal cut-point. The method based on T scores appeared to be more conservative, identifying a lower cut score as optimal.
Subject(s)
Psychology, Child/classification , ROC Curve , Statistics as Topic , Adolescent , Affective Symptoms/classification , Affective Symptoms/diagnosis , Child , Child Behavior Disorders/classification , Child Behavior Disorders/diagnosis , Female , Humans , Male , Mass Screening , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Psychological Tests/statistics & numerical data , Psychology, Child/methods , Psychology, Child/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
According to the literature about developmental changes, periods of instability and disorganization in the social and emotional behavior in both human and non-human primate, infancy precedes major developmental achievements or transitions (Heimann, 2003; Sparrow & Brazelton, 2006). Developmental investigators have observed a more frequent and prolonged crying, clinging and bids for physical contact with mother during these periods of instability and disorganization. Some authors, according to Horwich (1974), called these periods regression periods. Rijt-Plooij and Plooij (1992) claimed that 10 regression periods could be identified during the first 20 months of human life. In an early study, Sadurní and Rostan (2002) confirmed the presence of 8 such regression periods during the first year of life of 18 Catalan babies. Their 8 regression periods were comparable to the first 8 of the 10 regression periods found by Van de Rijt Plooij and Plooij. The aim of the present study is to see whether the regression periods that we found are temporally related to some transition. We define a transition as the occurrence of a new developmental change in a child. In the present study we have used non-analyzed data from the same 18 Catalan babies (10 boys and 8 girls) as mentioned in our earlier published study on regression periods. The age of these babies was between 3 weeks and 14 months. Using a microgenetic methodology we have found 8 transitions periods in the first year of life. We have also observed a temporal relation between the regressions periods found earlier and the transition periods reported here.
Subject(s)
Child Development/classification , Emotions , Infant Behavior , Mother-Child Relations , Psychology, Child/classification , Regression, Psychology , Social Behavior , Affect , Crying , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Motor Skills , Object Attachment , Psychomotor PerformanceABSTRACT
Early child development (ECD)--the development of physical, social-emotional, and language-cognitive capacities in the early years--is a foundation of health, well-being, learning, and behaviour across the life course. Consequently, the capacity to monitor ECD is an important facet of a modern society. This capacity is achieved by having in place an ongoing flow of high-quality information on the state of early child development, its determinants, and long-term developmental outcomes. Accordingly, there remains a considerable need for research that merges community-centred, longitudinal, and linked-data approaches to monitoring child development. The current paper addresses this need by introducing one method of summarising and quantifying the developmental trajectories of British Columbian children at the neighbourhood- or district-level: computing the Community Index of Child Development (CICD) for each geographic area. A simple index that describes change in children's developmental trajectories at the aggregate level, the CICD is computable because of our capacity to conduct individual-level linkage of two population data sets: the Early Development Instrument (EDI), a holistic measure of children's readiness for school which is administered at Kindergarten, and the British Columbia Ministry of Education's Foundation Skills Assessment (FSA), a Grade 4 measure of academic skills. In this paper, we demonstrate: (a) wide variation in the CICDs according to the children's district of residence in Kindergarten; (b) an association of the CICDs with an indicator of the socioeconomic character of the neighbourhoods; and (c) contrasting patterns of neighbourhood convergence and divergence in two different school districts--such that, in some areas, children from high vulnerability neighbourhoods tend to catch up between Kindergarten and Grade 4 whereas, in other areas, they tend to fall further behind.
Subject(s)
Child Development/classification , Educational Measurement/methods , Educational Status , Psychology, Child/classification , Residence Characteristics/classification , Risk Assessment/methods , Vulnerable Populations/psychology , British Columbia , Child , Child Behavior/psychology , Child, Preschool , Cognition , Communication , Female , Humans , Learning , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Psychometrics/methods , Schools , Social Environment , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
Este estudo examinou uma amostra de 100 livros de histórias infantis nacionais para crianças pré-escolares de quatro a seis anos de idade quanto à ocorrência de termos/expressões referentes a estados mentais a partir de três eixos de análise: via palavras e expressões no texto; via figuras; e via presença de ironia e crença falsa na narrativa. A análise dos termos mentais foi realizada por um grupo de três avaliadores. Foi encontrado que 92 por cento dos livros analisados apresentavam termos denotando estados mentais, 12 por cento apresentavam ironia situacional, 11 por cento continham crença falsa e que as figuras representavam o estado mental expresso no texto. Os resultados sugerem que os livros infantis nacionais podem ser utilizados como recurso para promover o desenvolvimento sociocognitivo das crianças.(AU)
This study examined a sample of 100 national children's storybooks directed to pre-school children aged four to six years to identify words/utterances that denote mental states according to three views of analysis: via words and expressions in the text; via the pictures; and via presence of irony or false beliefs in the narrative. The analysis of mental words was realized by a group of tree people. It was found that 92 percent of the analyzed books contained internal state language, 12 percent contained situational irony, 11 percent contained false belief and the pictures represented the mental state concepts expressed in the text. The results point out that the national children's storybooks can be used as a resource to promote socio-cognitive development of clildren.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Child, Preschool , Child , Psychophysiology/education , Comprehension , Cognition , Psychology, Child/classification , Psychology, Educational/educationABSTRACT
Este estudo examinou uma amostra de 100 livros de histórias infantis nacionais para crianças pré-escolares de quatro a seis anos de idade quanto à ocorrência de termos/expressões referentes a estados mentais a partir de três eixos de análise: via palavras e expressões no texto; via figuras; e via presença de ironia e crença falsa na narrativa. A análise dos termos mentais foi realizada por um grupo de três avaliadores. Foi encontrado que 92 por cento dos livros analisados apresentavam termos denotando estados mentais, 12 por cento apresentavam ironia situacional, 11 por cento continham crença falsa e que as figuras representavam o estado mental expresso no texto. Os resultados sugerem que os livros infantis nacionais podem ser utilizados como recurso para promover o desenvolvimento sociocognitivo das crianças.
This study examined a sample of 100 national children's storybooks directed to pre-school children aged four to six years to identify words/utterances that denote mental states according to three views of analysis: via words and expressions in the text; via the pictures; and via presence of irony or false beliefs in the narrative. The analysis of mental words was realized by a group of tree people. It was found that 92 percent of the analyzed books contained internal state language, 12 percent contained situational irony, 11 percent contained false belief and the pictures represented the mental state concepts expressed in the text. The results point out that the national children's storybooks can be used as a resource to promote socio-cognitive development of clildren.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child, Preschool , Child , Cognition , Comprehension , Psychophysiology/education , Psychology, Educational/education , Psychology, Child/classificationABSTRACT
No disponible
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Psychological Theory , Psychoanalytic Theory , Psychology, Child/classification , Psychology, Child/instrumentation , Psychology, Child/methodsABSTRACT
Contemporary attachment research is based on the assumption that at least three types of infant attachment patterns exist: secure, avoidant, and resistant. It is not known, however, whether individual differences in attachment organization are more consistent with a continuous or a categorical model. The authors addressed this issue by applying P. E. Meehl's (1973, 1992) taxometric techniques for distinguishing latent types (i.e., classes, natural kinds) from latent continua (i.e., dimensions) to Strange Situation data on 1,139 fifteen-month-old children from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care. The results indicate that variation in attachment patterns is largely continuous, not categorical. The discussion focuses on the implications of dimensional models of individual differences for attachment theory and research.
Subject(s)
Infant Behavior , Object Attachment , Personality Assessment/statistics & numerical data , Psychology, Child , Social Environment , Child Development , Female , Humans , Individuality , Infant , Infant Behavior/classification , Male , Models, Statistical , Psychological Theory , Psychology, Child/classification , Psychology, Child/statistics & numerical data , PsychometricsABSTRACT
The article by R.C. Fraley and S.J. Spieker (2003) serves to remind the discipline of the possible virtues of assessing attachments on continua, a practice that has a long history in attachment research. In this commentary, the author further develops the potential contributions of this approach to assessment and advocates renewed efforts toward assessment of attachments on a single continuum of emotional security. The author contends that theory is essential as a guide for new directions in attachment assessment and that Bowlby's notions of secure base and emotional security provide the needed conceptual foundation for these further developments (E. Waters & E. M. Cummings, 2000). Moreover, challenges that have been made historically to the scoring of attachment on a security continuum are addressed. New means for continuously scoring attachment are advocated as a supplement to the primary direction of categorically assessing attachment patterns.
Subject(s)
Emotions , Infant Behavior , Object Attachment , Personality Assessment/statistics & numerical data , Psychology, Child , Emotions/classification , Female , Humans , Individuality , Infant , Infant Behavior/classification , Male , Models, Statistical , Psychology, Child/classification , Psychology, Child/statistics & numerical data , PsychometricsABSTRACT
R.C. Fraley and S.J. Spieker (2003) refocused attention on the important question of continuous versus categorical measurement of infant attachment. This commentary begins with a brief response to Fraley and Spieker's position. Next, it highlights the usefulness of the categorical approach by reviewing some of the major advances in the field that have been fostered by a categorical approach. These include the identification of the disorganized attachment group, the development of the concept of conditional behavioral strategies, the creation of systems for coding attachment beyond infancy, and a greater understanding of cross-generational associations. The author then makes several propositions for future research that are necessary for clarifying how best to measure infant attachment.
Subject(s)
Emotions , Infant Behavior , Object Attachment , Personality Assessment/statistics & numerical data , Psychology, Child , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant Behavior/classification , Male , Psychology, Child/classification , Psychology, Child/statistics & numerical data , Psychometrics , Reproducibility of Results , Social EnvironmentABSTRACT
Ainsworth's description of attachment patterns in the Strange Situation is one of the best known and most enduring descriptive insights in developmental psychology. Yet attachment theorists have paid little attention to whether ABC classifications represent a true taxonomy or to mechanisms that might produce truly distinct patterns of attachment. This comment focuses on three questions. Does attachment theory require distinct patterns of attachment? How can taxonomic analysis contribute to an understanding of individual differences in attachment security? And are attachment theorists asking the right questions? The authors conclude that attachment theory is indifferent to the structure (taxonomic or dimensional) of individual differences. Nonetheless, taxonomic search methods can make important contributions to attachment study if research is broadened to include secure base behavior in naturalistic settings.
Subject(s)
Infant Behavior , Object Attachment , Personality Assessment/statistics & numerical data , Psychology, Child , Female , Humans , Individuality , Infant , Infant Behavior/classification , Male , Models, Statistical , Psychology, Child/classification , Psychology, Child/statistics & numerical data , Psychometrics , Reproducibility of Results , Social EnvironmentABSTRACT
Ainsworth's system of classifying patterns of attachment behavior has served the field well and will not be easily displaced--not because of a commitment by attachment researchers to the taxonomic status of these categories but rather because of difficulties lying in the way of a dimensional approach. Foremost among these is the large number of dimensions used in making classifications and the need to develop reliable scales to tap them. Other problems include the need to capture how behavior changes across age and across the episodes of the Strange Situation. Others will debate R.C. Fraley and S.J. Spieker's (2003) arguments concerning taxonomic status. However, whether taxa or not, Ainsworth's categories at the least have represented well the multidimensional space underlying attachment behavior in conditions of mild stress. Only when an alternative approach is demonstrated to predict (with equal power, in practice) the vast range of outcomes associated with Ainsworth's categories will it be a candidate for substitution.
Subject(s)
Infant Behavior , Object Attachment , Personality Assessment/statistics & numerical data , Psychology, Child , Female , Humans , Individuality , Infant , Infant Behavior/classification , Male , Models, Statistical , Psychology, Child/classification , Psychology, Child/statistics & numerical data , Psychometrics , Reproducibility of ResultsABSTRACT
This article describes the evolution of visual media that was developed to enhance a clinical intervention called INSIGHTS into Children's Temperament. First, the theoretical and research studies that supported the intervention are presented. Then the iterative steps used to transform the statistical data that identified common school-age children's temperament profiles into puppets and other visual media are enumerated. Finally, the implications of conducting a theory-based intervention within a school environment are discussed.
Subject(s)
Motion Pictures , Personality Development , Play and Playthings , Psychology, Child , Temperament , Audiovisual Aids , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Motion Pictures/instrumentation , Psychology, Child/classificationABSTRACT
El conocimiento asociativo sobre las palabras se modifica durante nuestra vida (Anderson, 1983). La organización y uso de éste conocimiento varía durante las etapas del desarrollo. Sin embargo, no existe información sobre los asociados semánticos que poseen niños de habla castellana. Nuestro objetivo fue obtener normas de asociación con palabras españolas para niños de entre 8 y 13 años. Se presentaron 58 palabras a 100 niños por cada rango de edad, 8-9, 10-11, 12-13 años. Los sujetos generaron asociados para cada palabra utilizada. Los resultados indicaron un incremento en el número de asociados semánticos y respuestas idiosincrásicas pero una reducción en la fuerza asociativa, al aumentar la edad cronológica de los niños. También observamos diferencias entre nuestros datos y los obtenidos en estudios normativos con población adulta. Estos datos son interpretados como muestra de la modificación del conocimiento asociativo dependiendo de la experiencia (AU)
Subject(s)
Female , Male , Child , Humans , Memory/physiology , Knowledge , Psychology, Child/methods , Analysis of Variance , Word Association Tests/statistics & numerical data , Word Association Tests/standards , Neuropsychological Tests/standards , Semantics , Child Behavior/psychology , Child Development/physiology , Psychology, Child/classification , Psychology, Child/standards , Psychology, Child/trends , Psychology, ChildABSTRACT
Se presentan datos normativos de las respuestas a 52 categorías verbales de 484 niños de los cursos 1º a 6º de primaria (rango de edad = 6 a 13 años).Todas las categorías, excepto tres, se tomaron de los estudios de Soto et al.(1982/1994) y de Battig y Montague (1969). Los niños respondieron a cada categoría en 60 seg (1º y 2º curso) o en 30 seg (3º a 6º curso). Se proporciona la frecuencia de producción de cada respuesta y el número de veces que cada respuesta apareció en primer lugar en cada categoría y curso, además del rango medio de cada respuesta en la muestra total. Se examina el número medio de respuestas, el número de ejemplares diferentes, el índice de respuestas comunes y el índice de diversidad, en cada categoría y curso. Los resultados se comparan con los de otras normas de niños y adultos. Estos datos son una herramienta para la investigación que emplea estímulos verbales, la docencia y el desarrollo de tests educativos y psicológicos (AU)
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Female , Male , Child , Humans , Psychology, Child/methods , Psychology, Child/standards , Cognitive Science/methods , Analysis of Variance , Psychological Tests , Cognition Disorders/diagnosis , Color Perception/physiology , Psychology, Comparative/methods , Psychology, Experimental/standards , Psychology, Experimental/methods , Psychology, Child/classification , Psychology, Child/education , Psychology, Child/trendsABSTRACT
Associations are reported among classifications of Adult Attachment Interviews (AAIs) obtained from expectant parents and subsequent classifications of their infants in the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP). Mothers' AAIs predicted infant-mother SSPs (chi 2 = 41.87, N = 96, df = 9, p < or = .0001), and fathers' AAIs predicted infant-father SSPs (chi 2 = 18.94, N = 90, df = 6, p < or = .005). Associations between parents' AAIs and infant-parent SSPs were lessened by the failure to predict the insecure-resistant pattern with mother and the absence of this pattern with father. Counter to expectation, infant-father SSPs were associated with infant-mother SSPs (chi 2 = 3.78, N = 90, df = 1, p < or = .05), which could not be accounted for in terms of an overlap between parental AAIs. A secondary analysis of the data suggested that this dependency effect of SSPs may be explained by the influence of maternal AAIs upon child-father SSPs. Results are discussed in terms of intergenerational and relationship-specific influences upon attachment during infancy, the possible influence of infant temperament, and the relative influence of mother and father upon the child's evolving representations of attachments within the family.
Subject(s)
Exploratory Behavior , Fathers/psychology , Mothers/psychology , Object Attachment , Parent-Child Relations , Psychology, Child/classification , Adult , Female , Humans , Infant , Intergenerational Relations , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Predictive Value of Tests , Psychometrics , Reproducibility of Results , Surveys and Questionnaires , TemperamentABSTRACT
Effects of family status on the trajectory of problematic temperament-adjustment at 1 and 10 years of age and associated psychiatric disturbance 8 years later were examined in an epidemiological sample of 648 children. After adjusting for predivorce temperament-adjustment and background factors, logistic regression yielded independent effects of single custodial mother (SCM) family status for increased risk of disruptive and anxiety disorders, and of stepfamily status for increased risk of disruptive disorders. Increased risk of psychiatric disorders was more pervasive for SCM family boys versus intact family boys than for SCM family girls versus intact family girls, however only significantly more so for depression. No significant sex interaction was observed for stepfamily status. When girls and boys were treated independently, patterns of family status and outcomes of internalizing disorders varied. In stepfamilies, an elevated risk of depression and anxiety disorders was observed in girls but not boys, whereas in SCM families an elevated risk of depression was observed in boys but not girls. Within each family status group there was support for an altered risk of later psychiatric disorders given specific problematic predivorce temperament-adjustment characteristics. Implications for future research and treatment are discussed.
