ABSTRACT
Neurobehavioral evaluation of the high-risk neonate represents an important advance in early detection of behavioral anomalies which may give rise to later neuropsychological sequelae. In the present study neonates comprising three diagnostic categories (i.e., respiratory distressed, seizure-disordered, normals) were evaluated with the Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale (BNBAS) to determine the extent to which differences in neurobehavioral organization could be detected with the scale, and how they were related to diagnostic classification. Average conceptional age at testing for the three groups was within the range usually considered full term: e.g., 38.81 weeks (respiratory distressed), 40.18 weeks (normal healthy) and 42.54 weeks (seizure disorder). Infants who had been diagnosed with neonatal seizures exhibited consistently less optimal behavior than did either of the other two groups. Infants with respiratory distress and normal controls did not differ significantly on most summary measures of neurobehavioral organization scored with the BNBAS. The study offers support for the discriminative validity of the BNBAS and its potential usefulness in the assessment of clinically ill newborns.
Subject(s)
Brain Damage, Chronic/psychology , Child Development , Neurocognitive Disorders/psychology , Neuropsychological Tests , Spasms, Infantile/psychology , Arousal , Attention , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Reflex, Abnormal/psychology , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
The authors describe male monozygotic twins, Jon and Jay, who are concordant for autism and hyperlexia. Autism and mental retardation were diagnosed at the age of 2 years 5 months. Jay was the more advanced twin in motor co-ordination, attention span and receptive abilities, but had frequent tantrums. When psychologically assessed at 7 years 2 months, Jon showed borderline/severe mental retardation on the measure of non-verbal intelligence and Jay was moderately retarded. Their receptive language age was greater than their expressive language age: Jon's speech was less mature but more communicative and Jay's was perseverative and ritualistic. Even though Jon was the more mentally retarded twin, Jay was the more autistic in some behavioral aspects. These twins highlight the relationship between autism and hyperlexia.
Subject(s)
Diseases in Twins , Reflex, Abnormal/genetics , Autistic Disorder/genetics , Autistic Disorder/psychology , Child , Child Development , Humans , Intellectual Disability/genetics , Male , Neuropsychological Tests , Reflex, Abnormal/psychology , Twins, MonozygoticABSTRACT
Two cases are presented in which avoidance of dental work was caused by an overactive gag reflex rather than fear. Subjects were able to demonstrate increased control of gagging in the laboratory, and to complete a series of dental visits immediately after treatment and again at 6 or 12 month follow-up. Assessment and treatment strategies which were developed with these subjects are described.
Subject(s)
Behavior Therapy/methods , Dental Care , Gagging , Reflex, Abnormal/therapy , Reflex , Adolescent , Adult , Fear , Female , Humans , Male , Muscle Relaxation , Reflex, Abnormal/psychology , Stress, Psychological/psychologySubject(s)
Cerebral Cortex/physiopathology , Dementia/physiopathology , Neural Inhibition , Reflex, Abnormal/physiopathology , Reflex, Abnormal/psychology , Aged , Alzheimer Disease/psychology , Brain Stem/physiopathology , Cerebral Infarction/psychology , Cognition Disorders/psychology , Depressive Disorder/psychology , Female , Humans , Male , Neural Pathways/physiopathology , Parkinson Disease/psychology , Psychological TestsABSTRACT
Eight patients suffering from idiopathic hypersomnia with sleep drunkenness were given neurological, psychological and polygraphic investigations, and that after 4, 8 and 12 hours of nocturnal sleep. Also examined and tested were 8 controls - after 4, 8 and 0 hours of sleep during the preceding night. The patients and the controls were awakened and tested in the afternoon hours 30-45 minutes after they had fallen asleep. Under those circumstances the state of sleep drunkenness was observed in the patients in 19 instances, but only once in the controls. While experiencing sleep drunkenness the subjects were found to have prominent cerebellar signs, proprioceptive hypo- or even areflexia, signs of vestibular and, rarely, pyramidal tract involvement. Psychological tests scores and scores for the fine and gross motricity tests were substantially worse in sleep drunkenness than in wakefulness. Sleep drunkenness manifested itself in the polygraphic recordings by signs of microsleep. Pathological predisposition to the development of sleep drunkenness in hypersomniacs was found to be the most significant factor responsible for the occurrence of this state. Attention is drawn to the analogy between states of sleep drunkenness and automatic behaviour in narcoleptics and hypersomniacs as a common feature of both states. The authors believe that sleep drunkenness in idiopathic hypersomnia develops as a result of chronic relative sleep deprivation in those patients whose sleep requirements are greater than conditions of normal life can permit.
Subject(s)
Arousal , Sleep/physiology , Wakefulness , Cerebellar Ataxia/psychology , Disorders of Excessive Somnolence/psychology , Electrocardiography , Electroencephalography , Electromyography , Eye Movements , Humans , Reflex, Abnormal/psychology , Respiration , Sleep Deprivation , Sleep StagesABSTRACT
Patients with high-normal or above-normal haematocrit were found to have impaired alertness when compared with a control group matched for age and occupation. On retesting the controls had improved alertness scores attributable to a practice effect; but the patients, when retested after reduction of haematocrit by venesection, had improved significantly more than the controls. Improvement in alertness correlated very well with the increase in cerebral blood flow which followed venesection. Levels of venous haematocrit that are generally accepted as normal may not necessarily be optimum.
Subject(s)
Awareness , Blood Viscosity , Cognition , Hematocrit , Reflex, Abnormal/blood , Adult , Aged , Bloodletting/psychology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Reflex, Abnormal/psychology , Reflex, Abnormal/therapy , Task Performance and AnalysisABSTRACT
Two groups of children (9 with cerebral palsy and 10 normals, matched for sex and age) participated in a study of the startle reflex. Each child was instructed to press a button as soon as possible after the onset of a visual stimulus on a box on the table at which they were seated. During some of the trials, a sudden and intense auditory stimulus (85 dB) was presented concomitantly with the onset of the visual stimulus, and effects on reaction time recorded. Mean reaction time of normal children was significantly faster than that of the group with cerebral palsy. The magnitude of disruption associated with the first startle stimulus presentation was signicantly greater for cerebral palsied children. The course between groups of habituation to the startle stimuli was not significantly different. Data support the hypothesis that startle reflexes of children with cerebral palsy are more marked than are those of normal children.
Subject(s)
Cerebral Palsy/psychology , Habituation, Psychophysiologic , Reflex, Abnormal/psychology , Reflex, Startle , Acoustic Stimulation , Brain Damage, Chronic/psychology , Child , Child, Preschool , Cues , Female , Humans , Male , Reaction TimeABSTRACT
45 children and adolescents recovering from closed head injury underwent neuropsychological testing. Multiple indices were used to classify the severity of injury but most important in this study were the persistence of coma indexed by grades I--III and the Glasgow Coma Scale. Although the presence of early neuropsychological sequelae and long-term intellectual deficit was generally related to the severity of injury, residual impairment was also found in patients with relatively mild injuries. Analysis of memory and learning demonstrated disruption of both storage and retrieval processes.
Subject(s)
Brain Injuries/psychology , Psychological Tests , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Coma/psychology , Female , Humans , Infant , Intellectual Disability/psychology , Male , Mental Recall , Motor Activity , Psychomotor Disorders/psychology , Reflex, Abnormal/psychology , Retention, Psychology , Sensation , Verbal Behavior , Visual Perception , Wounds, Nonpenetrating/psychologyABSTRACT
The periodic nocturnal myoclonus of a patient with hyperexplexia has been studied. Evidence has been given that the jerks are spontaneous arousal reactions. The temporal characteristics of the jerks have been analysed. The jerks appear to be correlated with the respiratory rhythm and the data suggest a correlation of the jerks with circulatory and respiratory higher order waves. The results are discussed with relation to the literature concerning spontaneous sleep jerks.
Subject(s)
Myoclonus/physiopathology , Reflex, Abnormal/physiopathology , Reflex, Startle/physiology , Sleep Wake Disorders/physiopathology , Arousal/physiology , Brain Stem/physiopathology , Child, Preschool , Electroencephalography , Electromyography , Female , H-Reflex , Humans , Motor Neurons/physiology , Myoclonus/psychology , Reflex, Abnormal/genetics , Reflex, Abnormal/psychology , Reflex, Stretch , Respiration , Sleep Wake Disorders/psychology , Sleep, REM/physiologyABSTRACT
An 80-year-old male is presented who had violent myoclonic seizures with occasional brief loss of consciousness, triggered by tactile stimuli directed to the upper extremities and upper part of the trunk which evolved over a 10-year period. Physical examination revealed very few neurological abnormalities. His resting electroencephalograms were normal, but generalized spikes, polyspikes, and slow wave discharges were precipitated by tactile stimuli with the patient sitting up. He showed no significant response to standard anticonvulsant therapy. The relevant literature is reviewed briefly.
