Regulation of axonal EphA4 forward signaling is involved in the effect of EphA3 on chicken retinal ganglion cell axon growth during retinotectal mapping.

The Eph and ephrins are involved in the genesis of topographic ordered connections at the visual system. Previously we demonstrated that tectal EphA3 stimulates axon growth of nasal retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) toward the caudal tectum preventing them from branching in the rostral tectum. Now we investigated whether tectal EphA3 plays this role by modulating the axonal EphA4 forward signaling or throughout axonal ephrin-As reverse signaling. For this purpose we used cultures of nasal retinal explants and dissociated retinal neurons from chicken embryos. We treated them with clustered EphA3-Fc, Fc (control), PI-PLC (sheds ephrin-As) or KYL (inhibits ephrin-As-mediated EphA4 activation). We achieved in vitro and in vivo electroporations of chicken embryo retinas with wild type EphA4, Ki-EphA4 (kinase inactive dominant negative EphA4) or EGFP in pMES expression vector. We performed immunocytochemistry, immunoprecipitation and Western blot against Eph/ephrin-As system. Our results showed that: 1) shedding of ephrin-As and the inhibition of ephrin-A-mediated EphA4 activity increase axon length and decrease axonal interstitial filopodia density of nasal RGCs; and 2) a dominant negative form of EphA4 increases axon growth in vitro and induces nasal RGC axons to grow passing throughout their target area in the caudal tectum meanwhile overexpression of EphA4 produces the opposite effects. All together, these results demonstrate that ephrin-A-mediated EphA4 forward signaling decreases the level of axon growth and increases the density of axonal interstitial filopodia of nasal RGCs. Besides, our results showed that: 3) EphA3 ectodomain increases axon growth and decreases the density of axonal interstitial filopodia and branching in vitro and in vivo and 4) EphA3 ectodomain diminishes the ephrin-A2/EphA4 colocalization, and the EphA4 and ephexin1 phosphorylation. All together, these results show that the EphA3 ectodomain produces the opposite effects than the EphA4 forward signaling, by decreasing this signaling pathway throughout competing with EphA4 for ephrin-As binding. Furthermore, it is proposed that tectal EphA3 participates in the establishment of retinotectal mapping throughout this mechanism and that EphAs can regulate axon growth and branching by modulating other EphA receptors forward signaling.

Anatomical coupling of sensory and motor nerve trajectory via axon tracking.

It is a long-standing question how developing motor and sensory neuron projections cooperatively form a common principal grid of peripheral nerve pathways relaying behavioral outputs and somatosensory inputs. Here, we explored this issue through targeted cell lineage and gene manipulation in mouse, combined with in vitro live axon imaging. In the absence of motor projections, dorsal (epaxial) and ventral (hypaxial) sensory projections form in a randomized manner, while removal of EphA3/4 receptor tyrosine kinases expressed by epaxial motor axons triggers selective failure to form epaxial sensory projections. EphA3/4 act non-cell-autonomously by inducing sensory axons to track along preformed epaxial motor projections. This involves cognate ephrin-A proteins on sensory axons but is independent from EphA3/4 signaling in motor axons proper. Assembly of peripheral nerve pathways thus involves motor axon subtype-specific signals that couple sensory projections to discrete motor pathways.