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1.
Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol ; 43(6): 633-643, 2021 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34647511

ABSTRACT

The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), at first, was reported in Wuhan, China, and then rapidly became pandemic throughout the world. Cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) in COVID-19 patients is associated with high levels of cytokines and chemokines that cause multiple organ failure, systemic inflammation, and hemodynamic instabilities. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a common complication of COVID-19, is a consequence of cytokine storm. In this regard, several drugs have been being investigated to suppress this inflammatory condition. Purinergic signaling receptors comprising of P1 adenosine and P2 purinoceptors play a critical role in inflammation. Therefore, activation or inhibition of some subtypes of these kinds of receptors is most likely to be beneficial to attenuate cytokine storm. This article summarizes suggested therapeutic drugs with potential anti-inflammatory effects through purinergic receptors.


Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use , COVID-19 Drug Treatment , Cytokine Release Syndrome/prevention & control , Cytokines/blood , Purinergic Antagonists/therapeutic use , Receptors, Purinergic/drug effects , SARS-CoV-2/drug effects , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/adverse effects , Biomarkers/blood , COVID-19/blood , COVID-19/immunology , COVID-19/virology , Cytokine Release Syndrome/blood , Cytokine Release Syndrome/immunology , Cytokine Release Syndrome/virology , Host-Pathogen Interactions , Humans , Ligands , Molecular Targeted Therapy , Multiple Organ Failure/immunology , Multiple Organ Failure/prevention & control , Multiple Organ Failure/virology , Purinergic Antagonists/adverse effects , Receptors, Purinergic/metabolism , SARS-CoV-2/immunology , SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity , Signal Transduction
2.
Biomed Res Int ; 2020: 1983940, 2020.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32382533

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The P2Y6 receptor has been shown to be involved in many cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension and atherosclerosis. The study is aimed at exploring the role of the P2Y6 receptor in Ang II-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) formation in apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE-/-) mice by using its selective antagonist. METHODS: Male apoE-/- mice were fed with high-fat diet and infused with angiotensin (Ang) II (1000 ng/kg/min) for 4 weeks to induce AAA or saline as controls. Mice were divided into four groups: normal saline (NS, placebo control) group (n = 8), Ang II+vehicle (Ang II) group (n = 14), Ang II-low dose MRS2578 (Ang II+MRS-16 mg) group (n = 14), and Ang II-high dose MRS2578 (Ang II+MRS-32 mg) group (n = 14). Daily intraperitoneal injection with vehicle or MRS2578 was pretreated one week before Ang II infusion. On postoperative day 10, aorta imaging of each group was taken by ultrasonography. After 4 weeks of Ang II infusion, the excised aortas were processed for diameter measurement and quantification of aneurysm severity and tissue characteristics; the blood samples were collected for measurement of the lipid profile and levels of cytokines. Verhoeff's Van Gieson (EVG) staining and immunochemistry staining were performed to evaluate disruption of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and infiltration of macrophages. Expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) was measured by gelatin zymography. RESULTS: Treatment with MRS2578 made no significant difference in AAA formation, and maximal aortic diameter yet caused higher AAA rupture-induced mortality from 7% (Ang II) to 21.4% (Ang II+MRS-16 mg) or 42.9% (Ang II+MRS-32 mg), respectively (p < 0.05). Consistently, the severity of aneurysm tended to be more deteriorated in MRS2578-treated groups, especially the high-dosage group. The ratios of type III and IV aneurysm were much higher in the MRS2578-coadministered groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, histological analyses showed that administration of MRS2578 significantly increased infiltration of macrophages, expression of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 followed by aggravating degradation elastin in vivo (p < 0.05). However, the multiple effects of MRS2578 on the development of AAA are independent of changes in systolic blood pressure and lipid profiles. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated that administration of MRS2578 exacerbated the progression and rupture of experimental AAA through promoting proinflammatory response and MMP expression and activity, which indicated a crucial role of the P2Y6 receptor in AAA development. Clinical Relevance. Purinergic P2Y receptors have attracted much attention since the P2Y12 receptor antagonist had been successfully applied in clinical practice. Elucidating the underlying mechanisms of AAA and exploring potential therapeutic strategies are essential to prevent its progression and reduce the mortality rate.


Subject(s)
Angiotensin II , Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal , Isothiocyanates , Purinergic Antagonists , Receptors, Purinergic P2/metabolism , Thiourea/analogs & derivatives , Angiotensin II/adverse effects , Angiotensin II/pharmacology , Animals , Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/chemically induced , Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/metabolism , Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/pathology , Disease Models, Animal , Isothiocyanates/adverse effects , Isothiocyanates/pharmacology , Mice , Mice, Knockout, ApoE , Purinergic Antagonists/adverse effects , Purinergic Antagonists/pharmacology , Thiourea/adverse effects , Thiourea/pharmacology
3.
Oxid Med Cell Longev ; 2018: 7385639, 2018.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30364017

ABSTRACT

Suramin (Sur) acts as an ecto-NTPDase inhibitor in Trypanosoma cruzi and a P2-purinoceptor antagonist in mammalian cells. Although the potent antitrypanosomal effect of Sur has been shown in vitro, limited evidence in vivo suggests that this drug can be dangerous to T. cruzi-infected hosts. Therefore, we investigated the dose-dependent effect of Sur-based chemotherapy in a murine model of Chagas disease. Seventy uninfected and T. cruzi-infected male C57BL/6 mice were randomized into five groups: SAL = uninfected; INF = infected; SR5, SR10, and SR20 = infected treated with 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg Sur. In addition to its effect on blood and heart parasitism, the impact of Sur-based chemotherapy on leucocytes myocardial infiltration, cytokine levels, antioxidant defenses, reactive tissue damage, and mortality was analyzed. Our results indicated that animals treated with 10 and 20 mg/kg Sur were disproportionally susceptible to T. cruzi, exhibiting increased parasitemia and cardiac parasitism (amastigote nests and parasite load (T. cruzi DNA)), intense protein, lipid and DNA oxidation, marked myocarditis, and mortality. Animals treated with Sur also exhibited reduced levels of nonprotein antioxidants. However, the upregulation of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione-S-transferase was insufficient to counteract reactive tissue damage and pathological myocardial remodeling. It is still poorly understood whether Sur exerts a negative impact on the purinergic signaling of T. cruzi-infected host cells. However, our findings clearly demonstrated that through enhanced parasitism, inflammation, and reactive tissue damage, Sur-based chemotherapy contributes to aggravating myocarditis and increasing mortality rates in T. cruzi-infected mice, contradicting the supposed relevance attributed to this drug for the treatment of Chagas disease.


Subject(s)
Chagas Disease/pathology , Chagas Disease/parasitology , Inflammation/pathology , Myocarditis/chemically induced , Myocarditis/parasitology , Purinergic Antagonists/adverse effects , Suramin/adverse effects , Trypanosoma cruzi/physiology , Animals , Antioxidants/metabolism , Biomarkers/metabolism , Chagas Disease/complications , Inflammation/complications , Male , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Myocarditis/complications , Myocarditis/pathology , Myocardium/pathology , Nitric Oxide/metabolism , Oxidative Stress
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