Monkeypox Outbreak 2022, from a Rare Disease to Global Health Emergence: Implications for Travellers.

Monkeypox (mpox), a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), poses a significant public health threat with the potential for global dissemination beyond its endemic regions in Central and West Africa. This study explores the multifaceted aspects of monkeypox, covering its epidemiology, genomics, travel-related spread, mass gathering implications, and economic consequences. Epidemiologically, mpox exhibits distinct patterns, with variations in age and gender susceptibility. Severe cases can arise in immunocompromised individuals, underscoring the importance of understanding the factors contributing to its transmission. Genomic analysis of MPXV highlights its evolutionary relationship with the variola virus and vaccinia virus. Different MPXV clades exhibit varying levels of virulence and transmission potential, with Clade I associated with higher mortality rates. Moreover, the role of recombination in MPXV evolution remains a subject of interest, with implications for understanding its genetic diversity. Travel and mass gatherings play a pivotal role in the spread of monkeypox. The ease of international travel and increasing globalization have led to outbreaks beyond African borders. The economic ramifications of mpox outbreaks extend beyond public health. Direct treatment costs, productivity losses, and resource-intensive control efforts can strain healthcare systems and economies. While vaccination and mitigation strategies have proven effective, the cost-effectiveness of routine vaccination in non-endemic countries remains a subject of debate. This study emphasizes the role of travel, mass gatherings, and genomics in its spread and underscores the economic impacts on affected regions. Enhancing surveillance, vaccination strategies, and public health measures are essential in controlling this emerging infectious disease.

Increase transparency and reproducibility of real-world evidence in rare diseases through disease-specific Federated Data Networks.

PURPOSE: In rare diseases, real-world evidence (RWE) generation is often restricted due to small patient numbers and global geographic distribution. A federated data network (FDN) approach brings together multiple data sources harmonized for collaboration to increase the power of observational research. In this paper, we review how to increase reproducibility and transparency of RWE studies in rare diseases through disease-specific FDNs. METHOD: To be successful, a multiple stakeholder scientific FDN collaboration requires a strong governance model in place. In such a model, each database owner remains in full control regarding the use of and access to patient-level data and is responsible for data privacy, ethical, and legal compliance. Provided that all this is well documented and good database descriptions are in place, such a governance model results in increased transparency, while reproducibility is achieved through data curation and harmonization, and distributed analytical methods. RESULTS: Leveraging the OHDSI community set of methods and tools, two rare disease-specific FDNs are discussed in more detail. For multiple myeloma, HONEUR-the Haematology Outcomes Network in Europe-has built a strong community among the data partners dedicated to scientific exchange and research. To advance scientific knowledge in pulmonary hypertension (PH) an FDN, called PHederation, was established to form a partnership of research institutions with PH databases coming from diverse origins.

Longitudinal natural history studies based on real-world data in rare diseases: Opportunity and a novel approach.

Growing interest in therapeutic development for rare diseases necessitate a systematic approach to the collection and curation of natural history data that can be applied consistently across this group of heterogenous rare diseases. In this study, we discuss the challenges facing natural history studies for leukodystrophies and detail a novel standardized approach to creating a longitudinal natural history study using existing medical records. Prospective studies are uniquely challenging for rare diseases. Delays in diagnosis and overall rarity limit the timely collection of natural history data. When feasible, prospective studies are often cross-sectional rather than longitudinal and are unlikely to capture pre- or early- symptomatic disease trajectories, limiting their utility in characterizing the full natural history of the disease. Therapeutic development in leukodystrophies is subject to these same obstacles. The Global Leukodystrophy Initiative Clinical Trials Network (GLIA-CTN) comprises of a network of research institutions across the United States, supported by a multi-center biorepository protocol, to map the longitudinal clinical course of disease across leukodystrophies. As part of GLIA-CTN, we developed Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) that delineated all study processes related to staff training, source documentation, and data sharing. Additionally, the SOP detailed the standardized approach to data extraction including diagnosis, clinical presentation, and medical events, such as age at gastrostomy tube placement. The key variables for extraction were selected through face validity, and common electronic case report forms (eCRF) across leukodystrophies were created to collect analyzable data. To enhance the depth of the data, clinical notes are extracted into "original" and "imputed" encounters, with imputed encounter referring to a historic event (e.g., loss of ambulation 3 months prior). Retrospective Functional Assessments were assigned by child neurologists, using a blinded dual-rater approach and score discrepancies were adjudicated by a third rater. Upon completion of extraction, data source verification is performed. Data missingness was evaluated using statistics. The proposed methodology will enable us to leverage existing medical records to address the persistent gap in natural history data within this unique disease group, allow for assessment of clinical trajectory both pre- and post-formal diagnosis, and promote recruitment of larger cohorts.

Cluster analysis and visualisation of electronic health records data to identify undiagnosed patients with rare genetic diseases.

Rare genetic diseases affect 5-8% of the population but are often undiagnosed or misdiagnosed. Electronic health records (EHR) contain large amounts of data, which provide opportunities for analysing and mining. Data mining, in the form of cluster analysis and visualisation, was performed on a database containing deidentified health records of 1.28 million patients across 3 major hospitals in Singapore, in a bid to improve the diagnostic process for patients who are living with an undiagnosed rare disease, specifically focusing on Fabry Disease and Familial Hypercholesterolaemia (FH). On a baseline of 4 patients, we identified 2 additional patients with potential diagnosis of Fabry disease, suggesting a potential 50% increase in diagnosis. Similarly, we identified > 12,000 individuals who fulfil the clinical and laboratory criteria for FH but had not been diagnosed previously. This proof-of-concept study showed that it is possible to perform mining on EHR data albeit with some challenges and limitations.

Incidence, prevalence, and pattern of medical service utilization of children's rare lung diseases in South Korea.

INTRODUCTION: Children's rare lung diseases are a heterogeneous group of rare lung diseases with significant morbidity and mortality. There is very limited information on the incidence and prevalence of children's rare lung diseases in Asia. We investigated the nationwide incidence, prevalence, and pattern of medical service utilization of children's rare lung diseases in Korea. METHODS: We studied patients who were diagnosed with rare lung diseases coded per International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Edition and registered in the national rare diseases database of confirmed patients. Data was extracted from the Korean National Health Insurance Service Claims database over 2019-2021. RESULTS: Average incidence rate was 12.9 new cases per million children per year, and average prevalence rate was 60.2 cases per million children during the study period of 2019-2021. We found that more than 65% of new cases were diagnosed before 2 years of age. ChILD, primary ciliary dyskinesia, and cystic fibrosis were usually diagnosed after 6 years of age. Congenital airway and lung anomalies were often diagnosed before 2 years of age. Busan and Gyeongsangnam-do residents tended to visit hospitals near their place of residence, while residents of other areas tended to visit hospitals in Seoul regardless of their area of residence. CONCLUSIONS: We examined the epidemiology of rare lung diseases in children in South Korea. Our estimation of the incidence and prevalence could be used for sustainable health care and equitable distribution of health care resources.

The COVID-19 pandemic impact on continuity of care provision on rare brain diseases and on ataxias, dystonia and PKU. A scoping review.

One of the most relevant challenges for healthcare providers during the COVID- 19 pandemic has been assuring the continuity of care to patients with complex health needs such as people living with rare diseases (RDs). The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the healthcare sector's digital transformation agenda. The delivery of telemedicine services instead of many face-to-face procedures has been expanded and, many healthcare services not directly related to COVID-19 treatments shifted online remotely. Many hospitals, specialist centres, patients and families started to use telemedicine because they were forced to. This trend could directly represent a good practice on how care services could be organized and continuity of care could be ensured for patients. If done properly, it could boast improved patient outcomes and become a post COVID-19 major shift in the care paradigm. There is a fragmented stakeholders spectrum, as many questions arise on: how is e-health interacting with 'traditional' healthcare providers; about the role of the European Reference Networks (ERNs); if remote care can retain a human touch and stay patient centric. The manuscript is one of the results of the European Brain Council (EBC) Value of Treatment research project on rare brain disorders focusing on progressive ataxias, dystonia and phenylketonuria with the support of Academic Partners and in collaboration with European Reference Networks (ERNs) experts, applying empirical evidence from different European countries. The main purpose of this work is to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the continuity of care for ataxias, dystonia and phenylketonuria (PKU) in Europe. The analysis carried out makes it possible to highlight the critical points encountered and to learn from the best experiences. Here, we propose a scoping review that investigates this topic, focusing on continuity of care and novel methods (e.g., digital approaches) used to reduce the care disruption. This scoping review was designed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) standards. This work showed that the implementation of telemedicine services was the main measure that healthcare providers (HCPs) put in place and adopted for mitigating the effects of disruption or discontinuity of the healthcare services of people with rare neurological diseases and with neurometabolic disorders in Europe.

Rare Disease Day: Amplifying voices, advocating hope.

Every year on February 28, the global community comes together to observe Rare Disease Day, a day dedicated to raising awareness and understanding for the millions of individuals who live with rare disorders. While individual rare diseases may seem uncommon, their collective impact is significant, affecting the lives of countless families and communities worldwide. This day serves as a crucial platform to amplify the voices of those affected, advocate for increased research and support, and inspire hope for a future where rare diseases can be prevented, diagnosed earlier, and effectively treated.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on People Living With Rare Diseases and Their Families: Results of a National Survey.

BACKGROUND: With more than 103 million cases and 1.1 million deaths, the COVID-19 pandemic has had devastating consequences for the health system and the well-being of the entire US population. The Rare Diseases Clinical Research Network funded by the National Institutes of Health was strategically positioned to study the impact of the pandemic on the large, vulnerable population of people living with rare diseases (RDs). OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to describe the characteristics of COVID-19 in the RD population, determine whether patient subgroups experienced increased occurrence or severity of infection and whether the pandemic changed RD symptoms and treatment, and understand the broader impact on respondents and their families. METHODS: US residents who had an RD and were <90 years old completed a web-based survey investigating self-reported COVID-19 infection, pandemic-related changes in RD symptoms and medications, access to care, and psychological impact on self and family. We estimated the incidence of self-reported COVID-19 and compared it with that in the US population; evaluated the frequency of COVID-19 symptoms according to self-reported infection; assessed infection duration, complications and need for hospitalization; assessed the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on RD symptoms and treatment, and whether the pandemic influenced access to care, special food and nutrition, or demand for professional psychological assistance. RESULTS: Between May 2, 2020, and December 15, 2020, in total, 3413 individuals completed the survey. Most were female (2212/3413, 64.81%), White (3038/3413, 89.01%), and aged ≥25 years (2646/3413, 77.53%). Overall, 80.6% (2751/3413) did not acquire COVID-19, 2.08% (71/3413) acquired it, and 16.58% (566/3413) did not know. Self-reported cases represented an annual incidence rate of 2.2% (95% CI 1.7%-2.8%). COVID-19 cases were more than twice the expected (71 vs 30.3; P<.001). COVID-19 was associated with specific symptoms (loss of taste: odds ratio [OR] 38.9, 95% CI 22.4-67.6, loss of smell: OR 30.6, 95% CI 17.7-53.1) and multiple symptoms (>9 symptoms vs none: OR 82.5, 95% CI 29-234 and 5-9: OR 44.8, 95% CI 18.7-107). Median symptom duration was 16 (IQR 9-30) days. Hospitalization (7/71, 10%) and ventilator support (4/71, 6%) were uncommon. Respondents who acquired COVID-19 reported increased occurrence and severity of RD symptoms and use or dosage of select medications; those who did not acquire COVID-19 reported decreased occurrence and severity of RD symptoms and use of medications; those who did not know had an intermediate pattern. The pandemic made it difficult to access care, receive treatment, get hospitalized, and caused mood changes for respondents and their families. CONCLUSIONS: Self-reported COVID-19 was more frequent than expected and was associated with increased prevalence and severity of RD symptoms and greater use of medications. The pandemic negatively affected access to care and caused mood changes in the respondents and family members. Continued surveillance is necessary.

Patient's perspective about research landscape for rare diseases in India.

I am writing this piece as the parent of a son diagnosed with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, a severely debilitating disease that not only impairs skeletal muscles of the limbs but is also life-threatening due to progressive weakening of the cardiac and diaphragm muscles. I have traversed the harrowing diagnostic, treatment, and management odyssey of a typical rare disease (RD) patient in India.

Rare genetic disorders in India: Current status, challenges, and CRISPR-based therapy.

Rare genetic diseases are a group of life-threatening disorders affecting significant populations worldwide and posing substantial challenges to healthcare systems globally. India, with its vast population, is also no exception. The country harbors millions of individuals affected by these fatal disorders, which often result from mutations in a single gene. The emergence of CRISPR-Cas9 technology, however, has ushered in a new era of hope in genetic therapies. CRISPR-based treatments hold the potential to precisely edit and correct diseasecausing mutations, offering tailored solutions for rare genetic diseases in India. This review explores the landscape of rare genetic diseases in India along with national policies and major challenges, and examines the implications of CRISPR-based therapies for potential cure. It delves into the potential of this technology in providing personalized and effective treatments. However, alongside these promising prospects, some ethical considerations, regulatory challenges, and concerns about the accessibility of CRISPR therapies are also discussed since addressing these issues is crucial for harnessing the full power of CRISPR in tackling rare genetic diseases in India. By taking a multidisciplinary approach that combines scientific advancements, ethical principles, and regulatory frameworks, these complexities can be reconciled, paving the way for innovative and impactful healthcare solutions for rare diseases in India.

Rare genetic diseases in India: Steps toward a nationwide mission program.

Rare genetic diseases are rare by themselves with prevalence of 1 in 25,000, but collectively they are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Till date, collectively there are more than 9,000 rare diseases documented, which impose a devastating impact on patients, their families, and the healthcare system, including enormous societal burden. Obtaining a conclusive diagnosis for a patient with a rare genetic disease can be long and gruelling. For some patients it takes months or years to receive a definite diagnosis, and around 50% of the patients remain undiagnosed even with expert clinical and advanced high-end laboratory investigations. Owing to the large population and practice of consanguinity the Indian population is a pool of indigenous variants and unreported phenotypes or diseases. A mission program on pediatric rare diseases is an unparalleled initiative to study unique clinical conditions via the use of latest state-of-art technologies and with the combination of a mulit-omics approach. Our initiative will not only provide diagnosis to patients with rare disease but also build a platform for translational research for rare disease screening, management, and treatment.

Lessons from the Rare Diseases Registry and Analytics Platform framework for development of a national rare diseases registry for India.

Rare diseases (RD) pose significant challenges for healthcare systems globally, necessitating the establishment of disease registries to facilitate research, diagnosis, and treatment. This article explores the development of a comprehensive national RD registry for India, informed by insights gained through interactions with experts from India and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) region. The social and technological challenges involved in creating and maintaining a national RDs registry are highlighted. Moreover, the roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders are discussed. Additionally, the RD-RAP (Registry and Analytics Platform) framework is also discussed, which is an analytics-based RD registry model with multi-stakeholder end-user utility. Although developed for the APEC region, the RD-RAP framework holds promise in the Indian context. This article discusses the key features of the RD-RAP framework that are relevant and applicable to the Indian setting. By leveraging these insights, this research aimed to provide valuable guidance for the development and operation of a comprehensive national RD registry in India.

Rare liver diseases in Egypt: Clinical and epidemiological characterization.

Illnesses that afflict a tiny number of individuals are referred to as rare diseases (RDs), sometimes called orphan diseases. The local healthcare systems are constantly under financial, psychological, and medical strain due to low incidence rates, unusual presentations, flawed diagnostic standards, and a lack of treatment alternatives for these RDs. The effective management of the once widely spread viral hepatitis B and C has altered the spectrum of liver diseases in Egypt during the last several years. The detection of uncommon disorders such as autoimmune, cholestatic, and hereditary liver diseases has also been made easier by the increasing knowledge and greater accessibility of specific laboratory testing. Finally, despite Egypt's large population, there are more uncommon liver disorders than previously thought. This review article discusses the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of a few uncommon liver disorders and the information currently accessible concerning these illnesses in Egypt.

Familial Screening for the Prevention of Rare Diseases: A Focus on Lipodystrophy in Southern Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND: Lipodystrophy is a relatively rare, complex disease characterised by a deficiency of adipose tissue and can present as either generalised lipodystrophy (GLD) or partial lipodystrophy (PLD). The prevalence of this disease varies by region. This study aimed to identify the genetic variations associated with lipodystrophy in the southern part of Saudi Arabia. METHODOLOGY:  We conducted a retrospective study by recruiting nine patients from six families, recruiting the proband whole exome sequencing results or any other genetic test results, screening other family members using Sanger sequencing and analysing the carrier status of the latter. These patients were recruited from the Endocrinology and Diabetes Clinic at Jazan General Hospital and East Jeddah Hospital, both in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. RESULT: Eight patients were diagnosed with GLD, and one was diagnosed with PLD. Of the six families, four were consanguineously married from the same tribe, while the remaining belonged to the same clan. The majority of GLD patients had an AGPAT2 c.158del mutation, but some had a BSCL2 c.942dup mutation. The single PLD case had a PPARG c.1024C > T mutation but no family history of the disease. In all families evaluated in this study, some family members were confirmed to be carriers of the mutation observed in the corresponding patient. CONCLUSION:  Familial screening of relatives of patients with rare, autosomal recessive diseases, such as lipodystrophy, especially when there is a family history, allows the implementation of measures to prevent the onset or reduced severity of disease and reduces the chances of the pathogenic allele being passed onto future generations. Creating a national registry of patients with genetic diseases and carriers of familial pathogenic alleles will allow the assessment of preventive measures and accelerate disease intervention via gene therapy.