The bioenergetics response of the coral Pocillopora damicornis to temperature changes during its reproduction stage.

Sexual reproduction of reef-building corals is vital for coral reef ecosystem recovery. Corals allocate limited energy to growth and reproduction, when being under environmental disturbance, which ultimately shapes the community population dynamics. In the present study, energetic and physiological parameters of both parental colonies and larvae of the coral Pocillopora damicornis were measured during their reproduction stage under four temperatures; 28 °C (low-temperature acclimation, LA), 29 °C (control temperature, CT), 31 °C (high-temperature acclimation, HA), and 32 °C (heat stress, HS). The results showed temperature changes altered the larvae release timing and fecundity in P. damicornis. Parental colonies exposed to the LA treatment exhibited reduced investment in reproduction and released fewer larvae, while retaining more energy for their development. However, each larva acquired higher energy and symbiont densities enabling survival through longer planktonic periods before settlement. In contrast, parental colonies exposed to the HA treatment had increased investment for reproduction and larvae output, while per larva gained less energy to mitigate the threat of higher temperature. Furthermore, the energy allocation processes restructured fatty acids concentration and composition in both parental colonies and larvae as indicated by shifts in membrane fluidity under adaptable temperature changes. Notably, parental colonies from the HS treatment expended more energy in response to heat stress, resulting in adverse effects, especially after larval release. Our study expands the current knowledge on the energy allocation strategies of P. damicornis and how it is impacted by temperature. Parental colonies employed different energy allocation strategies under distinct temperature regimes to optimize their development and offspring success, but under heat stress, both were compromised. Lipid metabolism is essential for the success of coral reproduction and further understanding their response to heat stress can improve intervention strategies for coral reef conservation in warmer future oceans.

Seasonal switching of integrated leaf senescence controls in an evergreen perennial Arabidopsis.

Evergreeness is a substantial strategy for temperate and boreal plants and is as common as deciduousness. However, whether evergreen plants switch foliage functions between seasons remains unknown. We conduct an in natura study of leaf senescence control in the evergreen perennial, Arabidopsis halleri. A four-year census of leaf longevity of 102 biweekly cohorts allows us to identify growth season (GS) and overwintering (OW) cohorts characterised by short and extended longevity, respectively, and to recognise three distinct periods in foliage functions, i.e., the growth, overwintering, and reproductive seasons. Photoperiods during leaf expansion separate the GS and OW cohorts, providing primal control of leaf senescence depending on the season, with leaf senescence being shut down during winter. Phenotypic and transcriptomic responses in field experiments indicate that shade-induced and reproductive-sink-triggered senescence are active during the growth and reproductive seasons, respectively. These secondary controls of leaf senescence cause desynchronised and synchronised leaf senescence during growth and reproduction, respectively. Conclusively, seasonal switching of leaf senescence optimises resource production, storage, and translocation for the season, making the evergreen strategy adaptively relevant.

Reproduction-associated pathways in females of gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) shed light on the molecular mechanisms of the coexistence of asexual and sexual reproduction.

Gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) is a cyprinid fish that originated in eastern Eurasia and is considered as invasive in European freshwater ecosystems. The populations of gibel carp in Europe are mostly composed of asexually reproducing triploid females (i.e., reproducing by gynogenesis) and sexually reproducing diploid females and males. Although some cases of coexisting sexual and asexual reproductive forms are known in vertebrates, the molecular mechanisms maintaining such coexistence are still in question. Both reproduction modes are supposed to exhibit evolutionary and ecological advantages and disadvantages. To better understand the coexistence of these two reproduction strategies, we performed transcriptome profile analysis of gonad tissues (ovaries) and studied the differentially expressed reproduction-associated genes in sexual and asexual females. We used high-throughput RNA sequencing to generate transcriptomic profiles of gonadal tissues of triploid asexual females and males, diploid sexual males and females of gibel carp, as well as diploid individuals from two closely-related species, C. auratus and Cyprinus carpio. Using SNP clustering, we showed the close similarity of C. gibelio and C. auratus with a basal position of C. carpio to both Carassius species. Using transcriptome profile analyses, we showed that many genes and pathways are involved in both gynogenetic and sexual reproduction in C. gibelio; however, we also found that 1500 genes, including 100 genes involved in cell cycle control, meiosis, oogenesis, embryogenesis, fertilization, steroid hormone signaling, and biosynthesis were differently expressed in the ovaries of asexual and sexual females. We suggest that the overall downregulation of reproduction-associated pathways in asexual females, and their maintenance in sexual ones, allows the populations of C. gibelio to combine the evolutionary and ecological advantages of the two reproductive strategies. However, we showed that many sexual-reproduction-related genes are maintained and expressed in asexual females, suggesting that gynogenetic gibel carp retains the genetic toolkits for meiosis and sexual reproduction. These findings shed new light on the evolution of this asexual and sexual complex.

The association between leptin, adiponectin levels and the ovarian reserve in women of reproductive age.

Background: Reproduction ability requires a certain amount of body fat that is necessary for ovulation, menstruation and pregnancy. Fat tissue represents an endocrine organ with high metabolic activity as it produces adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin. Our aim is to examine potential associations between women of reproductive age's ovarian reserves and their levels of leptin and adiponectin. Method: 74 women between 19 and 40 years of age consented to take part. Based on the patterns of their ovarian reserves, the women were divided into three main groups: women with adequate ovarian reserves (AOR - Group A, n=30), women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS - Group B, n=31) and women with depleted ovarian reserves (DOR - Group C, n=13). Among these groups, several biochemical and demographic parameters were statistically compared. Results: Compared to the other two groups, women with DOR had statistically higher age and follicle stimulation hormone (FSH) levels. For estradiol (E2) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), no statistically significant difference was seen between the groups. In addition, women with PCOS had higher body mass index (BMI), luteinizing hormone (LH), total testosterone (TT), 17 hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), and antral follicle count (AFC) than the other two groups. In line with expectations, women with DOR also had lower levels of AMH and AFC than the other two groups. Women with PCOS had higher leptin levels than the other two groups, but there was no statistically significant difference. Women with PCOS had lower levels of adiponectin than the other groups, however the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The way we classified women in our study according to their ovarian reserves is completely consistent with what has been published internationally. The ovarian reserve in women of reproductive age is not strongly correlated with leptin and adiponectin levels. For safe conclusions, more research including a greater number of samples is required.

Social control is associated with increased reproductive skew in a wild mammal.

In group-living species, reproductive variation among individuals of the same sex is widespread. By identifying the mechanisms underlying this reproductive skew, we gain fundamental insights into the evolution and maintenance of sociality. A common mechanism, social control, is typically studied by quantifying dominance, which is one of many attributes of sociality that describes how individuals exert influence on others and is an incomprehensive measure of social control as it accounts only for direct relationships. Here, we use the global reaching centrality (GRC), which quantifies the degree of hierarchy in a social network by accounting for both direct and indirect social relationships. Using a wild, free-living population of adult female yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris), we found a positive relationship between the reproductive skew index and GRC: more despotic social groups have higher reproductive skew. The GRC was stronger predictor for skew than traditional measures of social control (i.e. dominance). This allows deeper insights into the diverse ways individuals control other group members' reproduction, a core component in the evolution of sociality. Future studies of skew across taxa may profit by using more comprehensive, network-based measures of social control.

Rearing and Experimental Uses of Daphnia: Controlling Animal Nutrition and Assessing Lifespan and Life-History Traits.

Caloric restriction has been found to extend the lifespan of many organisms including mammals and other vertebrates. With lifespans exceeding months to years, age-related experiments involving fish and mammals can be overtly costly, both in terms of time and funding. The freshwater crustacean, Daphnia, has a relatively short lifespan (∼50 to 100 days), which makes it a cost-effective alternative animal model for longevity and aging studies. Besides age-specific mortality, there are a suite of physiological responses connected to "healthspan" that can be tracked as these animals age including growth, reproduction, and metabolic rates. These responses can be complemented by assessment of molecular and cellular processes connected to aging and health. Lifespan and metabolism of this model organism is responsive to long studied modulators of aging, such as rearing temperature and nutritional manipulation, but also pharmacological agents that target aging, e.g., rapamycin, which adds to its usefulness as a model organism. Here we describe how to culture Daphnia for aging experiments including maintaining laboratory populations of Daphnia mothers, growing algal food, and manipulating nutrition of these animals. In addition, we provide methods for tracking common physiological and longevity responses of Daphnia. This protocol provides researchers planning to use this model organism with methods to establish and maintain Daphnia populations and to standardize their experimental approaches. © 2024 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Culturing algae for Daphnia food Basic Protocol 2: General methods for culturing Daphnia Basic Protocol 3: Standardizing and controlling nutrition for experimental Daphnia Basic Protocol 4: Monitoring Daphnia lifespan Basic Protocol 5: Evaluating Daphnia health: Heart rate and respiration, body mass and growth rates, and reproduction.

Efficacy of an herbal formula Guixiong Yimu San in preventing retained placenta and improving reproductive performance in cows.

Retained placenta is a common health issue, and appropriate prevention strategies are effective in postpartum health management. This study aimed to evaluate whether early intervention using GYS can prevent retained placenta and puerperal metritis, as well as enhance reproductive outcomes in cows. Each bovine in the GYS group (n = 591) received a single prophylactic dose of GYS (0.5 g/kg body weight) orally within 2 h after parturition, while those in the control group (n = 598) received no intervention. GYS treatment was associated with a decreased incidence of retained placenta (4.6% vs. 12.0%, P < 0.01, OR = 0.335), a lower puerperal metritis risk (8.8% vs. 20.1%, P < 0.01, OR = 0.369), and a reduced need for additional therapeutic antibiotics (11.2% vs. 26.1%, P < 0.01, OR = 0.342). We observed increases in the first service conception rate (59.7% vs. 49.1%, P < 0.01) and conception rate within 305 days postpartum (93.2% vs. 85.5%, P < 0.01) in the GYS group than in the control group. A significant decrease was observed in the number of services per conception (1.8 ± 1.1 vs. 2.1 ± 1.4, P < 0.01) and the calving-to-conception interval (83.6 ± 39.6 vs. 96.6 ± 52.5 days, P < 0.01) between the two groups. Additionally, GYS treatment increased milk yield on days 7, 14, and 28 postpartum without affecting milk fat, milk protein, somatic cell count (SCC), or milk urea nitrogen (MUN) on days 7 and 28 postpartum. Accordingly, the GYS was effective and safe in preventing retained placenta and to improve reproductive performance in cows. Therefore, it could be a prophylactic intervention for superior postpartum fertility in cows.

The impact of heterotopic ovarian tissue transplantation with varied volumes on reproductive endocrine function in oophorectomized rats.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the effects of different volumes of ovarian tissue transplantation on the reproductive endocrine function of rats after oophorectomy. METHODS: Female rats were selected to establish a castration model and then underwent different volumes of ovarian tissue transplantation. Group I served as the sham operation group. The transplantation group was divided into five subgroups based on the calculated ratio of ovarian weight to body weight in normal female rats, δ = (2.52 ± 0.17) ×10-4: Group II: transplanted ovarian volume was δ; Group III: 0.75δ; Group IV: 0.5δ; Group V: 0.25δ; Group VI: without ovarian transplantation. The post-transplant oestrous cycle recovery was observed, and blood samples were collected every 2 weeks to measure serum hormone levels. Histological evaluation was performed at the end of the observation period. RESULTS: Rats in Group V exhibited disrupted oestrous cycles after transplantation, which were significantly longer than those in Group I. Rats in Groups II, III, and IV showed no cyclic changes. At 6 weeks post-transplantation, rats in Group V had lower E2 and AMH levels and higher FSH levels compared to Group I. The uterine wet weight and the number of normal follicles in Group V were significantly lower than those in Group I, but the number of atretic follicles was higher than in Group I. CONCLUSION: The larger ovarian tissue transplantation resulted in a faster recovery with a higher survival rate of the uterus and normal follicles, compared to smaller ovarian tissue transplantation.

With advancements in science and technology, ovarian transplantation techniques have become increasingly mature. However, there are still many questions that need to be addressed. For instance, the large size of the transplanted ovarian tissues may cause over-recruitment of the primordial follicles. When the transplanted ovarian tissue is too small, it can only exert limited functionality and may not meet the patient's needs. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different volumes of ovarian tissue transplantation on the reproductive endocrine function in rats after oophorectomy, and to provide a theoretical basis for determining the minimum effective volume of heterotopic ovarian tissue transplantation.

Reproductive manipulation: Wolbachia induce host parthenogenesis using a stolen transformer.

The Wolbachia strain that infects the parasitoid wasp Encarsia formosa induces female-producing parthenogenesis. A new study shows that a Wolbachia-encoded gene has replaced the use of the ancestral wasp homologue that normally controls sexual reproduction, resulting in parthenogenesis.

Effect of Silencing subolesin and enolase impairs gene expression, engorgement and reproduction in Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks.

IMPORTANCE: Haemaphysalis longicornis is an obligate blood-sucking ectoparasite that has gained attention due its role of transmitting medically and veterinary significant pathogens and it is the most common tick species in Republic of Korea. The preferred strategy for controlling ticks is a multi-antigenic vaccination. Testing the efficiency of a combination antigen is a promising method for creating a tick vaccine. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the current research was to analyze the role of subolesin and enolase in feeding and reproduction of H. longicornis by gene silencing. METHODS: In this study, we used RNA interference to silence salivary enolase and subolesin in H. longicornis. Unfed female ticks injected with double-stranded RNA targeting subolesin and enolase were attached and fed normally on the rabbit's ear. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to confirm the extent of knockdown. RESULTS: Ticks in the subolesin or enolase dsRNA groups showed knockdown rates of 80% and 60% respectively. Ticks in the combination dsRNA (subolesin and enolase) group showed an 80% knockdown. Knockdown of subolesin and enolase resulted in significant depletion in feeding, blood engorgement weight, attachment rate, and egg laying. Silencing of both resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in tick engorgement, egg laying, egg hatching (15%), and reproduction. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Our results suggest that subolesin and enolase are an exciting target for future tick control strategies.

Melatonin administration during the first half of pregnancy improves physiological response and reproductive performance of rabbits under heat stress conditions.

Context Melatonin may have a heat-stress-alleviating role during pregnancy. Aims To investigate the effects of melatonin administration during the first half of pregnancy on heat-tolerance capacity and pregnancy outputs of naturally heat-stressed rabbits. Methods Forty female rabbits were stratified equally into two experimental groups and daily received 1mg melatonin/kg body weight or not (control) for 15 consecutive days post-insemination. Heat tolerance indices, hormone profile, ovarian structures, and fetal loss were determined. Key results Treatment with melatonin significantly decreased respiration rate and rectal temperature, improved concentrations of nitric oxide, and tended to decrease malondialdehyde concentrations (P =0.064) compared to control. Melatonin treatment significantly increased concentrations of high-density lipoprotein, oestradiol, and progesterone compared to control. No significant differences in the numbers of visible ovarian follicles, corpora lutea, and total implantation sites on day 18 of pregnancy were observed between experimental groups. However, melatonin treatment significantly reduced the number of absorbed implantation sites and significantly improved amniotic fluid volume and conception rate compared to control. Conclusions Melatonin administration during the first half of pregnancy can improve reproductive performance of heat-stressed female rabbits. Implications Melatonin can improve fetal survivability via improving heat-tolerance capacity of does and steroidogenesis.

Interplay of hormones and metabolite excretion with fern pattern prove saliva as a potent indicator of male reproductive status in Kangayam breed cattle.

Kangayam cattle are one of the drought breeds in India with distinct attributes. Agricultural transformation has led to a decline in many pure-breed indigenous cattle, including the Kangayam breed. Hence, a study on the reproductive physiology of male Kangayam breed cattle is necessary to disentangle problems in the area of livestock improvement. In this study, we investigated the relationship between serum hormones and bio-constituents and ascertained the potential of saliva as an indicator of the reproductive status of Kangayam cattle (Bos indicus). The present study confirms that cholesterol was higher in intact males and lower in prepubertal and castrated males. Testosterone levels were also higher in intact males than in castrated or prepubertal males. Hence, it can be inferred that high cholesterol levels contribute to active derivatization of testosterone in intact males. In contrast, reduced cholesterol availability leads to decreased testosterone synthesis in castrated and prepubertal males. Furthermore, it is reasonable to speculate that testosterone could have influenced salivary fern patterns in intact males, and thus, fern-like crystallization in the saliva was apparent. The unique salivary compounds identified through GC-MS across various reproductive statuses of Kangayam males may advertise their physiological status to conspecifics. In addition, the presence of odorant-binding protein (OBP) in saliva further supports its role in olfactory communication. This study attested to a posssible interlink between gonadal status and serum biochemical profiles. The salivary fern pattern revealed in this study can be used as a predictive tool, and the presence of putative volatiles and OBP adds evidence to the role of saliva in chemical communication.

ToF-SIMS imaging shows specific lipophilic vitamin alterations in chronic reprotoxicity caused by the emerging contaminant Pravastatin in Gammarus fossarum.

Blood lipid-lowering agents, such as Pravastatin, are among the most frequently used pharmaceuticals released into the aquatic environment. Although their effects on humans are very well understood, their consequences on freshwater organisms are not well known, especially in chronic exposure conditions. Gammarus fossarum is commonly used as sentinel species in ecotoxicology because of its sensitivity to a wide range of environmental contaminants and the availability of standardized bioassays. Moreover, there is an increased interest in linking molecular changes in sentinel species, such as gammarids, to observed toxic effects. Here, we performed a reproductive toxicity assay on females exposed to different concentrations of pravastatin (30; 300; 3,000 and 30,000 ng L-1) during two successive reproductive cycles and we applied ToF-SIMS imaging to evaluate the effect of pravastatin on lipid homeostasis in gammarids. Reproductive bioassay showed that pravastatin could affect oocyte development in Gammarus fossarum inducing embryotoxicity in the second reproductive cycle. Mass spectrometry imaging highlighted the disruption in vitamin E production in the oocytes of exposed female gammarids at the second reproductive cycle, while limited alterations were observed in other lipid classes, regarding both production and tissue distribution. The results demonstrated the interest of applying spatially resolved lipidomics by mass spectrometry imaging to assess the molecular effects induced by long-term exposure to environmental pharmaceutical residues in sentinel species.

Toxicological inhalation studies in rats to substantiate grouping of zinc oxide nanoforms.

BACKGROUND: Significant variations exist in the forms of ZnO, making it impossible to test all forms in in vivo inhalation studies. Hence, grouping and read-across is a common approach under REACH to evaluate the toxicological profile of familiar substances. The objective of this paper is to investigate the potential role of dissolution, size, or coating in grouping ZnO (nano)forms for the purpose of hazard assessment. We performed a 90-day inhalation study (OECD test guideline no. (TG) 413) in rats combined with a reproduction/developmental (neuro)toxicity screening test (TG 421/424/426) with coated and uncoated ZnO nanoforms in comparison with microscale ZnO particles and soluble zinc sulfate. In addition, genotoxicity in the nasal cavity, lungs, liver, and bone marrow was examined via comet assay (TG 489) after 14-day inhalation exposure. RESULTS: ZnO nanoparticles caused local toxicity in the respiratory tract. Systemic effects that were not related to the local irritation were not observed. There was no indication of impaired fertility, developmental toxicity, or developmental neurotoxicity. No indication for genotoxicity of any of the test substances was observed. Local effects were similar across the different ZnO test substances and were reversible after the end of the exposure. CONCLUSION: With exception of local toxicity, this study could not confirm the occasional findings in some of the previous studies regarding the above-mentioned toxicological endpoints. The two representative ZnO nanoforms and the microscale particles showed similar local effects. The ZnO nanoforms most likely exhibit their effects by zinc ions as no particles could be detected after the end of the exposure, and exposure to rapidly soluble zinc sulfate had similar effects. Obviously, material differences between the ZnO particles do not substantially alter their toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. The grouping of ZnO nanoforms into a set of similar nanoforms is justified by these observations.

Corallus hortulanus testes histology: morphological and reproductive aspects.

In general snakes show differentiate anatomical, biological and behavioral particularities compared to other species. Basic information about the snakes anatomy, physiology and reproductive biology is scarce in several species, making the reproduction a challenge. Thus, the present work aims to evaluate morphological aspects of the Corallus hortulanus testes, correlating these findings with environmental factors and reproductive aspects. The testes of three specimens of Corallus hortulanus were cut to a thickness of 3µm in microtome, stained with 1% toluidine blue, photo documented and described. Seasonality was observed in the sperm production of Corallus hortulanus, with the presence of mature spermatozoa in the wettest and hottest periods of the year, as well as the largest testicular volume in these periods.

Polyandry and sperm competition in two traumatically inseminating species of Strepsiptera (Insecta).

Polyandry, the practice of females mating with multiple males, is a strategy found in many insect groups. Whether it increases the likelihood of receiving beneficial genes from male partners and other potential benefits for females is controversial. Strepsiptera are generally considered monandrous, but in a few species females have been observed copulating serially with multiple males. Here we show that the offspring of a single female can have multiple fathers in two Strepsiptera species: Stylops ovinae (Stylopidae) and Xenos vesparum (Xenidae). We studied female polyandry in natural populations of these two species by analysis of polymorphic microsatellite loci. Our results showed that several fathers can be involved in both species, in some cases up to four. Mating experiments with S. ovinae have shown that the first male to mates with a given female contributes to a higher percentage of the offspring than subsequent males. In X. vesparum, however, we found no significant correlation between mating duration and offspring contribution. The prolonged copulation observed in S. ovinae may have the advantage of reducing competition with sperm from other males. Our results show that monandry may not be the general pattern of reproduction in the insect order Strepsiptera.

Land use change and coastal water darkening drive synchronous dynamics in phytoplankton and fish phenology on centennial timescales.

At high latitudes, the suitable window for timing reproductive events is particularly narrow, promoting tight synchrony between trophic levels. Climate change may disrupt this synchrony due to diverging responses to temperature between, for example, the early life stages of higher trophic levels and their food resources. Evidence for this is equivocal, and the role of compensatory mechanisms is poorly understood. Here, we show how a combination of ocean warming and coastal water darkening drive long-term changes in phytoplankton spring bloom timing in Lofoten Norway, and how spawning time of Northeast Arctic cod responds in synchrony. Spring bloom timing was derived from hydrographical observations dating back to 1936, while cod spawning time was estimated from weekly fisheries catch and roe landing data since 1877. Our results suggest that land use change and freshwater run-off causing coastal water darkening has gradually delayed the spring bloom up to the late 1980s after which ocean warming has caused it to advance. The cod appear to track phytoplankton dynamics by timing gonadal development and spawning to maximize overlap between offspring hatch date and predicted resource availability. This finding emphasises the importance of land-ocean coupling for coastal ecosystem functioning, and the potential for fish to adapt through phenotypic plasticity.

Status of visfatin in female reproductive function under normal and pathological conditions: a mini review.

Adipokines are now well-known to regulate reproduction. Visfatin is an adipokine expressed in the hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary, uterus, and placenta of different species, and since it has been found to modulate the endocrine secretion of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and ovary, it may be considered a novel regulator of female reproduction. Although the majority of the literature explored its role in ovarian regulation, visfatin has also been shown to regulate uterine remodeling, endometrial receptivity and embryo development, and its expression in the uterus is steroid dependent. Like other adipokines, visfatin expression and levels are deregulated in pathological conditions including polycystic ovary syndrome. Thus, the present mini-review focuses on the role of visfatin in female reproduction under both physiological and pathological conditions.

Adverse effects of Microcystis aeruginosa exudates on the filtration, digestion, and reproduction organs of benthic bivalve Corbicula fluminea.

Cyanobacteria bloom and the secondary metabolites released by the microorganism are extremely harmful to aquatic animals, yet study on their adverse effects in zoobenthos is rare. Corbicula fluminea widely distributed in freshwater environment with algal blooms. It is a typical filter feeding zoobenthos that may be affected by the secondary metabolites of cyanobacteria due to its high filtering rate. In this study, C. fluminea was exposed to Microcystis aeruginosa exudates (MaE) for 96 h, which was obtained from 5 × 105 cells/mL and 2.5 × 106 cells/mL exponential stage M. aeruginosa culture solution that represented cyanobacteria cell density needs environmental risk precaution control and emergent control, respectively. The responses of C. fluminea critical organs to MaE were analyzed and evaluated based on histopathological sections, antitoxicity biomarkers, and organ function biomarkers. The results showed that all the organs underwent structural disorders, cell vacuolization, apoptosis, and necrosis, and the damage levels increased as MaE concentration increased. The detoxification and antioxidant defense systems biomarkers in each organ response to MaE exposure differently and the level of reaction improved when MaE concentration increased. The siphon rate and acetylcholinesterase activity showed that the filtration function decreased significantly as the MaE concentration increased. Increased activity of glutathione S-transferase and amylase in the digestive gland indicate that it is the major detoxification organ of C. fluminea. Increased vitellogenin concentration and enlarged oocytes in the gonad indicate that MaE may have an estrogenic effect on C. fluminea. This study demonstrates that cyanobacteria threat benthic bivalves by inducing oxidative stress, inhibiting filtering feeding system, and disturbing digestion system and reproduction potential of C. fluminea.