The fungicidal effectiveness of 2-Chloro-3-hydrazinylquinoxaline, a newly developed quinoxaline derivative, against Candida species.

BACKGROUND: Candida represents a prevalent fungal infection, notable for its substantial implications on morbidity and mortality rates. In the landscape of prospective treatments, quinoxaline derivatives emerge as a category of compact compounds exhibiting notable potential in addressing infections. These derivatives showcase promising antimicrobial efficacy coupled with favorable pharmacokinetic and safety characteristics. AIMS: The central aim of this investigation was to examine the antifungal characteristics of 2-Chloro-3-hydrazinylquinoxaline against diverse strains of Candida and Aspergillus in vitro. Additionally, we endeavored to assess the in vivo efficacy of 2-Chloro-3-hydrazinylquinoxaline using a murine model for oral candidiasis induced by C. albicans cells ATCC 10231. RESULTS: 2-Chloro-3-hydrazinylquinoxaline demonstrated noteworthy effectiveness when tested against various reference strains of Candida species. It exhibited heightened efficacy, particularly against Candida krusei isolates. However, its performance against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida auris isolates exhibited variability. Notably, 2-Chloro-3-hydrazinylquinoxaline manifests variable efficacy against Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus and Aspergillus flavus and no effect against Aspergillus brasiliensis. In a murine model, 2-Chloro-3-hydrazinylquinoxaline exhibited significant efficacy in combating the C. albicans cells ATCC 10231 strain, underscoring its potential as a viable treatment option. CONCLUSION: 2-Chloro-3-hydrazinylquinoxaline has demonstrated substantial potential in effectively addressing various Candida and Aspergillus species, showcasing dual attributes of antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties. However, to attain a more comprehensive understanding of its therapeutic capabilities, further investigations, incorporating additional tests and experiments, are imperative.

Semiconducting Polymers Based on Asymmetric Thiadiazoloquinoxaline for Augmented In Vivo NIR-II Photoacoustic Imaging.

A photoacoustic (PA) imaging technique using the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window has attracted more and more attention because of its merits of deeper penetration depth and higher signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio than that using the first near-infrared (NIR-I) one. However, the design and development of high-performance PA imaging contrast agents in the NIR-II window is still a challenge. A semiconducting polymer, constructed by asymmetric units, exhibits regiorandom characteristics that effectively increase the distortion of the backbone. This increase in the degree of twist can regulate the twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) effect, resulting in an enhancement of the PA signal. In this paper, an asymmetric structural acceptor strategy is developed to improve the PA signals of the resulting semiconducting polymer (PATQ-MP) in the NIR-II window with improved brightness, higher S/N ratio, and better photothermal conversion efficiency compared to polymers with the same main-chain structure containing a symmetric acceptor. DFT analysis showed that PATQ-MP containing an asymmetric acceptor monomer had a larger dihedral angle, which effectively improved the PA signal intensity by enhancing the TICT effect. The PEG-encapsulated PATQ-MP nanoparticles exhibit promising performance in the PA imaging of mouse tumors in vivo, demonstrating the clear identification of microvessels as small as 100 µm along with rapid metabolism within a span of 5 h. Therefore, this work provides a unique molecular design strategy for improving the signal intensity of PA imaging in the NIR-II window.

Feasibility, safety, efficacy and potential scaling-up of sofosbuvir-based HCV treatment in Central and West Africa: (TAC ANRS 12311 trial).

Access to Hepatis C treatment in Sub-Saharan Africa is a clinical, public health and ethical concern. The multi-country open-label trial TAC ANRS 12311 allowed assessing the feasibility, safety, efficacy of a specific care model of HCV treatment and retreatment in patients with hepatitis C in Sub Saharan Africa. Between November 2015 and March 2017, with follow-up until mid 2019, treatment-naïve patients with HCV without decompensated cirrhosis or liver cancer were recruited to receive 12 week-treatment with either sofosbuvir + ribavirin (HCV genotype 2) or sofosbuvir + ledipasvir (genotype 1 or 4) and retreatment with sofosbuvir + velpatasvir + voxilaprevir in case of virological failure. The primary outcome was sustained virological response at 12 weeks after end of treatment (SVR12). Secondary outcomes included treatment adherence, safety and SVR12 in patients who were retreated due to non-response to first-line treatment. The model of care relied on both viral load assessment and educational sessions to increase patient awareness, adherence and health literacy. The study recruited 120 participants, 36 HIV-co-infected, and 14 cirrhotic. Only one patient discontinued treatment because of return to home country. Neither death nor severe adverse event occurred. SVR12 was reached in 107 patients (89%): (90%) in genotype 1 or 2, and 88% in GT-4. All retreated patients (n = 13) reached SVR12. HCV treatment is highly acceptable, safe and effective under this model of care. Implementation research is now needed to scale up point-of-care HCV testing and SVR assessment, along with community involvement in patient education, to achieve HCV elimination in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Gelsenicine disrupted the intestinal barrier of Caenorhabditis elegans.

Gelsemium elegans Benth. (G. elegans) is a traditional medicinal herb that has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, sedative, and detumescence effects. However, it can also cause intestinal side effects such as abdominal pain and diarrhea. The toxicological mechanisms of gelsenicine are still unclear. The objective of this study was to assess enterotoxicity induced by gelsenicine in the nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). The nematodes were treated with gelsenicine, and subsequently their growth, development, and locomotion behavior were evaluated. The targets of gelsenicine were predicted using PharmMapper. mRNA-seq was performed to verify the predicted targets. Intestinal permeability, ROS generation, and lipofuscin accumulation were measured. Additionally, the fluorescence intensities of GFP-labeled proteins involved in oxidative stress and unfolded protein response in endoplasmic reticulum (UPRER) were quantified. As a result, the treatment of gelsenicine resulted in the inhibition of nematode lifespan, as well as reductions in body length, width, and locomotion behavior. A total of 221 targets were predicted by PharmMapper, and 731 differentially expressed genes were screened out by mRNA-seq. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis revealed involvement in redox process and transmembrane transport. The permeability assay showed leakage of blue dye from the intestinal lumen into the body cavity. Abnormal mRNAs expression of gem-4, hmp-1, fil-2, and pho-1, which regulated intestinal development, absorption and catabolism, transmembrane transport, and apical junctions, was observed. Intestinal lipofuscin and ROS were increased, while sod-2 and isp-1 expressions were decreased. Multiple proteins in SKN-1/DAF-16 pathway were found to bind stably with gelsenicine in a predictive model. There was an up-regulation in the expression of SKN-1:GFP, while the nuclear translocation of DAF-16:GFP exhibited abnormality. The UPRER biomarker HSP-4:GFP was down-regulated. In conclusion, the treatment of gelsenicine resulted in the increase of nematode intestinal permeability. The toxicological mechanisms underlying this effect involved the disruption of intestinal barrier integrity, an imbalance between oxidative and antioxidant processes mediated by the SKN-1/DAF-16 pathway, and abnormal unfolded protein reaction.

Are FGFR Fusions and Mutations the Next Tumor-Agnostic Targets in Oncology?

Gong et al present two NCI-MATCH tumor-agnostic trials evaluating erdafitinib for FGFR-altered cancers, marking steppingstones in precision oncology.

Outcomes of Kidneys Transplanted From Hepatitis C Viremic Donors to Naive Recipients From an Appalachian Rural Kidney Transplant Program.

OBJECTIVES: Before the advent of direct-acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C virus, a large proportion of kidneys from donors with hepatitis C viremia were discarded. Hepatitis C virus is now amenable to effective treatment with excellent seronegativity rates. In this study, we review the outcomes of hepatitis C viremic kidneys transplanted into hepatitis C-naive recipients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective observational study, we examined 6 deceased donor kidneys with hepatitis C viremia that were transplanted into hepatitis C-naive recipients between March 2020 and April 2021 at a single center. Because of health insurance constraints, patients were treated for hepatitis C virus with glecaprevir/pibrentasvir for 8 weeks following seroconversion posttransplant. Primary outcome measured was viral seroconversion; secondary outcomes included graft function, posttransplant complications, and all-cause mortality. RESULTS: On average, patients seroconverted 6 days (range, 4-10 d) after transplant and began treatment 26 days (range, 15-37 d) after seroconversion. An 8-week course of antiviral treatment was successful in preventing acute hepatitis C virus infection in all patients. Posttransplant median creatinine was 1.96 mg/dL (range, 1-4.55 mg/dL), whereas median estimated glomerular filtration rate was 41.33 mL/min/1.73 m2 (range, 17-85 mL/min/1.73 m2). Patient survival rate was 66.7%, and death-censored graft survival rate was 100%. Two patients died from unrelated reasons: 1 from acute respiratory failure secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection and 1 from posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Two patients developed allograft rejection posttransplant (1 developed antibody mediated rejection, 1 developed borderline T-cell-mediated cellular rejection). Other major complications included neutropenia, fungal rash, SARS-CoV-2 infection, cytomegalovirus, BK virus, and Epstein-Barr virus reactivation. CONCLUSIONS: Use of hepatitis C-viremic donor kidneys for transplant is a safe option and has great potential to increase the kidney donor pool, as long as high index of suspicion is maintained for allograft rejection and opportunistic infections.

Inhibition of protein misfolding and aggregation by steroidal quinoxalin-2(1H)-one and their molecular docking studies.

A series of D-ring fused 16-substituted steroidal quinoxalin-2(1H)-one attached to an electron-releasing (ER) or electron-withdrawing (EW) groups via steroidal oxoacetate intermediate were synthesized to investigate their protein aggregation inhibition potential using human lysozyme (HLZ). The influence of the type of substituent at the C-6 positions of the quinoxalin-2(1H)-one ring on the protein aggregation inhibition potential was observed, showing that the EW moiety improved the protein aggregation inhibition potency. Of all the evaluated compounds, NO2-substituted quinoxalin-2(1H)-one derivative 13 was the most active compound and had a maximum protein aggregation inhibition effect. Significant stabilization effects strongly support the binding of the most biologically active steroidal quinoxalin-2(1H)-one with docking studies. The predicted physicochemical and ADME properties lie within a drug-like space which shows no violation of Lipinski's rule of five except compounds 12 and 13. Combined, our results suggest that D-ring fused 16-substituted steroidal quinoxalin-2(1H)-one has the potential to modulate the protein aggregation inhibition effect.

Design of Dyes Based on the Quinoline or Quinoxaline Skeleton towards Visible Light Photoinitiators.

Dyes based on quinoline and quinoxaline skeletons were designed for application as visible light photoinitiators. The obtained compounds absorb electromagnetic radiation on the border between ultraviolet and visible light, which allows the use of dental lamps as light sources during the initiation of the photopolymerization reaction. Their another desirable feature is the ability to create a long-lived excited state, which enables the chain reaction to proceed through the mechanism of intermolecular electron transfer. In two-component photoinitiating systems, in the presence of an electron donor or a hydrogen atom donor, the synthesized compounds show excellent abilities to photoinitiate the polymerization of acrylates. In control tests, the efficiency of photopolymerization using modified quinoline and quinoxaline derivatives is comparable to that obtained using a typical, commercial photoinitiator for dentistry, camphorquinone. Moreover, the use of the tested compounds requires a small amount of photoinitiator (only 0.04% by weight) to initiate the reaction. The research also showed a significant acceleration of the photopolymerization process and shortening of the reaction time. In practice, this means that the new two-component initiating systems can be used in much lower concentrations without slowing down the speed of obtaining polymer materials. It is worth emphasizing that these two features of the new initiating system allow for cost reduction by reducing financial outlays on both materials (photoinitiators) and electricity.

Ferroptosis contributes to airway epithelial E-cadherin disruption in a mixed granulocytic asthma mouse model.

Aberrant expression of airway epithelial E-cadherin is a key feature of asthma, yet the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Ferroptosis is a novel form of regulated cell death involved in asthma pathogenesis. This study was aimed to evaluate the role of ferroptosis and to investigate whether ferroptosis mediates E-cadherin disruption in mixed granulocyte asthma (MGA). Two murine models of MGA were established using toluene diisocyanate (TDI) or ovalbumin with Complete Freund's Adjuvant (OVA/CFA). Specific antagonists of ferroptosis, including Liproxstatin-1 (Lip-1) and Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) were given to the mice. The allergen-exposed mice displayed markedly shrunk mitochondria in the airway epithelia, with decreased volume and denser staining accompanied by down-regulated GPX4 as well as up-regulated FTH1 and malondialdehyde, which are markers of ferroptosis. Decreased pulmonary expression of E-cadherin was also observed, with profound loss of membrane E-cadherin in the airway epithelia, as well as increased secretion of sE-cadherin. Treatment with Lip-1 not only showed potent protective effects against the allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammatory responses, but also rescued airway epithelial E-cadherin expression and inhibited the release of sE-cadherin. Taken together, our data demonstrated that ferroptosis mediates airway epithelial E-cadherin dysfunction in MGA.

Phase II Study of Erdafitinib in Patients With Tumors With Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Mutations or Fusions: Results From the NCI-MATCH ECOG-ACRIN Trial (EAY131) Subprotocol K2.

PURPOSE: Subprotocol K2 (EAY131-K2) of the NCI-MATCH platform trial was an open-label, single-arm, phase II study designed to evaluate the antitumor efficacy of the oral FGFR1-4 inhibitor, erdafitinib, in patients with tumors harboring FGFR1-4 mutations or fusions. METHODS: Central confirmation of tumor FGFR1-4 mutations or fusions was required for outcome analysis. Patients with urothelial carcinoma were excluded. Enrolled subjects received oral erdafitinib at a starting dose of 8 mg daily continuously until intolerable toxicity or disease progression. The primary end point was objective response rate (ORR) with key secondary end points of safety, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Thirty-five patients were enrolled, and 25 patients were included in the primary efficacy analysis as prespecified in the protocol. The median age was 61 years, and 52% of subjects had received ≥3 previous lines of therapy. The confirmed ORR was 16% (4 of 25 [90% CI, 5.7 to 33.0], P = .034 against the null rate of 5%). An additional seven patients experienced stable disease as best-confirmed response. Four patients had a prolonged PFS including two with recurrent WHO grade IV, IDH1-/2-wildtype glioblastoma. The median PFS and OS were 3.6 months and 11.0 months, respectively. Erdafitinib was manageable with no new safety signals. CONCLUSION: This study met its primary end point in patients with several pretreated solid tumor types harboring FGFR1-3 mutations or fusions. These findings support advancement of erdafitinib for patients with fibroblast growth factor receptor-altered tumors outside of currently approved indications in a potentially tumor-agnostic manner.

Phase II Study of Erdafitinib in Patients With Tumors With FGFR Amplifications: Results From the NCI-MATCH ECOG-ACRIN Trial (EAY131) Subprotocol K1.

PURPOSE: Despite fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitors being approved in tumor types with select FGFR rearrangements or gene mutations, amplifications of FGFR represent the most common FGFR alteration across malignancies. Subprotocol K1 (EAY131-K1) of the National Cancer Institute-MATCH platform trial was designed to evaluate the antitumor efficacy of the oral FGFR1-4 inhibitor, erdafitinib, in patients with tumors harboring FGFR1-4 amplification. METHODS: EAY131-K1 was an open-label, single-arm, phase II study with central confirmation of presence of FGFR1-4 amplification in tumors. Patients with urothelial carcinoma were excluded. Enrolled patients received oral erdafitinib at a starting dose of 8 mg once daily continuously with escalation to 9 mg once daily continuously, on the basis of predefined time point assessments of phosphate levels, until disease progression or intolerable toxicity. The primary end point was centrally assessed objective response rate (ORR), with key secondary end points being 6-month progression-free survival (PFS6), PFS, overall survival (OS), and safety. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients were enrolled into this study with 18 included in the prespecified primary efficacy analysis. The median age of the 18 patients was 60 years, and 78% had received ≥3 previous lines of therapy. There were no confirmed responses to erdafitinib; however, five patients experienced stable disease (SD) as best response. One patient with an FGFR1-amplified breast cancer had a prolonged PFS >168 days (5.5 months). The median PFS was 1.7 months (90% CI, 1.1 to 1.8 months) and the median OS was 4.2 months (90% CI, 2.3 to 9.3 months). The estimated PFS6 rate was 13.8% (90% CI, 3.3 to 31.6). The majority of toxicities were grade 1 to 2 in nature, although there was one grade 5 treatment-related adverse event. CONCLUSION: Erdafitinib did not meet its primary end point of efficacy as determined by ORR in treatment-refractory solid tumors harboring FGFR1-4 amplifications. Our findings support that rearrangements and gene mutations, but not amplifications, of FGFR remain the established FGFR alterations with approved indications for FGFR inhibition.

Slicing through silos: Development and evaluation of a hospital-based telehealth hepatitis C virus treatment program.

BACKGROUND: There exist many barriers to hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment for those with substance use disorder (SUD) or who lack access to routine medical care. A hospital-based telehealth program was developed to provide treatment opportunities for hospitalized patients living with HCV. METHODS: This single site prospective cohort study conducted from July 2022 to March 2023 aimed to measure linkage to care with an HCV clinician and initiation of HCV treatment in hospitalized patients. Patients were assessed in-person by a social worker then seen via telehealth by a clinician who prescribed either glecaprevir/pibrentasvir or sofosbuvir/velpatasvir. Treatment was initiated with pharmacist assistance. The team conducted in-person and/or telephonic outreach during and after hospitalization. Cure was confirmed by sustained virologic response at 12 weeks (SVR12) post-treatment. RESULTS: A total of 25 patients were enrolled and completed telehealth visits. All patients had a history of SUD and 18 (72 %) were unstably housed. Nineteen patients (76 %) initiated treatment, and 14 (56 %) successfully completed treatment. Twelve patients (48 %) completed post-treatment labs, including two who prematurely discontinued treatment. Eleven patients (44 %) achieved confirmed cure with SVR12. CONCLUSION: A hospital-based, multidisciplinary telehealth program can be an innovative care model to successfully treat HCV in a difficult-to-treat patient populations.

Quinoxaline derivatives: Recent discoveries and development strategies towards anticancer agents.

Cancer is a leading cause of death and a major health problem worldwide. While many effective anticancer agents are available, most drugs currently on the market are not specific, raising issues like the common side effects of chemotherapy. However, recent research hold promises for the development of more efficient and safer anticancer drugs. Quinoxaline and its derivatives are becoming recognized as a novel class of chemotherapeutic agents with activity against different tumors. The present review compiles and discusses studies concerning the therapeutic potential of the anticancer activity of quinoxaline derivatives, covering articles published between January 2018 and January 2023.

Liproxstatin-1 attenuates acute hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis through inhibiting ferroptosis in rats.

Ferroptosis is closely associated with inflammatory diseases, including acute pancreatitis (AP); however, the involvement of ferroptosis in hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis (HTGP) remains unclear. In the present study, we aimed to explore the relationship between lipid metabolism and ferroptosis in HTGP and the alleviating effect of liproxstatin-1 (Lip-1) in vivo. This study represents the first exploration of lipid metabolism and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in HTGP, targeting ferroptosis as a key factor in HTGP. Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) was induced under high-fat diet conditions. Cerulein was then injected to establish AP and HTGP models. Lip-1, a specific ferroptosis inhibitor, was administered before the induction of AP and HTGP in rats, respectively. Serum triglyceride, amylase, inflammatory factors, pathological and ultrastructural structures, lipid peroxidation, and iron overload indicators related to ferroptosis were tested. Moreover, the interaction between ferroptosis and ERS was assessed. We found HTG can exacerbate the development of AP, with an increased inflammatory response and intensified ferroptosis process. Lip-1 treatment can attenuate pancreatic injury by inhibiting ferroptosis through lipid metabolism and further resisting activations of ERS-related proteins. Totally, our results proved lipid metabolism can promote ferroptosis in HTGP by regulating ACSL4/LPCAT3 protein levels. Additionally, ERS may participate in ferroptosis via the Bip/p-EIF2α/CHOP pathway, followed by the alleviating effect of Lip-1 in the rat model.

Unlocking the anticancer activity of gambogic acid: a shift towards ferroptosis via a GSH/Trx dual antioxidant system.

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) plays a crucial role in ferroptosis by regulating the cellular antioxidant response and maintaining redox balance. However, compounds that induce ferroptosis through dual antioxidant pathways based on Nrf2 have not been fully explored. In our study, we investigated the impact of Gambogic acid (GA) on MCF-7 cells and HepG2 cells in vitro. The cytotoxicity, colony formation assay and cell cycle assay demonstrated potent tumor-killing ability of GA, while its effect was rescued by ferroptosis inhibitors. Furthermore, RNA sequencing revealed the enrichment of ferroptosis pathway mediated by GA. In terms of ferroptosis indicators detection, evidences for GA were provided including reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, alteration in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), disappearance of mitochondrial cristae, lipid peroxidation induction, malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation promotion, iron ion accumulation as well as glutathione (GSH)/thioredoxin (Trx) depletion. Notably, Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) and Liproxstatin-1 (Lip-1) successfully rescued GA-induced MDA accumulation. In terms of mechanism, Nrf2 was found to play a pivotal role in GA-induced ferroptosis by inducing protein alterations through the iron metabolism pathway and GSH/Trx dual antioxidant pathway. Furthermore, GA exerted good antitumor activity in vivo through GSH/Trx dual antioxidant pathway, and Fer-1 significantly attenuated its efficacy. In conclusion, our findings first provided new evidence for GA as an inducer of ferroptosis, and Nrf2-mediated GSH/Trx dual antioxidant system played an important role in GA-induced ferroptosis.

Planar-structured thiadiazoloquinoxaline-based NIR-II dye for tumor phototheranostics.

Second near-infrared (NIR-II) fluorescence imaging shows huge application prospects in clinical disease diagnosis and surgical navigation, while it is still a big challenge to exploit high performance NIR-II dyes with long-wavelength absorption and high fluorescence quantum yield. Herein, based on planar π-conjugated donor-acceptor-donor systems, three NIR-II dyes (TP-DBBT, TP-TQ1, and TP-TQ2) were synthesized with bulk steric hindrance, and the influence of acceptor engineering on absorption/emission wavelengths, fluorescence efficiency and photothermal properties was systematically investigated. Compared with TP-DBBT and TP-TQ2, the TP-TQ1 based on 6,7-diphenyl-[1,2,5]thiadiazoloquinoxaline can well balance absorption/emission wavelengths, NIR-II fluorescence brightness and photothermal effects. And the TP-TQ1 nanoparticles (NPs) possess high absorption ability at a peak absorption of 877 nm, with a high relative quantum yield of 0.69% for large steric hindrance hampering the close π-π stacking interactions. Furthermore, the TP-TQ1 NPs show a desirable photothermal conversion efficiency of 48% and good compatibility. In vivo experiments demonstrate that the TP-TQ1 NPs can serve as a versatile theranostic agent for NIR-II fluorescence/photoacoustic imaging-guided tumor phototherapy. The molecular planarization strategy provides an approach for designing efficient NIR-II fluorophores with extending absorption/emission wavelength, high fluorescence brightness, and outstanding phototheranostic performance.

Mono-quinoxaline-induced DNA structural alteration leads to ZBP1/RIP3/MLKL-driven necroptosis in cancer cells.

Evading the cellular apoptosis mechanism by modulating multiple pathways poses a sturdy barrier to effective chemotherapy. Cancer cell adeptly resists the apoptosis signaling pathway by regulating anti and pro-apoptotic proteins to escape cell death. Nevertheless, bypassing the apoptotic pathway through necroptosis, an alternative programmed cell death process, maybe a potential therapeutic modality for apoptosis-resistant cells. However, synthetic mono-quinoxaline-based intercalator-induced cellular necroptosis as an anti-cancer perspective remains under-explored. To address this concern, we undertook the design and synthesis of quinoxaline-based small molecules (3a-3l). Our approach involved enhancing the π-surface of the mandatory benzyl moiety to augment its ability to induce DNA structural alteration via intercalation, thereby promoting cytotoxicity across various cancer cell lines (HCT116, HT-29, and HeLa). Notably, the potent compound 3a demonstrated the capacity to induce DNA damage in cancer cells, leading to the induction of ZBP1-mediated necroptosis in the RIP3-expressed cell line (HT-29), where Z-VAD effectively blocked apoptosis-mediated cell death. Interestingly, we observed that 3a induced RIP3-driven necroptosis in combination with DNA hypomethylating agents, even in the RIP3-silenced cell lines (HeLa and HCT116). Overall, our synthesized compound 3a emerged as a promising candidate against various cancers, particularly in apoptosis-compromised cells, through the induction of necroptosis.

N-allyl quinoxaline derivative exhibited potent and selective cytotoxicity through EGFR/VEGFR-mediated apoptosis: In vitro and in vivo studies.

The cytotoxic activity, EGFR/VEGFR2 target inhibition, apoptotic activity, RT-PCR gene expression, in vivo employing a solid-Ehrlich carcinoma model, and in silico investigations for highlighting the binding affinity of eight quinoxaline derivatives were tested for anticancer activities. The results showed that compound 8 (N-allyl quinoxaline) had potent cytotoxicity against A594 and MCF-7 cancer cells with IC50 values of 0.86 and 1.06 µM, respectively, with noncytotoxic activity against WISH and MCF-10A cells having IC50 values more than 100 µM. Furthermore, it strongly induced apoptotic cell death in A549 and MCF-7 cells by 43.13% and 34.07%, respectively, stopping the cell cycle at S and G1-phases. For the molecular target, the results showed that compound 8 had a promising EGFR inhibition activity with an IC50 value of 0.088 µM compared to Sorafenib (IC50 = 0.056 µM), and it had a promising VEGFR2 inhibition activity with an IC50 value of 0.108 µM compared to Sorafenib (IC50 = 0.049 µM). Treatment with compound 8 ameliorated biochemical and histochemical parameters near normal in the in vivo investigation, with a tumor inhibition ratio of 68.19% compared to 64.8% for 5-FU treatment. Finally, the molecular docking study demonstrated the binding affinity through binding energy and interactive binding mode inside the EGFR/VEGFR2 proteins. Potent EGFR and VEGFR2 inhibition of compound 8 suggests its potential for development as a selective anticancer drug.