Ultrastructural analysis of masseter and left medial pterigoid muscles, after unilateral mandibular molar extraction: experimental study / Análisis ultrastructural de los músculos masetero y pterigoideo medial izquierdo, después de la extracción molar mandibular unilateral: estudio experimental

Twelve adult male Wistar rats (220 g average weight) were divided in 3 experimental groups: GI -15. GII ­ 30 and GIII ­ 60 days, after mandibular molar extraction, with three experimental animals and one control per group. Qualitatively, ultrastructural changes of protein filaments from myofibrils of these muscles and ipsilateral to the extractions were observed. Ultrastructure asymmetry and disorganization of Z line and I band, in the experimental group GII, of Medial Pterigoid muscle (MPT) were observed. The temporomandibular dysfunction, stimulated by the unilateral extractions of mandibular molars in rats may lead to modifications in the Z line and I band, which showed to be sensitive to this dysfunction. Changes in the MPT muscle, probably related to its own functional characteristics and major participation in the dynamics of mastication, compared to Masseter were also observed. However, the muscular fibres seem to adapt to the new conditions along the experiment.

Doce ratas Wistar machos adultos (220 g de peso promedio) se dividieron en 3 grupos experimentales: GI - 15, GII - 30 y GIII - 60 días, después de una extracción molar mandibular. En cada grupo se dispusieron tres animales experimentales y un animal como control. Cualitativamente, se observaron cambios ultraestructurales de filamentos de proteínas de miofibrillas de estos músculos masticadores ipsilaterales a las extracciones. Se observó asimetría de la ultraestructura y desorganización de la línea Z y la banda I, en el músculo pterigoideo medial del grupo experimental GII, (MPT). La disfunción temporomandibular, estimulada por las extracciones unilaterales de los molares mandibulares en ratas, puede conducir a modificaciones en la línea Z y en la banda I, que mostraron ser sensibles a esta disfunción. Los cambios en el músculo pterigoideo medial, se debieron, probablemente, con sus propias características funcionales y una mayor participación en la dinámica de la masticación, en comparación con el músculo masetero. Sin embargo, las fibras musculares parecen adaptarse a las nuevas condiciones a lo largo del experimento.

Effect of articaine on calcium transport in sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes isolated from medial pterygoid muscle.

Local anesthetics used in dentistry have myotoxic effects. Articaine, also known as carticaine, is one of the local anesthetics most widely used in clinical dentistry. The aim of this work was to describe its effect on the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase isolated from medial pterygoid muscle. Ca-ATPase enzymatic activity was determined by a colorimetric method and ATP-dependent calcium uptake with a radioisotopic technique. Articaine inhibited both Ca-ATPase activity and calcium uptake in a concentration-dependent manner. Both inhibitory effects became evident at articaine concentrations lower than those employed in clinical dentistry. Half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (K) were 15.1 +/- 1.8 mM (n = 6) and 25.2 +/- 1.6 mM (n = 6) for enzymatic activity and calcium uptake, respectively. Preincubation of sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes with articaine enhanced Ca-ATPase activity in the absence of calcium ionophore, suggesting an ionophoric-like effect of the local anesthetic. We conclude that the inhibitory effect of articaine on the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase isolated from medial pterygoid muscle is due to a direct interaction of the anesthetic with the enzyme and to the increased membrane permeability to calcium induced by this drug.

Effect of articaine on calcium transport in sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes isolated from medial pterygoid muscle

Local anesthetics used in dentistry have myotoxic effects. Articaine, also known as carticaine, is one of the local anesthetics most widely used in clinical dentistry. The aim of this work was to describe its effect on the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase isolated from medial pterygoid muscle. Ca-ATPase enzymatic activity was determined by a colorimetric method and ATP-dependent calcium uptake with a radioisotopic technique. Articaine inhibited both Ca-ATPase activity and calcium uptake in a concentrationdependent manner. Both inhibitory effects became evident at articaine concentrations lower than those employed in clinical dentistry. Half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (Ki) were 15.1± 1.8 mM (n = 6) and 25.2 ± 1.6 mM (n = 6) for enzymatic activity and calcium uptake, respectively. Preincubation of sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes with articaine enhanced Ca-ATPase activity in the absence of calcium ionophore, suggesting an ionophoriclike effect of the local anesthetic. We conclude that the inhibitory effect of articaine on the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase isolated from medial pterygoid muscle is due to a direct interaction of the anesthetic with the enzyme and to the increased membrane permeability to calcium induced by this drug.

Los anestésicos locales de uso odontológico tienen efectos miotóxicos. La carticaína, también conocida como articaína, es uno de los anestésicos locales más usados en la clínica odontológica actual. El objetivo del trabajo fue describir el efecto de la carticaína sobre la Ca-ATPasa del retículo sarcoplásmico aislada del músculo pterigoideo interno. La actividad enzimática de la bomba de calcio se determinó por un método colorimétrico y se utilizó un método radioisotópico a fin de determinar la captación de calcio dependiente de ATP. La carticaína inhibió la actividad enzimática y la captación de calcio en función de su concentración. Ambos efectos se observaron a concentraciones de carticaína menores a las utilizadas en la clínica. Las concentraciones de carticaína necesarias para inhibir la actividad Ca-ATPásica y la captación de calcio a la mitad de su valor máximo (Ki) fueron 15.1 ± 1.8 mM (n = 6) y 25.2 ± 1.6 mM (n = 6) respectivamente. La preincubación con carticaína de las membranas de retículo sarcoplásmico del músculo pterigoideo interno, en ausencia de ionóforo de calcio, incrementó la actividad de la enzima, evidenciando un efecto ionofórico del anestésico local. Concluimos que el efecto inhibitorio de la carticaína sobre la Ca-ATPasa de retículo sarcoplásmico del músculo pterigoideo interno se debe a la acción directa del anestésico local sobre la enzima y al incremento de la permeabilidad de la membrana del retículo sarcoplásmico al calcio inducido por esta droga.

Ultrastructure of the myotendinous junction of the medial pterygoid muscle of adult and aged Wistar rats.

The myotendon junction (MTJ) is a specialised area into the muscle fibers where the sarcoplasmic membranes connect to the collagen fibers bundles. There are few data about plasticity of the MTJ in aging processes. The aim of this study is to analyse the ultrastructure characteristics of MTJ of medial pterygoid muscle of adult and aged rats. Employing the transmission electron microscopy method, twenty male rats Wistar (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into two groups: A (n=10) with 12 months of age; B (n=10) 24 months of age. The animals were anaesthetised with overdose the urethane (3g/kg, i.p.) and sacrified during the perfusion with modified Karnovsky solution. The specimens were post-fixed in a 1% osmium tetroxide solution, dehydrated in ascending concentration of ethanol and embedded in Spurr resin. The thin sections, of 90 nm thick, were counterstained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate solution, and examined in a Jeol 1010 transmission electron microscope. The fine structure of the MTJ of group A revealed the defined interdigitations and disposed in several levels of deep formations containing the collagen fibers. In the group B, such structures did not observed, detecting the projections irregular in shape, and large of extra matrix with in aspect of remodelling. In conclusion it was possible to identify the plasticity of MTJ in the group B which presented several morphological alterations comparing to the adult animals. These data of group B suggested the occurrence of aging processes in the MTJ in rats.

Ultrastructural characteristics of the gerbil pterygoid medial muscle after experimental occlusal alteration.

Ten male young adult gerbils Meriones unguiculatus weighing 55g were divided in two groups: experimental (n=5) animals submitted to exodontia of the left upper molars, and sham-operated were used as control (n=5) group. The aim of the present study was to investigate the ultrastructural effects of occlusal alteration induced by unilateral exodontia on medial pterygoid muscle. After 60 days, the animals were sacrificed by perfusion intracardially with a modified Karnovsky solution after anesthetized with overdose of urethane (3g/kg i.p.). The small samples of this muscle were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution and post-fixed in 1% buffered osmium tetroxide solution, dehydrated in ascending concentration of ethanol, and embedded in Spurr resin. Several micrographs data showed that in this period of time, the unilateral teeth extraction was able to induce modifications on the medial pterygoid muscle fibers and capillaries at ultrastructural levels as compared to control muscles and to the ones in the contralateral side of the experimental animals. Ultrastructural changes suggest that injury was greater in the hypofunctional muscle, ipsilateral to teeth extraction.

Relationship between function of masticatory muscle in mouse and properties of muscle fibers.

Mammals exhibit marked morphological differences in the muscles surrounding the jaw bone due to differences in eating habits. Furthermore, the myofiber properties of the muscles differ with function. Since the muscles in the oral region have various functions such as eating, swallowing, and speech, it is believed that the functional role of each muscle differs. Therefore, to clarify the functional role of each masticatory muscle, the myofiber properties of the adult mouse masticatory muscles were investigated at the transcriptional level. Expression of MyHC-2b with a fast contraction rate and strong force was frequently noted in the temporal and masseter muscles. This suggests that the temporal and masseter muscles are closely involved in rapid antero-posterior masticatory movement, which is characteristic in mice. Furthermore, expression of MyHC-1 with a low contraction rate and weak continuous force was frequently detected in the lateral pterygoid muscle. This suggests that, in contrast to other masticatory muscles, mouse lateral pterygoid muscle is not involved in fast masticatory movement, but is involved in functions requiring continuous force such as retention of jaw position. This study revealed that muscles with different roles function comprehensively during complicated masticatory movement.

Ultrastructural and biochemical changes of the medial pterygoid muscle induced by unilateral exodontia.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the histological, biochemical and ultrastructural effects of occlusal alteration induced by unilateral exodontia on medial pterygoid muscle in guinea pigs, Cavia porcellus. Thirty (n=30) male guinea pigs (450g) were divided into two groups: experimental-animals submitted to exodontia of the left upper molars, and sham-operated were used as control. The duration of the experimental period was 60 days. Medial pterygoid muscles from ipsilateral and contralateral side were analyzed by histological (n=10), histochemical (n=10), and ultrastructural (n=10) methods. The data were submitted to statistical analysis. When the ipsilateral side was compared to the control group, it showed a significantly shorter neuromuscular spindle length (P<0.05), lower oxidative metabolic activity, and microvessel constriction, in spite of the capillary volume and surface density were not significantly different (P>0.05). In the contralateral side, the neuromuscular spindles showed significantly shorter length (P<0.05), the fibers reflected a higher oxidative capacity, the blood capillaries showed endothelial cell emitting slender sprouting along the pre-existing capillary, and significantly higher blood capillary surface density, and volume density (V(v)=89% Mann-Whitney test, P<0.05). This finding indicated a complex morphological and functional medial pterygoid muscle adaptation to occlusal alteration in this experimental model. Considering that neuromuscular spindles are responsible for the control of mandibular positioning and movements, the professional should consider if these changes interfere in the success of clinical procedures in medical field involving stomatognathic structures.

Morphology of the lateral pterygoid muscle associated to the mandibular condyle in the human prenatal stage

El músculo pterigoideo lateral (MPL) establece una relación directa con el cóndilo y el disco articular, desempeñando un rol importante en el movimiento mandibular a través del complejo articular temporomandibular (CATM). El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la correspondencia entre las características morfológicas de los haces musculares del MPL y el grado de mineralización del cóndilo mandibular en la etapa prenatal, mediante un análsisi estructgural, ultraestructural y microanalítico. Se utilizaron 16 fetos humanos de 11 a 37 semanas de gestación, procedentes de abortos espontáneos y sin patologías aparentes. Se obtuvieron muestras del músculo pterigoideo lateral y cóndilo mandibular, para ser examinadas meidante microscopía ñoptica, electrónica y técnicas de microanálisis. Muestras incluidas en parafina se emplearon en los estudios de inmunomarcación con desmina (dilución 1:25 Dako) y alfa actina sarcómerica (dilución 1:50 Dako), visualizados con sistema avidina-biotina. El lado contralateral de cada una se utilizó para microscopía electrónica de transmisión. En 4 cóndilos de 17 y 21 semanas de desarrollo se analizó el contenido relativo de calcio y fósforo con la técnica microanalítica por difracción de rayos X. Entre las 11 y 16 semanas, el MPL estuvo contituido por miotubos secundarios asociados a céluals satélites y fascículos. La organización del músculo a las 37 semanas fue más compleja, con aspecto multipeniforme y con la edad se redujo la intensidad de la inmunomarcación con alfa actina sarcomérica. Estos resultados sugieren que entre las 16 y 22 semanas, el proceso de diferenciación y maduración de las fibras musculares precede y prevalece sobre el desarrollo y mineralización del cóndilo mandibular. La funcionalidad aún rudimentaria del MPL prenatal sería uno de los factores reguladores del proceso de osificación a nivel del cóndilo mandibular, cuyo ritmo aumentaría a partir de las 22 semanas de gestación (AU)

Morphology of the lateral pterygoid muscle associated to the mandibular condyle in the human prenatal stage

El músculo pterigoideo lateral (MPL) establece una relación directa con el cóndilo y el disco articular, desempeñando un rol importante en el movimiento mandibular a través del complejo articular temporomandibular (CATM). El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la correspondencia entre las características morfológicas de los haces musculares del MPL y el grado de mineralización del cóndilo mandibular en la etapa prenatal, mediante un análsisi estructgural, ultraestructural y microanalítico. Se utilizaron 16 fetos humanos de 11 a 37 semanas de gestación, procedentes de abortos espontáneos y sin patologías aparentes. Se obtuvieron muestras del músculo pterigoideo lateral y cóndilo mandibular, para ser examinadas meidante microscopía ñoptica, electrónica y técnicas de microanálisis. Muestras incluidas en parafina se emplearon en los estudios de inmunomarcación con desmina (dilución 1:25 Dako) y alfa actina sarcómerica (dilución 1:50 Dako), visualizados con sistema avidina-biotina. El lado contralateral de cada una se utilizó para microscopía electrónica de transmisión. En 4 cóndilos de 17 y 21 semanas de desarrollo se analizó el contenido relativo de calcio y fósforo con la técnica microanalítica por difracción de rayos X. Entre las 11 y 16 semanas, el MPL estuvo contituido por miotubos secundarios asociados a céluals satélites y fascículos. La organización del músculo a las 37 semanas fue más compleja, con aspecto multipeniforme y con la edad se redujo la intensidad de la inmunomarcación con alfa actina sarcomérica. Estos resultados sugieren que entre las 16 y 22 semanas, el proceso de diferenciación y maduración de las fibras musculares precede y prevalece sobre el desarrollo y mineralización del cóndilo mandibular. La funcionalidad aún rudimentaria del MPL prenatal sería uno de los factores reguladores del proceso de osificación a nivel del cóndilo mandibular, cuyo ritmo aumentaría a partir de las 22 semanas de gestación (AU)

Morphology of the lateral pterygoid muscle associated to the mandibular condyle in the human prenatal stage

El músculo pterigoideo lateral (MPL) establece una relación directa con el cóndilo y el disco articular, desempeñando un rol importante en el movimiento mandibular a través del complejo articular temporomandibular (CATM). El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la correspondencia entre las características morfológicas de los haces musculares del MPL y el grado de mineralización del cóndilo mandibular en la etapa prenatal, mediante un análsisi estructgural, ultraestructural y microanalítico. Se utilizaron 16 fetos humanos de 11 a 37 semanas de gestación, procedentes de abortos espontáneos y sin patologías aparentes. Se obtuvieron muestras del músculo pterigoideo lateral y cóndilo mandibular, para ser examinadas meidante microscopía ñoptica, electrónica y técnicas de microanálisis. Muestras incluidas en parafina se emplearon en los estudios de inmunomarcación con desmina (dilución 1:25 Dako) y alfa actina sarcómerica (dilución 1:50 Dako), visualizados con sistema avidina-biotina. El lado contralateral de cada una se utilizó para microscopía electrónica de transmisión. En 4 cóndilos de 17 y 21 semanas de desarrollo se analizó el contenido relativo de calcio y fósforo con la técnica microanalítica por difracción de rayos X. Entre las 11 y 16 semanas, el MPL estuvo contituido por miotubos secundarios asociados a céluals satélites y fascículos. La organización del músculo a las 37 semanas fue más compleja, con aspecto multipeniforme y con la edad se redujo la intensidad de la inmunomarcación con alfa actina sarcomérica. Estos resultados sugieren que entre las 16 y 22 semanas, el proceso de diferenciación y maduración de las fibras musculares precede y prevalece sobre el desarrollo y mineralización del cóndilo mandibular. La funcionalidad aún rudimentaria del MPL prenatal sería uno de los factores reguladores del proceso de osificación a nivel del cóndilo mandibular, cuyo ritmo aumentaría a partir de las 22 semanas de gestación

Effects of repeated + Gz forces on masticatory muscles.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of repeated + Gz forces on masticatory muscles. METHODS: 48 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups. Group A was normally fed. Group B was only fixed with rat-kept devices for 5 minutes. Group C was borne + 1 Gz for 5 minutes. Group D was repeatedly exposed + 10 Gz (each for 30 s, onset rate about 0.5 G/s, 5 times/d with + 1 Gz 1 minute intervals, 4 d/wk, 3 weeks in total). The histological changes of the masseter, temporal and lateral pterygoid muscles were observed. RESULTS: No abnormal changes were observed in Group A, B and C. But pathological changes could be found in group D. The wrench and deformation of muscular fibers, the dissolution of partial myofibril, the swelling of mitochondria, the reduce of hepatin from the masseter and lateral pterygoid muscles could be found. CONCLUSIONS: Repeated + Gz stresses could induce the damage of masticatory muscles in different degrees.

The microanatomy of the rhesus monkey temporomandibular joint.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to describe and compare the histology of the rhesus monkey temporomandibular joint (TMJ) with that of the human joint. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventeen rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with an age range from 4 to 11 years were used. Both TMJs of the first animal and the left TMJs of the remaining 16 animals were used for this study. The joint specimens were sectioned sagittally and processed for light and electron microscopic studies. RESULTS: The rhesus monkey TMJ consists of the condylar, glenoid fossa, and articular disc components. The histology of these components is described at the light and electron microscopic level. CONCLUSIONS: The monkey TMJ was found to be anatomically similar to the human joint. It was concluded that the rhesus monkey is one of the most suitable animal models for studies involving the TMJ.

The role of the human lateral pterygoid muscle in the control of horizontal jaw movements.

There is a limited understanding of the normal function of the lateral pterygoid muscle (LP) and the role that this muscle plays in temporomandibular disorders. This article addresses the hypothesis that a major function of the LP is in the control of horizontal jaw movements. The range of fiber alignments suited to generating a major horizontal force vector (magnitude and direction), together with the likelihood of independent activation of subcompartments (that is, functionally heterogeneous zones) within each head, provide the possibility of a finely graded range of force vectors on the condyle to effect the fine control of horizontal jaw movements. This level of control does not appear to extend to the control of resting jaw posture, as recent single motor unit (SMU) data indicate that the LP is inactive with the jaw in the postural jaw position. Available electromyographic data demonstrate graded changes in multiunit and SMU activity with small horizontal jaw displacements at low force levels, a single preferred direction of the SMU firing rate during horizontal isometric jaw tasks, and graded changes in the SMU firing rate with horizontal force magnitude and direction. The evidence suggests that a major function of the LP is in the generation and fine control of the horizontal component of jaw movement by the graded activation of a subset of SMUs within the LP. The data also suggest that the LP is involved in the generation of horizontal force vectors, as required in parafunctional activities and heavy mastication.

Histamine-induced internalization of substance P receptors in myoepithelial cells of the guinea pig nasal glands.

Numerous substance P (SP) immunoreactive nerve fibers were located around submucosal glands in the guinea pig nasal mucosa. Since these SP positive nerve fibers were also positive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and to a lessor extent for neuropeptide Y, they were presumed to be parasympathetic fibers. SP receptor positive structures were observed exclusively on the membrane of myoepithelial cells in normal nasal mucosa, suggesting that myoepithelial cells are targets of SP positive fibers. SP receptor-like immunoreactivity was observed associated with intracellular organella of myoepithelial cells 5 min after intranasal histamine challenge, which may indicate the molecular basis for histamine-induced nasal discharge.

[The development and morphofunctional characteristics of the human lateral pterygoid muscle]. / Razvitie i morfofunktsional'naia kharakteristika lateral'noi krylovidnoi myshtsy cheloveka.

Peculiarities of the development of superior and inferior heads of lateral pterygoid muscle (LPM) as well as their micro- and ultramicroscopic structure were studied as related to the temporomandibular joint elements in human fetuses and newborns. As a result, heterogeneity and asynchronism of the development of myogenic elements of certain LPM heads were demonstrated. The process of muscle fibres differentiation in LPM superior head leads to more mature structural organization and runs faster than in the inferior head. By the moment of birth average section area of superior head muscle fibres is significantly higher than the inferior head similar parameter.

Histological features of endomysium, perimysium and epimysium in rat lateral pterygoid muscle.

The distribution of the endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium and their constituent connective tissue fiber types in the mature rat lateral pterygoid muscle was examined with the light microscope. The endomysium and perimysium were relatively thin and consisted mainly of reticular fibers. The epimysium was thicker than the intramuscular sheaths and consisted of both collagen and reticular fibers; however, the thickness and constitutent connective tissue fiber types of these sheaths varied regionally. Near the articular capsule and disc, the endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium were all thicker than in other regions of the muscle and consisted of collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers. The perimysium bound the bundles of muscle fibers together and frequently included blood vessels and nerves. As the superior head of the pterygoid muscle approached its insertion, sheaths of perimysium divided this head into smaller and smaller bundles of muscle fibers. In the inferior head, some of the perimysial sheaths and part of the epimysium were aponeurotic, and many muscle fibers attached to them. There were few such aponeurotic regions in the superior head.

[Histological observations on structure of endomysium, perimysium and epimysium of lateral pterygoid muscle in rat].

To understand the muscle as a locomotorium, I observed the structure of the connective tissue sheaths (the endomysium, the perimysium and the epimysium) in the mature rat lateral pterygoid muscle. The following results were obtained using the macroscopy and light and electron microscopy. The lateral pterygoid muscle consists of two parts. The superior head originates from the basisphenoid and is mainly inserted into the articular disk and capsule. The inferior head originates from the lateral pterygoid processus and is mainly inserted into the condylar processus of the mandible. The perimysium is thick and bound the fasciculus secondarily as sheaths near the insertion of the superior head. The collagenous fibers are very fine in the endomysium. The collagenous fibers that make the connective tissue sheaths arrange on a skew against the muscle fibers, but parallel around the origin and the insertion. It seems that the connective tissue sheaths in the rat lateral pterygoid muscle, in view of the morphology, retain the forms of fasciculus, act as the runways for the muscle fibers in time of expansion and contraction and offer spaces for the attachment of the muscle fibers.

[The macroscopic and microscopic study of the human lateral pterygoid muscle].

The purpose of this investigation was to study the morphology of the human lateral pterygoid muscle and its attachment to the temporomandibular joint. A total of twenty-five lateral pterygoid muscles, twenty for macroscopic and five for microscopic study, were obtained with their temporomandibular joints from eighteen adult cadavers. The results were as follows: 1) The lateral pterygoid muscles observed in this study were classified into three types based on the number of their heads; 65% of the macroscopic specimens had two heads (superior and inferior), 20% three heads (superior, inferior and medial), and 15% a single head. 2) The fascicular architecture of the single-headed specimens was quite simple and so the orientation of their fasciculi was parallel or radial to the line of pull. In their course the fasciculi of the two and three-headed specimens showed a relatively complicated architecture, having a large number of crossover fibers between each head. 3) In all specimens observed macroscopically, the uppermost fasciculi were inserted into the articular disc and capsule of the temporomandibular joint and the rest were inserted into the pterygoid fovea of the neck of the mandible, although no clear boundary could be found between them on their lateral surfaces. The bulk of the fasciculi which were inserted into the articular disc relative to the total amount of the lateral pterygoid muscles was estimated as being in the range of one fifth to one tenth. 4) From the microscopical examination of the specimens the cross-sectional area of the fasciculi which were inserted into the articular disc was about 3 mm2 at their attachment and this corresponded to 30% of the superior head and 3% of total amount of the lateral pterygoid muscle. 5) The fasciculi attached to the articular disc were derived from the superior and medial head of the lateral pterygoid muscle and from the temporalis muscle. In two cases of the twenty examined macroscopically, the fasciculi derived from the inferior head of the lateral pterygoid muscles were inserted into the articular disc.

An experimental orthopedic treatment of the rat mandible using a functional appliance alters the fibre and myosin types in masticatory muscles.

Masticatory muscles mediate the action of functional orthopedic appliances on mandible growth. When young rats were treated for four weeks with a postural hyperpropulsor of the mandible, an appliance designed to increase condylar cartilage growth rate, the proportion of fast non-fatigable fibres in the lateral pterygoid muscle increased significantly. Concomitantly, the amount of slow-myosin light chains increased in fibre extracts. This slow myosin originated from IIA fibres. By functional orthopedic treatment, the lateral pterygoid muscle was enriched in less fatigable fibres; the changes observed in the lateral pterygoid muscle were close to changes observed in other muscles after training.