Enablers and barriers to a quaternary prevention approach: a qualitative study of field experts.

OBJECTIVE: There is a growing concern about the sustainability of healthcare and the impacts of 'overuse' on patients and systems. Quaternary prevention (P4), a concept promoting the protection of patients from medical interventions in which harms outweigh benefits, is well positioned to stimulate reflection and inspire solutions, yet has not been widely adopted. We sought to identify enablers and barriers to a P4 approach, according to field experts and advocates in one health system. DESIGN: Qualitative methodology, using semistructured interviews and a grounded theory approach facilitated thematic analysis and development of a conceptual model. SETTING: Virtual interviews, conducted in British Columbia, Canada. PARTICIPANTS: 12 field experts, recruited based on their interest and work related to P4 and related concepts. RESULTS: Four factors were seen as promoting or hindering P4 efforts depending on context: relationship between patient and clinician, education of clinicians and the public, health system design and influencers. We extracted four broad enablers of P4: evidence-based medicine, personal experiences and questioning attitude, public P4 campaigns and experience in resource-poor contexts. There were six barriers: peer pressure between clinicians, awareness and screening campaigns, cognitive biases, cultural factors, complexity of the problem and industry influence. CONCLUSIONS: Elicited facilitators and impediments to the application of P4 were similar to those seen in existing literature but framed uniquely; our findings place increased emphasis on the clinician-patient relationship as central to decision-making and position other drivers as influencing this relationship. A transition to a model of care that explicitly integrates conscious protection of patients by reducing overtesting, overdiagnosis and overtreatment will require changes across health systems and society.

Lanzamiento de la campaña Choosing Wisely Argentina: primeros pasos hacia la desimplementación de prácticas de bajo valor / Launch of the Choosing Wisely Argentina campaign: first steps towards the de-implementation of low-value practices

En esta editorial, la autora aborda la problemática de las prácticas de bajo valor en la medicina contemporánea: aquellas intervenciones terapéuticas o diagnósticas carentes de respaldo científico, que aumentan la probabilidad de daños, generan desperdicio de recursos y amenazan la eficiencia del sistema de salud. En un contexto de preocupación global por el exceso médico y las consecuencias del sobreuso de intervenciones inefectivas, resalta la relevancia del concepto de prevención cuaternaria en la atención sanitaria, y señala la iniciativa internacional Choosing Wisely como una estrategia para identificar y revertir las prácticas de bajo valor, destacando la importancia del cambio cultural y la participación activade los pacientes. Finalmente, la autora presenta el lanzamiento de Choosing Wisely Argentina, una colaboración entre asociaciones científicas locales con el compromiso de transformar la práctica médica en este país, priorizando el bienestar del paciente y adoptando un enfoque integral hacia la atención sanitaria. (AU)

In this editorial, the author addresses the problem of low-value practices in contemporary medicine: those therapeutic or diagnostic interventions that lack scientific support and increase the probability of damage, generate waste of resources,and threaten the efficiency of the health system. In a context of global concern about medical excess and the consequences of the overuse of ineffective interventions, she highlights the relevance of the concept of quaternary prevention in healthcare, and points to the international Choosing Wisely initiative as a strategy to identify and reverse low-value practices, highlighting the importance of cultural change and active patient participation. Finally, the author presents the launch of Choosing Wisely Argentina, a collaboration amongst local scientific associations with the commitment to transform medical practice in this country, prioritizing patient well-being and adopting a comprehensive approach to health care. (AU)

Is it Time to Consider Quaternary Injury Prevention in Sports?

Prevention has traditionally been categorized into three main areas: primary, secondary, and tertiary. In this Current Opinion, we present and discuss the concept of quaternary prevention in sports. Quaternary prevention aims to protect individuals from interventions that likely cause more harm than good, such as overdiagnosis, overtreatment, and overmedication. It includes preventing all types of harm associated with training and clinical interventions. Therefore, any sports injury prevention model or strategy should acknowledge the risks associated with training-related (i.e., overreaching and overuse) and clinical-related (i.e., overdiagnosis, over medicalization, and overtreatment) features. We propose a conceptual framework that integrates quaternary prevention into the contemporary injury prevention models in sports, taking into account that injury prevention is just one branch of the managerial, decision-making, and active hazard control process of risk management that athletes, coaches, and health and performance staff need to deal with. Therefore, we argue that integrating the concept of quaternary prevention into any form of prevention will significantly protect athletes from excessive, inappropriate, and ethically questionable interventions that may likely cause more harm than good.

Prevenção quaternária na saúde na percepção de profissionais de saúde / Quaternary prevention in health in the perception of health professionals / Prevención cuaternaria en salud en la percepción de los profesionales de la salud

Objetivo: compreender as percepções de profissionais de saúde atuantes em um hospital acerca da prevenção quaternária. Método: foi conduzido um estudo exploratório de cunho qualitativo, cuja fundamentação teórica baseou-se no interacionismo simbólico e na análise de conteúdo como referencial metodológico. A população foi composta por onze profissionais de saúde. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas com roteiro semiestruturado. Resultados: A análise dos discursos determinou a construção das unidades temáticas agrupadas em três categorias temáticas para discussão: significado da prevenção quaternária para profissionais de saúde, experiências com a prevenção quaternária no contexto clínico-assistencial e interações sociais. À luz do interacionismo simbólico, identificaram-se experiências positivas e negativas com destaque às dificuldades dos profissionais e instituições para atuarem com a prevenção quaternária. Conclusão: Para concretização dessa proposta é necessário que uma reorientação da prática clínica dos profissionais seja almejada por meio de condutas técnicas e éticas desejáveis

Objective: to understand the perceptions of health professionals who work in a hospital about quaternary prevention. Method:an exploratory qualitative study was conducted, whose theoretical basis was based on symbolic interactionism and content analysis as a methodological reference. The population consisted of thirteen health professionals. The data were obtained through interviews with a semi-structured script. Results: The analysis of the discourses determined the construction of thematic units grouped into three thematic categories for discussion: meaning of quaternary prevention for health professionals, experiences with quaternary prevention in the clinical-care context and social interactions. In the light of symbolic interactionism, positive and negative experiences were identified, highlighting the difficulties of professionals and institutions to work with quaternary prevention. Conclusion: To implement this proposal, it is necessary that a reorientation of the clinical practice of professionals is desired through desirable technical and ethical conducts

Objetivo: comprender las percepciones de los profesionales de la salud que trabajan en un hospital sobre la prevención cuaternaria. Método: se realizó un estudio cualitativo exploratorio, cuya base teórica se basó en el interaccionismo simbólico y el análisis de contenido como referencia metodológica. La población estaba formada por trece profesionales de la salud. Los datos se obtuvieron a través de entrevistas con un guión semiestructurado. Resultados: El análisis de los discursos determinó la construcción de unidades temáticas agrupadas en tres categorías temáticas para la discusión: significado de la prevención cuaternaria para los profesionales de la salud, experiencias con la prevención cuaternaria en el contexto clínico-asistencial e interacciones sociales. A la luz del interaccionismo simbólico, se identificaron experiencias positivas y negativas, destacando las dificultades de los profesionales e instituciones para trabajar con la prevención cuaternaria. Conclusión: Para implementar esta propuesta, es necesario que se desee una reorientación de la práctica clínica de los profesionales a través de conductas técnicas y éticas deseables

Prevenção quaternária e suas implicações para a prática clínica: uma revisão sistemática / Quaternary prevention and its implications for the clinical practice: a systematic review

A crescente produção de iatrogenias justifica a discussão acerca da incorporação da prevenção quaternária na prática médica cotidiana. Este estudo identificou e sistematizou a produção de conhecimento sobre prevenção qua-ternária e sua implicação para a prática clínica. Trata-se de revisão sistemática descritiva apoiada na pergunta nor-teadora: "Quais são as evidências produzidas sobre prevenção quaternária e sua implicação para a prática clínica?" Realizou-se o levantamento bibliográfico entre agosto e setembro de 2020, utilizando-se o descritor "prevenção quaternária", nos idiomas inglês, português e espanhol. A análise dos 30 artigos produziu evidências sobre inter-venções médicas potencialmente danosas que justificariam a adoção da prevenção quaternária. O estudo provoca a comunidade médica a refletir sobre a incorporação da prevenção quaternária, visando uma prática assistencial menos iatrogênica, valorizando a medicina centrada na pessoa e os atributos da atenção primária à saúde. (AU)

The growing production regarding iatrogenesis justifies the discussion about the incorporation of quaternary pre-vention in the daily medical practice. This study identified and systematized the production of knowledge about quaternary prevention and its implications for the clinical practice. This is a systematic descriptive review supported by the guiding question: What evidence has been produced regarding quaternary prevention and its impact on the clinical practice? A bibliographic survey was carried out between August and September 2020 using the descriptor "quaternary prevention" in English, Portuguese and Spanish. The analysis of 30 articles produced evidence on po-tentially harmful medical interventions that would justify the adoption of quaternary prevention. The study invites the medical community to reflect on the incorporation of quaternary prevention, aiming for a less iatrogenic care practice, valuing person-centered medicine and the attributes of primary health care. (AU)

Planejando ações que contribuem para a prática da prevenção quaternária na atenção primária à saúde / Planeando acciones que contribuyen para la práctica de la prevención cuaternaria en la atención primaria de la salud / Planning actions that contribute to the practice of the quaternary prevention on the primary care to health

Objetivo: refletir com a equipe e desenvolver um planejamento de ações que contribuam para a prática da Prevenção Quaternária na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Método: Pesquisa Apreciativa com a participação de nove profissionais e cinco encontros, correspondentes as fases: discovery (descoberta), dream(sonho), design(planejamento) e destiny(destino). Foram explorados os encontros correspondentes às três últimas fases. Diários de campo foram utilizados, além da gravação dos depoimentos em áudio. Realizou-se a Análise Temática de Conteúdo.Resultados:emergiram três categorias: Organização do trabalho em equipe; Qualificação dos processos de trabalho;Desenvolvimento de ações de educação em saúde. Foram planejadas ações que contribuem para práticas voltadas à Prevenção Quaternária, como ações de educação permanente, escuta qualificada, garantia do acesso, trabalho colaborativo e reconhecimento do território. Conclusão:promoveu-se o diálogo e reflexões sobre as práticas e intervenções desnecessárias/inapropriadas realizadas nos serviços, bem como seus riscos, incorporando-se um planejamento de ações nessa direção

Objective:reflect with the team and develop a planning to the Quaternary Prevention that contribute to the practice on the Primary Care to Health. Method:Appreciative Inquiry with the participation of nine professionalsandfive meetings, corresponding the three stages: discovery, dream, design and destiny, with the three lasts been approached in this study, corresponding to the three lasts stages. Field journals were used, beyondbesides the record in audio of the depositions.Thematic Content Analysis was carried out. Results:in was emerged three categories: Team organization by means of meetings and channels of internal communication; Qualification of the work process on the Primary Care Health; and the Development the actions of education in health. It was planned collectively actions to contribute of practices facing the Quaternary Prevention, like team meetings, movements of Continued Education in Health, qualifies listening, time management, access ensure, collaborative work and territory recognizing. Conclusion:it was promoted the dialog and reflections on the necessary/unnecessary practices of intervention made on the services, as well as their risks, incorporating anaction plan in this direction

Objetivo:reflexionar conel equipo ydesarrollar un plano de acciones que contribuyan para la práctica de la Prevención Cuaternaria en la atención Primaria de la Salud. Método: Investigación Apreciativa con la participación de nueve profesionales. Realizada en cinco reuniones, las cuales correspondieron a fases: discovery(descubrimiento), dream(sueño) design(planes) y destiny(destino), siendo tratadas, en este estudio, las reuniones que correspondieron a las tres últimas fases. Diarios de campo fueron usados para el registro de las informaciones, además de la grabación de las declaraciones en audios. Se realizó el Análisis Temático de Contenido. Resultados: surgieron tres categorías: Organización del trabajo en equipo; Calificación de los procesos de trabajo; Desarrollo de acciones de educación en salud. Fueron planeadas acciones que contribuyen para prácticas volcadas a la Prevención Cuaternaria, como acciones de educación permanente, escucha calificada, garantía del acceso, trabajo colaborativo y reconocimiento del territorio. Conclusión: se promovió el diálogo y reflexiones sobre las prácticas e intervenciones desnecesarias/inapropiadas, realizadas en los servicios, así como sus riesgos, incorporando unplan de acción enesta dirección

Prevención cuaternaria desde la visión odontológica / Quaternary prevention from a dental point of view

Introducción: El personal de salud debe comprender que el paciente es la figura central en el proceso salud-enfermedad, por lo que, para pro- teger su salud y atender de manera eficaz la enfermedad, se debe partir desde los principios básicos de prevención. La frase «prevenir es mejor que curar¼ debe ser considerada una máxima en salud y una metodología para atender enfermedades desde factores de riesgo, hacer partícipe a los pacientes y a la población en general a llevar a cabo estilos de vida saludables, con actividades preventivas que incrementen su importancia en la atención médica. Conclusiones: La prevención cuaternaria es una forma nueva para llamar al viejo principio de la medicina «lo primero es no hacer daño¼, que da origen al principio bioético de la no male- ficencia, este concepto se refiere a todas aquellas valoraciones que se deben hacer ante cualquier tipo de intervención diagnóstica, terapéutica y preventiva. Esto tiene especial importancia en la población sana, en la cual la prevención será siempre la mejor herramienta, pero se debe siempre tener presente la prevención cuaternaria (AU)

Introduction: Health personnel should understand that the patient is the central figure in the health-disease process and that to protect their health and effectively treat the disease starting from the basic principle of prevention. The phrase «prevention is better than cure¼ from being considered a maxim in health and a methodology to address diseases from risk factors, involving patients and the general population to carry out healthy lifestyles, with preventive activities that increase its importance in medical care. Conclusions: Quaternary prevention is a new way to call the old principle of medicine «first do no harm¼, which gives rise to the bioethical principle of non-maleficence, this concept refers to all those assessments that should be made before any type of diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive intervention. This is especially important in the healthy population, in which prevention will always be the best tool, but quaternary prevention should always be kept in mind (AU)

Sobrediagnóstico (Overdiagnosis) / Overdiagnosis

Trata-se de revisão bibliográfica sobre o termo sobrediagnóstico ("overdiagnosis"). Refere-se a um fenômeno do campo da saúde que pode ser definido como o diagnóstico de doenças ou lesões que jamais seriam conhecidas ou causariam danos ao indivíduo se não fossem detectadas, tornando essas pessoas "pacientes" de forma desnecessária (Brodersen et al., 2018). É uma "doença" por sua definição fisiopatológica, mas que não se tornaria clinicamente aparente e, portanto, não causaria nenhum sintoma ou prejuízo ao longo da vida, ou seja, uma pseudo-doença (Olmos, 2021). O sobrediagnóstico desencadeia uma cascata de outros excessos, como de intervenções diagnósticas: sobreintervenção ou "overintervention"; e/ou terapêuticas: sobretratamento ou "overtreatment" (Camargo, 2014). A reflexão sobre o tema é necessária e urgente. É preciso revisar a definição de doença e reconectar diagnóstico com o sofrimento do paciente (Kale & Korenstein, 2018)

This is a literature review on the term overdiagnosis ("overdiagnosis"). It refers to a phenomenon in the field of health that can be defined as the diagnosis of diseases or injuries that would never be known or would cause harm to the individual if they were not detected, making these people unnecessary "patients" (Brodersen et al., 2018). It is a "disease" by its pathophysiological definition, but it would not become clinically apparent and, therefore, would not cause any symptoms or harm throughout life, that is, a pseudo-disease (Olmos, 2021). Overdiagnosis triggers a cascade of other excesses, such as diagnostic interventions: overintervention or "overintervention"; and/or therapeutics: overtreatment or "overtreatment" (Camargo, 2014). Reflection on the subject is necessary and urgent. It is necessary to revise the definition of disease and reconnect diagnosis with the patient's suffering (Kale & Korenstein, 2018).

Prevenção Quaternária: da medicalização social à atenção integral na Atenção Primária à Saúde / Prevención Cuaternaria: de la medicalización social a la atención integral en Atención Primaria de Salud / Quaternary Prevention: from social medicalization to integral care on the Primary Health Care

Resumo Objetivo conhecer as percepções e perspectivas dos profissionais da saúde para o desenvolvimento da Prevenção Quaternária na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Método Pesquisa Apreciativa, que aplicou as fases do "ciclo 4-D", na língua inglesa: discovery, dream, design e destiny. Este artigo analisa os resultados referentes à fase discovery (descoberta), de cujos dois encontros correspondentes participaram nove profissionais da Atenção Primária. Realizou-se análise de conteúdo, seguindo as etapas de pré-análise, exploração do material e tratamento dos dados. Resultados a Prevenção Quaternária representa uma potencialidade na inovação da atenção, com possibilidade de reduzir a medicalização social, que ocorre mediante a sobremedicalização, sobrediagnósticos e sobretratamentos. Como perspectivas, é apresentada a necessidade de conscientização da sociedade e dos profissionais sobre esses excessos e de (re) posicionamento da indústria, do mercado e da mídia sobre o significado de "estar saudável". Conclusão e implicações para prática é necessário atentar para a ética na prestação de cuidados quanto ao rastreio, diagnóstico e tratamento de doenças. A Prevenção Quaternária tem potencial para reverter um modelo hegemônico em relação ao cuidado de indivíduos e famílias ao fomentar a integralidade. A Enfermagem, como prestadora do cuidado, junto com a equipe multiprofissional, deve incorporar ações de Prevenção Quaternária em suas práticas.

Resumen Objetivo conocer las percepciones y perspectivas de los profesionales de la salud para el desarrollo de la Prevención Cuaternaria en Atención Primaria de Salud. Método Investigación Apreciativa, que aplicó las fases del "ciclo 4-D", en inglés: discovery, dream, design y destiny Este artículo analiza los resultados de la fase discovery (descubrimiento), en cuyos dos encuentros correspondientes participaron nueve profesionales de Atención Primaria. Se realizó análisis de contenido, siguiendo los pasos de pre-análisis, exploración de material y procesamiento de datos. Resultados la Prevención Cuaternaria representa un potencial en la innovación asistencial, con posibilidad de reducir la medicalización social, que se produce por sobremedicalización, sobrediagnóstico y sobretratamiento. Como perspectivas, se presenta la necesidad de concienciar a la sociedad y los profesionales sobre estos excesos y de (re) posicionar a la industria, el mercado y los medios de comunicación sobre el significado de "estar sano". Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica es necesario prestar atención a la ética en la prestación de cuidados en cuanto al cribado, diagnóstico y tratamiento de enfermedades. La Prevención Cuaternaria tiene el potencial de revertir un modelo hegemónico en relación al cuidado de las personas y familias al promover la integralidad. La Enfermería, como proveedora de cuidados, junto con el equipo multidisciplinario, deben incorporar las acciones de Prevención Cuaternaria en sus prácticas.

Abstract Objective to know the perceptions and perspectives of health professionals for the development of Quaternary Prevention in Primary Health Care. Method an Appreciative Research, which applied the phases of the "4-D cycle": discovery, dream, design and destiny. This article analyzes the results referring to the discovery phase (discovery), in which nine professionals from Primary Care participated in two corresponding meetings. Content analysis was performed, following the steps of pre-analysis, material exploration and data treatment. Results the Quaternary Prevention represents a potentiality in care innovation, with the possibility of reducing social medicalization, which occurs through over-medicalization, over-diagnosis and overtreatment. As perspectives, it is presented the need for society and professionals to be aware of these excesses and the (re) positioning of the industry, market and media about the meaning of "being healthy". Conclusion and implications for the practice it is necessary to pay attention to ethics in care provision regarding screening, diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Quaternary Prevention has potential to revert a hegemonic model in relation to the care of individuals and families by promoting integrality. Nursing, as a care provider, together with the multi-professional team, must incorporate Quaternary Prevention actions in its practices.

The unmet need for critical care at a quaternary paediatric intensive care unit in South Africa

Paediatric intensive care, a valuable resource that improves the outcomes of critically ill children, is often scarce. Objective. To evaluate the need for paediatric intensive care beds and compare the outcomes of admitted and non-admitted deserving cases. Methods. A prospective evaluation of all bed requests, in terms of need for intensive care and outcomes of those admitted and not admitted to a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU), was performed between July 2017 and June 2018. Factors for refusal and for poor outcomes were evaluated. Results. Of the 811 bed requests, 32.6% (n=264, p<0.001) were denied access. Of the 231 deserving cases who were denied access, 85.7% (n=198) were due to unavailability of a PICU bed. Patients not admitted to PICU had a twofold increased risk of dying compared with those admitted (34.4% v. 15.5% respectively, p<0.001), even though the patient characteristics of both groups were similar (age, gender and nutritional status). In those admitted, risk factors for mortality were requiring transfusion of blood and platelets (56.0%, p<0.001), requiring two or more inotropes (52.5%, p<0.001), instability on admission (41.3%, p<0.001), prior cardiac arrest (32.0%, p=0.021), severe acute malnutrition (26.9%, p=0.043), fungal infection (22.2%, p=0.004) and emergency admission (18.0%, p<0.001). In those not admitted, prior cardiac arrest (100%, p<0.001) and emergency referral (42.3%, p<0.001) were associated with adverse outcomes. Conclusion. The need for PICU beds exceeds availability, with a consequent twofold increase in mortality among cases not admitted to PICU. Paediatric critical care services have increased at appropriate sites of need following completion of this study

Prevención cuaternaria, a propósito del artículo Riesgo preconcepcional genético como herramienta de prevención en la Atención Materno Infantil / Quaternary Prevention, apropos of the Article Riesgo preconcepcional genético como herramienta de prevención en la Atención Materno Infantil [Preconception genetic risk as a prevention tool in mother and child care]

El riesgo genético preconcepcional se define como la posibilidad que tiene una pareja de trasmitir una condición genética específica a su futuro hijo. Forma parte fundamental de la prevención de enfermedades genéticas y defectos congénitos.1 Tras leer detenidamente el artículo de las autoras Tejeda y Macías,2 nos resultó coincidente la preocupación por el tema, pero no solo para las enfermeras como es el objetivo del trabajo de las autoras. La inquietud la hacemos extensiva a todo el personal vinculado a la salud materno infantil que ha contribuido a la significativa reducción de las tasas de mortalidad infantil en nuestro país3 y a la consolidación del Programa del Médico y Enfermera de la Familia. Los conceptos básicos de la genética médica resultan imprescindibles para el médico de familia, quien asume un importante papel, no solo para la atención de personas afectadas por enfermedades genéticas, sino también para su familia, en especial para la detección de riesgo genético preconcepcional que puede estar presente tanto en la mujer como en su pareja, de ahí la importancia de identificarlo antes de que la pareja decida su conducta reproductiva. La invitación a la reflexión...(AU)

Prevenção quaternária e medicalização: conceitos inseparáveis / Prevención cuaternaria y medicalización: conceptos inseparables / Quaternary prevention and medicalisation: inseparable concepts

Prevenção Quaternária (P4) é a ação de identificar pacientes em risco de sobremedicalização, para protegê-los de novas invasões médicas e sugerir-lhes intervenções eticamente aceitáveis. Recentemente, três artigos europeus propuseram uma nova definição: "proteger indivíduos de intervenções mais danosas que benéficas". O objetivo é discutir criticamente essa proposta. Sete críticas à definição original foram identificadas e analisadas. Cinco são improcedentes: (1) Eticamente vaga; (2) Escopo restrito; (3) Cria etapa desnecessária; (4) Focalização na medicalização; (5) Desmedicalização sem base científica. As remanescentes não justificam uma nova definição: (6) Mudança na representação visual; (7) Foco na Medicina Baseada em Evidências (MBE). A nova proposta reduz o escopo da P4 e o protagonismo do profissional. A definição original é robusta e desafia a evitar a iatrogenia social/cultural decorrente da sobremedicalização, parcialmente inapreensível via MBE. (AU)

Prevención Cuaternaria (P4) es la acción de identificar pacientes en riesgo de sobremedicalización, para protegerlos de nuevas invasiones médicas y sugerirles intervenciones éticamente aceptables. Recientemente, tres artículos europeos propusieron una nueva definición: "proteger a los individuos de intervenciones más dañosas que benéficas". El objetivo es discutir críticamente esa propuesta. Se identificaron y analizaron siete críticas a la definición original. Cinco son improcedentes: (1) Éticamente vaga; (2) Alcance restringido; (3) Crea etapa innecesaria; (4) Enfoque en la medicalización; (5) Desmedicalización sin base científica. Las restantes no justifican una nueva definición: (6) Cambio en la representación visual; (7) Enfoque en la Medicina Basada en Evidencias (MBE). La nueva propuesta reduce el alcance de la P4 y el protagonismo del profesional. La definición original es robusta y desafía la iatrogenia social/cultural proveniente de la sobremedicalización, parcialmente inalcanzable vía la MBE. (AU)

Quaternary Prevention (P4) is an action taken to identify patients at risk of overmedicalisation, to protect them from new medical invasions, and to suggest interventions ethically acceptable. Recently, three European articles have proposed a new definition: "to protect individuals from more harmful than beneficial interventions". The objective is to discuss this proposal critically. We have identified and analysed seven criticisms to P4 original definition. Five are unfounded: (1) Ethically vague; (2) Restricted scope; (3) Creation of an unnecessary step; (4) Focus on medicalisation; (5) Demedicalisation non-scientific based. The remaining two do not justify a new definition: (6) Changing visual representation; (7) Centeredness on Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM). The new proposal reduces the scope of P4 and the professional role. The original definition is robust and incorporates the challenge of social/cultural iatrogeny resulting from overmedicalisation, partially unattainable via EBM. (AU)

Medicalización de la vida y daño poblacional: revisión bibliográfica no sistematizada / Medicalization of life and population damage: non-systematic bibliographic review

La práctica de la medicina se encuentra atravesando una crisis, en la cual muchas de las prácticas médicas que se realizan son de poco valor y con frecuencia generan daño a las personas. Se presenta una revisión bibliográfica no sistematizada en la que se analizan en conjunto los diversos factores que contribuyen al desarrollo de excesos médicos y a los daños que estos generan. Consideramos que su conocimiento puede contribuir a mejorar la calidad de los cuidados que se ofrecen a nuestros pacientes. (AU)

The practice of medicine is going through a crisis, in which many of the medical practices that are carried out are of little value and often cause harm to people. An unsystematic bibliographic review is presented in which various factors that contribute to the development of medical excesses are analyzed. Their knowledge can contribute to improving the quality of medical care offered to our patients. (AU)

The Causes of Insulin Resistance in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Is There a Place for Quaternary Prevention?

Diabetes mellitus was the first non-communicable disease that was recognized by the United Nations as a 21st-century pandemic problem. Recent scientific reports suggest that people with type 1 diabetes mellitus also develop insulin resistance, which is generally considered to be a distinctive feature of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The causes of insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes mellitus were explored, but there was a lack of publications that connected the risk factors of insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes mellitus with the proposition of repair mechanisms that are offered by quaternary prevention. Toward this end, the present review is an attempt to combine the previous reports on the causes of insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes mellitus and a brief review of quaternary prevention. The destructive effect of insulin resistance on many physiological processes that predisposes the individual to chronic diabetes complications creates an urgent need to introduce effective therapeutic methods for preventing the development and progression of this pathology.

The otolaryngologist's and anesthesiologist's collaborative role in a pandemic: A large quaternary pediatric center's experience with COVID-19 preparation and simulation.

There has been a rapid global spread of a novel coronavirus, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which originated in Wuhan China in late 2019. A serious threat of nosocomial spread exists and as such, there is a critical necessity for well-planned and rehearsed processes during the care of the COVID-19 positive and suspected patient to minimize transmission and risk to healthcare providers and other patients. Because of the aerosolization inherent in airway management, the pediatric otolaryngologist and anesthesiologist should be intimately familiar with strategies to mitigate the high-risk periods of viral contamination that are posed to the environment and healthcare personnel during tracheal intubation and extubation procedures. Since both the pediatric otolaryngologist and anesthesiologist are directly involved in emergency airway interventions, both specialties impact the safety of caring for COVID-19 patients and are a part of overall hospital pandemic preparedness. We describe our institutional approach to COVID-19 perioperative pandemic planning at a large quaternary pediatric hospital including operating room management and remote airway management. We outline our processes for the safe and effective care of these patients with emphasis on simulation and pathways necessary to protect healthcare workers and other personnel from exposure while still providing safe, effective, and rapid care.

Deprescripción en el anciano polimedicado. Una mirada reflexiva en el contexto cubano / Deprescription in the polymedicated elderly. A reflexive look at the Cuban context

Introducción: El intervencionismo terapéutico excesivo propicia polifarmacia y errores de prescripción en ancianos. En Cuba, el anciano polimedicado es un problema recurrente; sin embargo, la información sobre deprescripción posee difusión limitada en el ámbito científico. Objetivo: Describir el conocimiento actual sobre deprescripción y la necesidad de una estrategia dirigida al anciano polimedicado en Cuba. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una revisión extendida desde 2003 hasta 2020, basado en la experticia de los autores. Los criterios de búsqueda, selección y el acceso a bases de datos y fuentes indexadas Cochrane Library, SciELO, Lilacs, PubMed, Hinari, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Elsevier permitió citar 54 investigaciones (70 por ciento actualización) y redactar con metodología cualitativa, enfoque histórico-lógico, análisis-síntesis el documento final. Desarrollo: La deprescripción aparece desde 2003 para resolver la polifarmacia, es una herramienta de la prevención cuaternaria, implica desmontaje de medicación con varios matices. Su auge revolucionó diversas corrientes de trabajo en el mundo. Suficientes evidencias científicas de su necesidad y oportunidad para el mejor manejo farmacoterapéutico del anciano justifican un diseño e implementación atendiendo a las determinantes sociales de cada país. Se proponen elementos a la definición, se asevera la importancia de la farmacología geriátrica ante diseños de intervención. Conclusiones: La deprescripción es un proceso inherente de decisiones farmacoterapéuticas en ancianos atendidos en sistemas sanitarios de avanzada. Demuestra reducir mortalidad, medicamentos prescritos y prescripciones inapropiadas. El Programa Nacional de Medicamentos no dispone de directrices para su implementación, por lo que desarrollar una estrategia será un reto para la Salud Pública Cubana(AU)

Introduction: The excessive therapeutic interventionism promotes polypharmacy and prescription errors in the elderly. In Cuba, the polymedicated elderly is a recurrent problem; however, the information about prescription has a limited diffusion in the scientific field. Objective: To describe the current knowledge about deprescription and the need for a strategy aimed at addressing the problem of the polymedicated elderly in Cuba. Material and Methods: An extended review based on the authors' expertise was carried out from 2003 to 2020. The search and selection criteria and the access to databases and sources indexed in Cochrane Library, SciELO, Lilacs, PubMed, Hinari, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, and Elsevier allowed us to cite 54 research works (70 percent updated). The final document was written on the basis of qualitative research methodology and historical-logical and analysis-synthesis approaches. Development: The term "deprescription" appeared in 2003 to solve the problem of polypharmacy. It is a quaternary prevention tool that involves dismantling medication treatment with various nuances. Its rise revolutionized different work currents worldwide. Adequate scientific evidences of its need and opportunity for the best pharmacotherapeutic management in the elderly justify a design and implementation that takes into account the social determinants of each country. Some elements are suggested for the definition; the importance of geriatric pharmacology is affirmed in the face of intervention designs. Conclusions: Deprescription is an inherent process of pharmacotherapeutic decisions in elderly patients attended in advanced healthcare systems. It shows a reduction of mortality, prescription of drugs and inappropriate prescriptions. The National Drug Program does not have guidelines for its implementation; therefore, to develop a strategy will be a challenge for the Cuban Public Health(AU)

Convergências entre prevenção quaternária e promoção da saúde / Convergences between quaternary prevention and health promotion / Convergencias entre prevención cuaternaria y promoción de la salud

Introdução: A prevenção quaternária (P4) e a promoção da saúde (PS) vem se desenvolvendo em paralelo. Objetivo: Apresentar e discutir algumas relações de convergência da P4 com a PS. Métodos: Trata-se de ensaio teórico que relaciona ideias e literatura selecionadas assistematicamente, consideradas essenciais para a discussão das relações abordadas. Resultados: A P4 converge com a PS por duas vias: a) pelas suas relações com a medicalização social e b) pelas suas convergências com as ações que Geoffrey Rose chamou de medidas preventivas 'redutivas' - reduzir riscos aumentados de adoecimento reduzindo exposições existentes na vida moderna urbana. A medicalização gerada no cuidado clínico-sanitário reduz a autonomia relativa no manejo de sofrimentos, dores e adoecimentos; e produz dependência excessiva de ações profissionalizadas. O empoderamento individual e comunitário amplia a autonomia, e isso é um objetivo importante da PS. Quanto mais exitosa a PS, menor a medicalização; e quanto maior a medicalização, mais difícil a PS. A P4 converge com a PS por sua inibição da medicalização derivada da ação clínica. A PS visa também impactar determinantes gerais da saúde-doença. Isso, operacionalmente, a aproxima e por vezes a identifica com a prevenção redutiva. A P4 induz preferência relativa pela prevenção redutiva por ser mais segura e intensifica a atitude crítica para com a prevenção 'aditiva' - introdução de fatores protetores artificiais (vacinas, hipolipemiantes, rastreamentos). Assim, a prática da P4 converge operacionalmente com ações de PS. Conclusão: A P4 é convergente com a PS em dimensão microssocial - nos serviços de atenção primária à saúde (APS) - e macrossocial. A compreensão da interface da P4 com a PS facilita sua exploração, realçando a relevância da P4 no cuidado clínico e em ações coletivas na APS.

Introduction: Quaternary prevention (P4) and health promotion (PS) are been developing in parallel. Objective: To present and discuss some relations of convergence between P4 and PS. Methods: This is a theoretical essay that relates ideas and literature selected unsystematically, considered essential for the discussion of the relationships addressed. Results: P4 converges with PS in two ways: a) due to its relationship with social medicalization and b) due to its convergence with actions that Geoffrey Rose called 'reductive' preventive measures - reducing increased risks of illness by reducing artificial exposures existing in the urban modern life. The medicalization generated in clinical and health care reduces the relative autonomy in the management of situations of suffering, pain and illness; and produces excessive dependence on professionalized actions. Individual and community empowerment expands autonomy, and this is an important goal of PS. The more successful the PS, the lower the medicalization; and the greater the medicalization, the more difficult the PS. P4 converges with PS due to its inhibition of medicalization derived from clinical action. PS also aims to impact general determinants of health-disease. This, operationally, brings it closer and sometimes identifies it with reductive prevention. P4 induces a relative preference for reductive prevention because it is safer and because it intensifies the critical attitude towards 'additive' prevention - the introduction of artificial protective factors (vaccines, lipid-lowering drugs and screening). Thus, the practice of P4 converges operationally with PS actions. Conclusion: P4 is convergent with PS in a micro-social dimension - in primary health care services (PHC) - and macro-social. Understanding the interface between P4 and PS facilitates its exploration, highlighting the relevance of P4 in clinical care and collective actions in PHC.

Introducción: la prevención cuaternaria (P4) y la promoción de la salud (PS) se han desarrollado en paralelo. Objetivo: presentar y discutir algunas relaciones de convergencia entre P4 y PS. Método: Este es un ensayo teórico que relaciona ideas y literatura seleccionada de manera no sistemática, considerada esencial para la discusión de las relaciones abordadas. Resultados: P4 converge con PS de dos maneras: a) por sus relaciones con la medicalización social y b) por su convergencia con acciones que Geoffrey Rose llamó medidas preventivas 'reductoras', que reducen riesgos amplificados de enfermedad al reducir las exposiciones artificiales existentes en la vida urbana moderna. La medicalización generada en la atención clínica y sanitaria reduce la autonomía relativa en el manejo del sufrimiento, el dolor y la enfermedad; y produce dependencia excesiva de acciones profesionalizadas. El empoderamiento individual y comunitario amplía la autonomía, y este es un objetivo importante de PS. Cuanto más exitoso es el PS, menor es la medicalización; y cuanto mayor es la medicalización, más difícil es la PS. P4 converge con PS debido a su inhibición de la medicalización derivada de la acción clínica. PS también tiene como objetivo impactar los determinantes generales de la enfermedad de salud. Esto, operativamente, lo acerca y a veces lo identifica con la prevención reductiva. P4 induce una preferencia relativa por la prevención reductiva porque es más segura y porque intensifica la actitud crítica hacia la prevención 'aditiva': la introducción de factores protectores artificiales (vacunas, fármacos hipolipemiantes, tamizajes). Por lo tanto, la práctica de P4 converge operacionalmente con acciones de PS. Conclusión: P4 es convergente con PS en una dimensión microsocial - en los servicios de atención primaria de salud (APS) - y macrosocial. Comprender la interfaz entre P4 y PS facilita su exploración, destacando la relevancia de P4 en la atención clínica y en las acciones colectivas en APS.