Renal and major clinical outcomes and their determinants after nephrectomy in patients with pre-existing chronic kidney disease: A retrospective cohort study.

The consequences of partial nephrectomy (PN) compared to radical nephrectomy (RN) are less documented in patients with pre-existing chronic kidney disease (CKD) or with solitary kidney (SK). We assessed renal outcomes, and their determinants, after PN or RN in a retrospective cohort of patients with moderate-to-severe CKD (RN-CKD and PN-CKD) or SK (PN-SK). All surgical procedures conducted between 2013 and 2018 in our institution in patients with pre-operative estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)<60 mL/min/1.73m2 or with SK were included. The primary outcome was a composite criterion including CKD progression or major adverse cardio-vascular events (MACE) or death, assessed one year after surgery. Predictors of the primary outcome were determined using multivariate analyses. A total of 173 procedures were included (67 RN, and 106 PN including 27 SK patients). Patients undergoing RN were older, with larger tumors. Preoperative eGFR was not significantly different between the groups. One year after surgery, PN-CKD was associated with lower rate of the primary outcome compared to RN-CKD (43% vs 71% p = 0.007). In multivariate analysis, independent risk factors for the primary outcome were postoperative AKI (stage 1 to stage 3 ranging from OR = 8.68, 95% CI 3.23-23.33, to OR = 28.87, 95% CI 4.77-167.61), larger tumor size (OR = 1.21 per cm, 95% CI 1.02-1.45), while preoperative eGFR, age, sex, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension were not. Postoperative AKI after PN or RN was the major independent determinant of worse outcomes (CKD progression, MACE, or death) one year after surgery.

Protocol for a multicentre prospective exploratory mixed-methods study investigating the modifiable psychosocial variables influencing access to and outcomes after kidney transplantation in children and young people in the UK.

INTRODUCTION: Kidney transplantation is the preferred therapy for children with stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD-5). However, there is a wide variation in access to kidney transplantation across the UK for children. This study aims to explore the psychosocial factors that influence access to and outcomes after kidney transplantation in children in the UK using a mixed-methods prospective longitudinal design. METHODS: Qualitative data will be collected through semistructured interviews with children affected by CKD-5, their carers and paediatric renal multidisciplinary team. Recruitment for interviews will continue till data saturation. These interviews will inform the choice of existing validated questionnaires, which will be distributed to a larger national cohort of children with pretransplant CKD-5 (n=180) and their carers. Follow-up questionnaires will be sent at protocolised time points regardless of whether they receive a kidney transplant or not. Coexisting health data from hospital, UK renal registry and National Health Service Blood and Transplant registry records will be mapped to each questionnaire time point. An integrative analysis of the mixed qualitative and quantitative data will define psychosocial aspects of care for potential intervention to improve transplant access. ANALYSIS: Qualitative data will be analysed using thematic analysis. Quantitative data will be analysed using appropriate statistical methods to understand how these factors influence access to transplantation, as well as the distribution of psychosocial factors pretransplantation and post-transplantation. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study protocol has been reviewed by the National Institute for Health Research Academy and approved by the Wales Research Ethics Committee 4 (IRAS number 270493/ref: 20/WA/0285) and the Scotland A Research Ethics Committee (ref: 21/SS/0038). Results from this study will be disseminated across media platforms accessed by affected families, presented at conferences and published in peer-reviewed journals.

Analysis of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios as inflammatory biomarkers in chronic kidney disease: impact of parathyroidectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is one of the causes for inflammation in CKD. We assessed the impact of parathyroidectomy (PTX) on neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (N/L) and platelet-to-lymphocyte (P/L) ratios in SHPT patients. METHODS: A total of 118 patients [hemodialysis (HD, n = 81), and transplant recipients (TX, n = 37)] undergoing PTX between 2015 and 2021 were analyzed. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in calcium and PTH levels in both groups, in addition to an increase in vitamin D. In the HD group, PTX did not alter N/L and P/L ratios. In the TX group, there was a reduction in N/L and P/L ratios followed by a significant increase in total lymphocyte count. CONCLUSION: N/L and P/L ratios are not reliable biomarkers of inflammation in SHPT patients undergoing PTX. Uremia, which induces a state of chronic inflammation in dialysis patients, and the use of immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients are some of the confounding factors that prevent the use of this tool in clinical practice.

Management of Patients With Kidney Disease Undergoing Bariatric Surgery: A Multidisciplinary Approach.

Bariatric surgery is increasingly recognized as a safe and effective treatment for obesity in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), including stages 4, 5, and 5D (on dialysis). Among the available surgical methods, sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is the most commonly performed weight loss procedure and is mainly done to facilitate kidney transplantation (KT). However, many KT candidates treated with SG remain on the transplant waiting list for months to years, with some never receiving a transplant. Therefore, appropriate candidates for SG must be selected, and post-SG management should address the unique needs of this population, with a focus on sustaining the metabolic benefits of surgery while minimizing potential side effects related to rapid weight loss which may inadvertently lead to muscle and bone catabolism. Multidisciplinary post-SG care in this population may lead to overall better health on the transplant waiting list, resulting in a higher percentage of post-SG patients ultimately receiving KT. To tailor the effective treatment for these patients, clinicians should acknowledge that patients with CKD stage 4-5D have different nutritional needs and are metabolically and psychosocially distinct from the general bariatric surgery population. Sarcopenia is highly prevalent and may be exacerbated by muscle catabolism following SG if not adequately addressed. Blood pressure, glucose, and bone metabolism are all affected by the CKD stage 4-5D, and therefore require distinct diagnostic and management approaches. Long-standing chronic disease, associated comorbidities, and low adherence to medical therapies require ongoing comprehensive psychosocial assessment and support. This paper aims to review and consolidate the existing literature concerning the intersection of CKD stage 4-5D and the consequences of SG. We also suggest future clinical outcome studies examining novel treatment approaches for this medically complex population.

Risk of Subsequent Fusion After Isolated Decompression of Lumbar Facet Cysts.

INTRODUCTION: Lumbar facet cysts represent a potential source of nerve root compression in elderly patients. Isolated decompression without fusion has proven to be a reasonable treatment option in properly indicated patients. However, the risk of lumbar fusion after isolated decompression and facet cyst excision has yet to be elucidated. METHODS: The PearlDiver database was reviewed for patients undergoing isolated laminectomy for lumbar facet cyst from January 2015 to December 2018 using Current Procedural Terminology coding. Patients undergoing concomitant fusion or additional decompression, as well as those diagnosed with preexisting spondylolisthesis or without a minimum of 5-year follow-up, were excluded. Rates of subsequent lumbar fusion and potential risk factors for subsequent fusion were identified. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, chi square test, and multivariate logistic regression. Results were considered significant at P < 0.05. RESULTS: In total, 10,707 patients were ultimately included for analysis. At 5-year follow-up, 727 (6.79%) of patients underwent subsequent lumbar fusion after initial isolated decompression. Of these, 301 (2.81% of total patients, 41.4% of fusion patients) underwent fusion within the first year after decompression. Multivariate analysis identified chronic kidney disease, hypertension, and osteoarthritis as risk factors for requiring subsequent lumbar fusion at 5 years following the index decompression procedure ( P < 0.033; all). CONCLUSION: Patients undergoing isolated decompression for lumbar facet cysts undergo subsequent lumbar fusion at a 5-year rate of 6.79%. Risk factors for subsequent decompression include chronic kidney disease, hypertension, and osteoarthritis. This study will assist spine surgeons in appropriately counseling patients on expected postoperative course and potential risks of isolated decompression.

Novel indications for referral and care for simultaneous liver kidney transplant recipients.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Kidney dysfunction is challenging in liver transplant candidates to determine whether it is reversible or not. This review focuses on the pertinent data on how to best approach liver transplant candidates with kidney dysfunction in the current era after implementing the simultaneous liver kidney (SLK) allocation policy and safety net. RECENT FINDINGS: The implementation of the SLK policy inverted the steady rise in SLK transplants and improved the utilization of high-quality kidneys. Access to kidney transplantation following liver transplant alone (LTA) increased with favorable outcomes. Estimating GFR in liver transplant candidates remains challenging, and innovative methods are needed. SLK provided superior patient and graft survival compared to LTA only for patients with advanced CKD and dialysis at least 3 months. SLK can provide immunological protection against kidney rejection in highly sensitized candidates. Post-SLK transplant care is complex, with an increased risk of complications and hospitalization. SUMMARY: The SLK policy improved kidney access and utilization. Transplant centers are encouraged, under the safety net, to reserve SLK for liver transplant candidates with advanced CKD or dialysis at least 3 months while allowing lower thresholds for highly sensitized patients. Herein, we propose a practical approach to liver transplant candidates with kidney dysfunction.

Laparoscopic onlay-flap ureteroplasty using cecal appendix.

INTRODUCTION: The management of ureteral strictures longer than 1-2 cm must be treated by major surgery (1, 2). The strictures located at the distal part of the ureter can be managed by a ureteral reimplantation using a psoas hitch or a Boari flap depending on its proximity to the bladder (3). Those located at the proximal ureter can be treated by a pyeloplasty (4). The ureteric strictures in the mid-ureter are the ones that pose a greater challenge for the urologist because a ureteral substitution is needed, either using a segment of the intestine or a buccal mucosa graft (5, 6). Our main objective is to present the management and results at 36 months of a patient with a right mid-ureter stricture. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A 63-year-old male with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and a right single functioning kidney was referred to our department with the diagnosis of a 3 cm stricture in the right mid-ureter. He had a long-term JJ-stent in place but in the last year we had to replace it three times precociously and he even needed the placement of a nephrostomy tube due to the obstruction of the JJ-stent. Accordingly, a permanent resolution was sought and a laparoscopic onlay-flap ureteroplasty using cecal appendix was performed. RESULTS: The first step was to identify the cecal appendix. Then we identified and dissected the ureter. With the ureter dissected, we performed a ureteroscopy to pinpoint the stricture. Once we knew where the stricture was, we proceeded with the ureterotomy and preparation of the cecal appendix. The final step was to perform the ureteroplasty between the ureter and the cecal appendix placing a JJ-stent before the last stitches were done. Total operative time was 190 minutes without any intraoperative complication. The JJ-stent was removed 7 weeks later. The follow-up of the patient was done with regular blood test and ultrasound to rule out deterioration of the CKD and worsening of the residual hydronephrosis. With a follow-up of 36 months, the patient is stent free, he hasn't had any further intervention and neither the CKD nor the hydronephrosis haven't worsened. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic onlay-flap ureteroplasty using cecal appendix is a feasible and well tolerated procedure for patients with right mid-ureter stricture. However, we must bear in mind the difficulty of these cases and they should be performed in expert centers.

Epimeric vitamin D and cardiovascular structure and function in advanced CKD and after kidney transplantation.

BACKGROUND: 25-hydroxyvitamin D can undergo C-3 epimerization to produce 3-epi-25(OH)D3. 3-epi-25(OH)D3 levels decline in chronic kidney disease (CKD), but its role in regulating the cardiovascular system is unknown. Herein, we examined the relationship between 3-epi-25(OH)D3, and cardiovascular functional and structural endpoints in patients with CKD. METHODS: We examined n = 165 patients with advanced CKD from the Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Renal Failure and After Kidney Transplantation (CAPER) study cohort, including those who underwent kidney transplant (KTR, n = 76) and waitlisted patients who did not (NTWC, n = 89). All patients underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing and echocardiography at baseline, 2 months and 12 months. Serum 3-epi-25(OH)D3 was analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Patients were stratified into quartiles of baseline 3-epi-25(OH)D3 (Q1: <0.4 ng/mL, n = 51; Q2: 0.4 ng/mL, n = 26; Q3: 0.5-0.7 ng/mL, n = 47; Q4: ≥0.8 ng/mL, n = 41). Patients in Q1 exhibited lower peak oxygen uptake [VO2Peak = 18.4 (16.2-20.8) mL/min/kg] compared with Q4 [20.8 (18.6-23.2) mL/min/kg; P = .009]. Linear mixed regression model showed that 3-epi-25(OH)D3 levels increased in KTR [from 0.47 (0.30) ng/mL to 0.90 (0.45) ng/mL] and declined in NTWC [from 0.61 (0.32) ng/mL to 0.45 (0.29) ng/mL; P < .001]. Serum 3-epi-25(OH)D3 was associated with VO2Peak longitudinally in both groups [KTR: ß (standard error) = 2.53 (0.56), P < .001; NTWC: 2.73 (0.70), P < .001], but was not with left ventricular mass or arterial stiffness. Non-epimeric 25(OH)D3, 24,25(OH)2D3 and the 25(OH)D3:24,25(OH)2D3 ratio were not associated with any cardiovascular outcome (all P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Changes in 3-epi-25(OH)D3 levels may regulate cardiovascular functional capacity in patients with advanced CKD.

Effects of renal denervation on kidney function in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The present study aims to evaluate the clinical outcomes following renal denervation (RDN) for hypertensive patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Prospective studies published between January 1, 2010 and November 15, 2022 where systematically identified for RDN outcomes on office and ambulatory blood pressure, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), creatinine and procedural characteristics from three online databases (Medline, PubMed, EMBASE). Random effects model to combine risk ratios and mean differences was used. Where possible, clinical outcomes were pooled and analyzed at 6, 12 and 24 months. Significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. 11 prospective trials, with a total of 226 patients with treatment resistant HTN receiving RDN met the inclusion criteria. Age ranged from 42.5 ± 13.8 to 66 ± 9. Main findings of this review included a reduction in systolic and diastolic office blood pressure at 6 [-19.8 (p < 0.00001)/-15.2 mm Hg (p < 0.00001)] and 12 months [-21.2 (p < 0.00001)/-9.86 mm Hg (p < 0.0005)] follow-up compared to baseline. This was also seen in systolic and diastolic 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure at 6 [-9.77 (p = 0.05)/-3.64 mm Hg (p = 0.09)] and 12 months [-13.42 (p = 0.0007)/-6.30 mm Hg (p = 0.001)] follow-up compared to baseline. The reduction in systolic and diastolic 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure was maintained to 24 months [(-16.30 (p = 0.0002)/-6.84 mm Hg (p = 0.0010)]. Analysis of kidney function through eGFR demonstrated non-significant results at 6 (+1.60 mL/min/1.73 m2, p = 0.55), 12 (+5.27 mL/min/1.73 m2, p = 0.17), and 24 months (+7.19 mL/min/1.73 m2, p = 0.36) suggesting an interruption in natural CKD progression. Similar results were seen in analysis of serum creatinine at 6 (+0.120 mg/dL, p = 0.41), 12 (+0.100 mg/dL, p = 0.70), and 24 months (+0.07 mg/dL, p = 0.88). Assessment of procedural complications deemed RDN in a CKD cohort to be safe with an overall complication rate of 4.86%. With the current advances in RDN and its utility in multiple chronic diseases beyond hypertension, the current study summarizes critical findings that further substantiate the literature regarding the potential of such an intervention to be incorporated as an effective treatment for resistant hypertension and CKD.

The rationale for nephron-sparing surgery in unilateral non-syndromic Wilms tumour.

The central question of nephron-sparing surgery in unilateral non-syndromic Wilms tumour sits at a crossroads between surgery, oncology, and nephrology. There has been a significant paradigm shift in paediatric oncology towards reducing toxicity and addressing long-term treatment-related sequalae amongst childhood cancer survivors. After paediatric nephrectomy and 30-50 years of follow-up, 40% of patients will have chronic kidney disease, including 22% with hypertension and 23% with albuminuria. It is difficult to predict which patients will progress to develop hypertension, reduced glomerular filtration rate, albuminuria, and a higher cardiovascular risk. For these reasons, nephron-sparing surgery when it is technically feasible must be considered. To decrease the incidence of positive surgical margins (viable tumour present at a resection margin), incomplete lymph node sampling, and complications, these procedures should be performed at specialist and experienced reference centres. Based on the impacts of individual treatment pathways, survivors of childhood WT need to be followed through adulthood for early detection of chronic kidney disease, hypertension, and prevention of cardiovascular events.

Survival After Simultaneous Heart-kidney Transplant in Recipients With a Durable LVAD and Chronic Kidney Disease: Effect of the 2018 Heart Allocation Policy Change.

BACKGROUND: Heart transplantation remains the most definitive therapy for qualified candidates with end-stage heart failure. Concomitant kidney disease is common in this population prompting an increase in simultaneous heart-kidney (SHK) transplantation in recent years. The goal of our study was to explore the effects of the 2018 heart allocation policy (HAP) change on candidate listing characteristics and compare survival rates at 1 y in patients that were supported with a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) pretransplant and underwent SHK or heart alone transplant (HAT). METHODS: We used data from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients and identified all adults who underwent primary SHK or HAT between January 2010 and March 2022. Recipients supported with a durable LVAD and estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 were selected (n = 309 SHK; 217 pre- and 92 post-HAP and n = 3,324 HAT; 2738 pre- and 586 post-HAP). RESULTS: Difference in survival at 1 y did not reach statistical significance. Comparing the 1-y survival of SHK and HAT recipients who were bridged with LVAD pre-HAP, we found no significant difference ( P = 0.694). Adjusting for the same covariates in a multivariable model did not affect the results (SHK versus HAT hazard ratio 0.84 [0.51, 1.37]; P = 0.48). In contrast, SHK recipients supported with an LVAD who were listed and transplanted post-HAP change had significantly lower 1-y survival, when compared with HAT ( P = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the HAP change had a potentially negative impact on the survival of select patients undergoing SHK transplant. Further research is warranted in this area.

Chronic kidney disease prevalence and clinical outcomes in anterior circulation acute ischemic stroke patients with reperfusion therapy: A meta-analysis.

AIM: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a common comorbidity among acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) patients undergoing reperfusion therapies, including intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) and endovascular thrombectomy (EVT). Acknowledging CKD's prevalence in this cohort and understanding its influence on outcomes is crucial for prognosis and optimizing care. This study aims to determine the prevalence of CKD among anterior circulation AIS (acAIS) patients undergoing reperfusion therapies and to analyse the role of CKD in mediating outcomes. METHODS: A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to pool and examine prevalence data. A total of 263 633 patients were included in the meta-analysis. The study assessed CKD's association with functional outcomes, symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage (sICH) and mortality. RESULTS: The overall pooled prevalence of CKD among acAIS ranged from 30% to 56% in IVT-treated patients and 16%-42% for EVT-treated patients. CKD was associated with increased odds of unfavourable functional outcome at 90 days in both IVT (OR 1.837; 95% CI: [1.599; 2.110]; p < .001) and EVT (OR 1.804; 95% CI: [1.525; 2.133]; p < .001) groups. In IVT-treated patients, CKD was associated with increased odds of 30-day mortality (OR 6.211; 95% CI: [1.105; 34.909]; p = .038). CKD in IVT-treated patients exhibited increased odds of sICH, albeit statistically non-significant (OR 1.595; 95% CI: [0.567; 3.275]). CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of CKD and its significant impact on outcomes in acAIS patients treated with reperfusion therapies underscore its clinical significance. This insight can guide personalised care strategies and potentially improve the prognosis in the management of acAIS.

Comparison of RLP and PCNL for large pelvis calculi with CKD.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the effect and safety of retroperitoneal laparoscopic pyelolithotomy (RLP) and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) for large pelvis calculi with chronic kidney disease (CKD). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between June 2017 and July 2021, 62 patients with CKD and large renal pelvis calculi (>4 cm2) were treated with RLP. Another 62 patients receiving PCNL served as controls. The perioperative parameters were compared. All patients were followed up for at least 6 months with the stone-free rate and the recovery of renal function evaluated. RESULTS: Significantly longer operation time (101.47 ± 9.25 vs 62.55 ± 7.54 min), less drop in hemoglobin level (0.90 ± 0.38 vs 2.13 ± 0.80 g/dl), staged operations (0% vs 12.9%), postoperative fever (3.23% vs 16.13%) and delayed bowel movement (3.23% vs 14.52), and shorter hospitalization time (3.90 ± 1.66 vs 4.72 ± 1.80 days) were observed in the RLP group (p < 0.05). The stone-free rates were 100% in the RLP group and 88.7% in the PCNL group at the 3-months follow-up (p < 0.05). The serum creatinine level was significantly lower in the RLP group at 24 h (2.81 ± 1.18 vs 3.00 ± 1.15 mg/dl) and 1 week (2.08 ± 1.13 vs 2.34 ± 1.01 mg/dl) postoperatively (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Although associated with a longer operation time, RLP is a safer and more efficient surgical option for CKD patients with large pelvic stones than PCNL.

Axillary mechanical circulatory support improves renal function prior to heart transplantation in patients with chronic kidney disease.

Impaired kidney function is often associated with acute decompensation of chronic heart failure and portends a poor prognosis. Unfortunately, current data have demonstrated worse survival in patients with acute kidney injury than in patients with chronic kidney disease during durable LVAD placement as bridge therapy. Furthermore, end-stage heart failure patients undergoing combined heart-kidney transplantation have poorer short- and long-term survival than heart transplants alone. We evaluated the kidney function recovery in our heart failure population awaiting heart transplantation at our institution, supported by temporary Mechanical Circulatory Support (tMCS) with Impella 5.5. The protocol (#22004000) was approved by the Mayo Clinic institutional review board, after which we performed a retrospective review of all patients with acute on chronic heart failure and kidney disease in patients considered for only heart and kidney combined organ transplant and supported by tMCS between January 2020 and February 2021. Hemodynamic and kidney function trends were recorded and analyzed before and after tMCS placement and transplantation. After placement of tMCS, we observed a trend towards improvement in creatinine, Fick cardiac index, mixed venous saturation, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which persisted through transplantation and discharge. The average duration of support with tMCS was 16.5 days before organ transplantation. The median pre-tMCS creatinine was 2.1 mg/dL (IQR 1.75-2.3). Median hematocrit at the time of tMCS placement was 32% (IQR 32-34), and the median estimated glomerular filtration rate was 34 mL/min/BSA (34-40). The median GFR improved to 44 mL/min/BSA (IQR 45-51), and serum creatinine improved to 1.5 mg/dL (1.5-1.8) after tMCS. Median discharge creatinine was 1.1 mg/dL (1.19-1.25) with a GFR of 72 (65-74). None of these six patients supported with tMCS required renal replacement therapy after heart transplantation. Early adoption of Impella 5.5 in this patient population resulted in renal recovery without needing renal replacement therapies or dual organ transplantation and should be further evaluated.

Laparoscopic partial versus radical nephrectomy for localized renal cell carcinoma over 4 cm.

PURPOSE: To compare the long-term clinical and oncologic outcomes of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) and laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (LRN) in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) > 4 cm. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of all patients who underwent LPN or LRN in our department from January 2012 to December 2017. Of the 151 patients who met the study selection criteria, 54 received LPN, and 97 received LRN. After propensity-score matching, 51 matched pairs were further analyzed. Data on patients' surgical data, complications, histologic data, renal function, and survival outcomes were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: Compared with the LRN group, the LPN group had a longer operative time (135 min vs. 102.5 min, p = 0.001), larger intraoperative bleeding (150 ml vs. 50 ml, p < 0.001), and required longer stays in hospital (8 days vs. 6 days, p < 0.001); however, the level of ECT-GFR was superior at 3, 6, and 12 months (all p < 0.001). Similarly, a greater number of LRN patients developed CKD compared with LPN until postoperative 12 months (58.8% vs. 19.6%, p < 0.001). In patients with preoperative CKD, LPN may delay the progression of the CKD stage and even improve it when compared to LRN treatment. There were no significant differences between the two groups for OS, CSS, MFS, and PFS (p = 0.06, p = 0.30, p = 0.90, p = 0.31, respectively). The surgical method may not be a risk factor for long-term survival prognosis. CONCLUSION: LPN preserves renal function better than LRN and has the potential value of significantly reducing the risk of postoperative CKD, but the long-term survival prognosis of patients is comparable.

Effect of a Novel Multicomponent Intervention to Improve Patient Access to Kidney Transplant and Living Kidney Donation: The EnAKT LKD Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) have the best chance for a longer and healthier life if they receive a kidney transplant. However, many barriers prevent patients from receiving a transplant. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of a multicomponent intervention designed to target several barriers that prevent eligible patients from completing key steps toward receiving a kidney transplant. Design, Setting, and Participants: This pragmatic, 2-arm, parallel-group, open-label, registry-based, superiority, cluster randomized clinical trial included all 26 CKD programs in Ontario, Canada, from November 1, 2017, to December 31, 2021. These programs provide care for patients with advanced CKD (patients approaching the need for dialysis or receiving maintenance dialysis). Interventions: Using stratified, covariate-constrained randomization, allocation of the CKD programs at a 1:1 ratio was used to compare the multicomponent intervention vs usual care for 4.2 years. The intervention had 4 main components, (1) administrative support to establish local quality improvement teams; (2) transplant educational resources; (3) an initiative for transplant recipients and living donors to share stories and experiences; and (4) program-level performance reports and oversight by administrative leaders. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the rate of steps completed toward receiving a kidney transplant. Each patient could complete up to 4 steps: step 1, referred to a transplant center for evaluation; step 2, had a potential living donor contact a transplant center for evaluation; step 3, added to the deceased donor waitlist; and step 4, received a transplant from a living or deceased donor. Results: The 26 CKD programs (13 intervention, 13 usual care) during the trial period included 20 375 potentially transplant-eligible patients with advanced CKD (intervention group [n = 9780 patients], usual-care group [n = 10 595 patients]). Despite evidence of intervention uptake, the step completion rate did not significantly differ between the intervention vs usual-care groups: 5334 vs 5638 steps; 24.8 vs 24.1 steps per 100 patient-years; adjusted hazard ratio, 1.00 (95% CI, 0.87-1.15). Conclusions and Relevance: This novel multicomponent intervention did not significantly increase the rate of completed steps toward receiving a kidney transplant. Improving access to transplantation remains a global priority that requires substantial effort. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03329521.

The Impact of Early-Stage Chronic Kidney Disease on Weight Loss Outcomes After Gastric Bypass.

PURPOSE: Weight loss achieved through bariatric metabolic surgery was demonstrated to be effective at reversing chronic kidney dysfunction associated with obesity-related glomerulopathy. However, robust data on how pre-operative kidney status impacts on bariatric metabolic surgery weight loss outcomes is still lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of kidney dysfunction on weight loss outcomes after bariatric metabolic surgery. METHODS: Patients with obesity to be submitted to gastric bypass surgery underwent a pre-operative evaluation of creatinine clearance, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), proteinuria, and albuminuria in 24-hour urine. Body mass index (BMI), % total weight loss (%TWL), and % excess BMI loss (%EBMIL) were assessed at 6 and 12 months after surgery. RESULTS: Before surgery, patients (N=127) had a mean BMI of 39.6 ± 3.0 kg/m2, and 56.7% (n=72) had a creatinine clearance > 130 mL/min, 23.6% (n= 30) presented proteinuria > 150 mg/24h, and 15.0% (n= 19) presented albuminuria > 30 mg/24h. After surgery, the mean BMI was 27.7 kg/m2 and 25.0 kg/m2 at 6 and 12 months, respectively (p<0.0001). The %TWL was lower in patients with pre-operative eGFR < percentile 25 (34.4 ± 5.8% vs 39.4 ± 4.9%, p=0.0007, at 12 months). There were no significant correlations between weight loss metrics and pre-operative creatinine clearance rate, proteinuria, or albuminuria. CONCLUSION: Early-stage chronic kidney disease (G2) has a negative impact on short-term weight loss outcomes after bariatric metabolic surgery, albeit in a magnitude inferior to the clinically relevant threshold.

Potassium canrenoate in brain-dead organ donors: a randomised controlled clinical trial protocol (CANREO-PMO).

INTRODUCTION: Ischaemia/reperfusion injuries (IRIs) are associated with poorer survival of kidney grafts from expanded criteria donors. Preclinical studies have shown that mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) prevent acute and chronic post-ischaemic renal dysfunction by limiting IRI. However, data concerning the safety of MRAs in brain-dead donor patients are scarce. We seek to investigate the tolerance of MRAs on the haemodynamics in this population. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: CANREO-PMO is a randomised, controlled, single-centre, double-blind study. Brain-dead organ donors hospitalised in intensive care are randomised 1:1 after consent to receive 200 mg potassium canrenoate or its matching placebo every 6 hours until organ procurement. The primary outcome is a hierarchical composite endpoint that includes: (1) cardiocirculatory arrest, (2) the impossibility of kidney procurement, (3) the average hourly dose of norepinephrine/epinephrine between randomisation and departure to the operating room, and (4) the average hourly volume of crystalloids and/or colloids received. Thirty-six patients will be included. The secondary endpoints evaluated among the graft recipients are the: (1) vital status of the kidney graft recipients and serum creatinine level with estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) according to Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) at 3 months after renal transplantation, (2) percentage of patients dependent on dialysis and/or with an estimated GFR <20 mL/min/1.73 m2 at 3 months, (3) vital status of the kidney graft recipients at 3 months, and (4) vital status of the kidney graft recipients and creatinine levels (in µmol/L), with the estimated GFR according to CKD-EPI (in mL/min/1.73 m2), at 1 year, 3 years and 10 years after transplantation. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This trial has full ethical approval (Comité de Protection des Personnes: CPP Ouest II-ANGERS, France), and the written consent of relatives will be obtained. Results will be reported at conferences, peer-reviewed publications and using social media channels. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04714710.