Protective factors of psychological vulnerability in Rescue 1122 workers with vicarious traumatization.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the protective factors of psychological vulnerability in Rescue 1122 workers and to find out the difference in work mattering, coping, grittiness, and psychological vulnerability between rescue workers of fire service and ambulance service department with vicarious traumatization. METHOD: A cross-sectional design was used in this study. A sample of 112 male rescue workers was collected from Rescue 1122 department, including participants from the ambulance service (n = 56) and fire service (n = 56) departments through a purposive sampling technique. Rescue workers who experienced vicarious trauma were enrolled in this study after screening through the secondary traumatic stress tool. Work mattering scale, coping strategies questionnaire, short grit scale, and the four-dimensional symptom questionnaire were used. RESULTS: Age, marital status, spouse age, and father's age were significantly positively correlated with distress. Colleagues becoming a target of violence and death of a colleague during duty were significantly positively correlated with somatization. The number of children was a significant positive predictor, and members requiring financial support were a significant negative predictor of psychological vulnerability. Interpersonal mattering, active focused, and active distracting coping emerged as significant negative predictors of distress, anxiety, and depression after controlling for covariates. A significant difference was found in active distraction coping between the fire service and ambulance service departments. CONCLUSION: Rescue workers who considered that their work mattered used religious coping and distraction or adopted a practical approach toward dealing with stress, and those who were grittier were less vulnerable to psychological symptoms. So, these can be considered as protective factors of psychological vulnerability.

Composition and influencing factors of professionals' capacity in public health emergency rescues: a qualitative study.

Objective: To explore the composition and influencing factors of professionals' capacity in public health emergency rescues. Methods: A descriptive qualitative design was used in this study. Medical workers, managers, and members of an emergency rescue team in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, were recruited for participation through a purposive sampling method. The data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analyzed using a conventional content analysis method. Findings: A total of 2 themes and 13 sub-themes emerged from the analysis: ability composition (knowledge reserve, early warning assessment, information reporting, emergency response, self-protection, personal ability, coordination and cooperation, health education) and influencing factors (educational background, region, experience, hospital level, human resources, and financial investment). Conclusion: These findings offer a basis for the construction of a related indicator system and provide a reference for relevant departments to further optimize their emergency education and training, strengthen their emergency drills, and improve their emergency rescue abilities. The findings indicate that it is necessary to pay attention to the construction of an emergency rescue team, adjust the ratio of personnel, improve their remuneration, and promote work enthusiasm to improve the emergency rescue ability of an organization.

Characteristics and challenges of companion animal rescue organisations in New Zealand.

AIMS: To describe the characteristics of companion animal rescue organisations (CARO) in New Zealand; to describe current capacity, resource limitations and challenges of CARO with a particular focus on cats and dogs; and to explore support for creating a national database of CARO in New Zealand. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was administered to CARO in New Zealand in May 2022. The survey asked about organisational characteristics, types and numbers of animals cared for, services provided, policies, staffing, funding sources, challenges, and attitudes towards a national database for rescue organisations. Descriptive statistics were provided for all quantitative study variables and free-text comments were analysed for common themes. RESULTS: The survey was completed by 106/208 (51%) known CARO distributed across the country. These CARO provided services to an estimated 59,874 homeless animals annually with 86/106 (81%) providing services to cats and/or dogs. Primary services provided by CARO who cared for cats or dogs included rehoming (72/86; 84%) and housing (70/86; 81%) animals. Intake was managed through a combination of strategies. Donations (72/86; 82%) were the main funding source. The 62 registered charities were more likely to report being funded by grants than the 23 non-charities (39/62 (63%) vs. 1/23 (4%); p < 0.001), and non-charities were more likely to self-fund (18/23 (78%) vs. 20/62 (32%); p < 0.001). Nearly half of the CARO that provided workforce information (35/72; 49%) had a workforce of 10 or fewer including volunteers. A total of 5,699 people worked for 86 CARO that care for cats or dogs of whom 4,847 (85%) were part-time volunteers. Of the 72 cat and dog CARO who provided workforce information, 57/72 (79%) relied solely on volunteers.The majority of all 106 CARO respondents (78/106; 73%) indicated they were likely to register on a national database of CARO, subject to addressing concerns about time required and information security.CARO respondents described challenges of insufficient funding, access to veterinary services, and a shortage of volunteers and foster homes, with additional concerns including a lack of public awareness, supportive legislation, and resources. Financial support (90/106; 85%) and policy change (76/106; 72%) were preferred support options. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the significant role played by CARO in New Zealand and the challenges they face, emphasising the need for financial support, legislation, and initiatives extending beyond the rescue sector to reduce the number of animals being surrendered. The findings also suggest a willingness among CARO to participate in a national database.

"It's my calling", Canadian dog rescuers' motives and experiences for engaging in international dog rescue efforts.

The importation of rescue dogs has become an increasingly common occurrence in recent years, often involving industrialized countries as the ultimate destination. However, international dog rescue activities have attracted considerable criticism from the veterinary community and the public due to the associated zoonotic disease and public health risks, as well as the potential poor behaviour of international rescue dogs. The Government of Canada has also recently placed a temporary suspension on all commercial dog imports from non-rabies free countries due to the growing concerns of the zoonotic disease risks. To understand the perspectives and experiences of stakeholders involved in dog import activities in Canada, we interviewed nine members in leadership positions of Canadian-based international dog rescue organizations. Thematic analysis of interview dialogue yielded three themes: 1) Motive, which described the reason behind participants' involvement in international dog rescue; 2) Challenge, which described the major difficulties faced in participants' dog rescue work; 3) Duty, which described participants' beliefs on responsible dog rescue practices. Members of international dog rescue organizations described being driven by strong desires to provide animal and humanitarian aid. However, local dog rescue efforts were constrained by logistical and societal barriers unique to the Canadian context. Additionally, the current study revealed both similarities and differences in occupational experiences between international dog rescue organizations and other animal care professions. Specifically, difficulties with the emotional burden associated with caregiving professions was also present within dog rescue work. However, international dog rescue members also experienced additional challenges due to the stigma surrounding international dog rescue operations. Further research on attitudes held by other stakeholders involved in dog import activities, as well as members of Canadian communities needing dog rescue aid may provide meaningful inputs on how to better support and facilitate local and international dog rescue efforts.

A retrospective analysis of mission reports in the national Swedish Police Registry on mountain rescue 2018-2022: here be snowmobiles.

BACKGROUND: Increasing mountain activity and decreasing participant preparedness, as well as climate change, suggest needs to tailor mountain rescue. In Sweden, previous medical research of these services are lacking. The aim of the study is to describe Swedish mountain rescue missions as a basis for future studies, public education, resource allocation, and rescuer training. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of all mission reports in the national Swedish Police Registry on Mountain Rescue 2018-2022 (n = 1543). Outcome measures were frequencies and characteristics of missions, casualties, fatalities, traumatic injuries, medical conditions, and incident mechanisms. RESULTS: Jämtland county had the highest proportion of missions (38%), followed by Norrbotten county (36%). 2% of missions involved ≥ 4 casualties, and 44% involved ≥ 4 mountain rescuers. Helicopter use was recorded in 59% of missions. Non-Swedish citizens were rescued in 12% of missions. 37% of casualties were females. 14% of casualties were ≥ 66 or ≤ 12 years of age. Of a total 39 fatalities, cardiac event (n = 14) was the most frequent cause of death, followed by trauma (n = 10) and drowning (n = 8). There was one avalanche fatality. 8 fatalities were related to snowmobiling, and of the total 1543 missions, 309 (20%) were addressing snowmobiling incidents. Of non-fatal casualties, 431 involved a medical condition, of which 90 (21%) suffered hypothermia and 73 (17%) cardiovascular illness. CONCLUSIONS: These baseline data suggest snowmobiling, cardiac events, drownings, multi-casualty incidents, and backcountry internal medicine merit future study and intervention.

Firefighters and police search dog handlers' experiences working closely with paramedics in urban search and rescue incidents: a qualitative focus group study from Oslo.

BACKGROUND: Rescue operations are in Norway defined as situations where patients are difficult to access or that more resources are needed than the health services alone possess and can put in operation (Bull A, Redningshåndboken er endelig her! [Internet]. Hovedredningssentralen. 2018 [cited 2023 May 15]. Available from: https://www.hovedredningssentralen.no/redningshandboken-er-endelig-her/ ). Rescue operations after large incidents may include civil protection, military forces, non-governmental organizations and other resources, but the initial rescue effort must be performed by the emergency services as time often is of essence. The central area of an accident where special training and personal protection equipment is necessary or mandatory is called the Hot Zone. This study examines Urban Search And Rescue (USAR) firefighters and police officers reported experiences from ambulance personnel's contribution in the Hot Zone. METHODS: We conducted five focus group interviews with USAR-trained firefighters and police officers. The interviewees were those on duty on the agreed dates. The interviews were taped, transcribed, and analysed using thematic analysis as described by Braun & Clarke. RESULTS: Three themes were identified; Feeling safe during missions, Building USAR capacity, and Trust-building within USAR-teams. The firefighters and police officers reported their and the patients' safety are best managed by EMS-personnel, whose presence strongly contributes to their own feeling of safety in a dangerous area. When EMS handles victims and injured emergency workers, firefighters and police officers can focus on their own primary tasks. Indeed, interviewees reported that building a USAR capacity depends on having USAR-trained EMS-personnel in the Hot Zone. The interviewees have clear and consistent opinions on how to establish an interagency USAR capacity effectively. Trust is paramount to the interviewees, and they express a high degree of trust within USAR Oslo. CONCLUSIONS: Firefighters and police officers regard USAR-trained EMS-personnel as a natural and integrated part in urban search and rescue teams. EMS-personnel in the dangerous area deliver safety and medical professional assistance to both rescue workers and patients. Informants in this study had clear opinions on how to establish and maintain such a service.

Emergency Response Person Localization and Vital Sign Estimation Using a Semi-Autonomous Robot Mounted SFCW Radar.

The large number and scale of natural and man-made disasters have led to an urgent demand for technologies that enhance the safety and efficiency of search and rescue teams. Semi-autonomous rescue robots are beneficial, especially when searching inaccessible terrains, or dangerous environments, such as collapsed infrastructures. For search and rescue missions in degraded visual conditions or non-line of sight scenarios, radar-based approaches may contribute to acquire valuable, and otherwise unavailable information. This article presents a complete signal processing chain for radar-based multi-person detection, 2D-MUSIC localization and breathing frequency estimation. The proposed method shows promising results on a challenging emergency response dataset that we collected using a semi-autonomous robot equipped with a commercially available through-wall radar system. The dataset is composed of 62 scenarios of various difficulty levels with up to five persons captured in different postures, angles and ranges including wooden and stone obstacles that block the radar line of sight. Ground truth data for reference locations, respiration, electrocardiogram, and acceleration signals are included.

'I actually thought that I was going to die': Lessons on the rip current hazard from survivor experiences.

BACKGROUND: Rip currents are strong, narrow, fast-flowing currents of water that occur on many beaches and in Australia contributing to 26 drowning deaths and several thousand lifeguard/lifesaver rescues each year. Educating the public about the rip current hazard is a primary focus of beach safety practitioners, but there has been a lack of qualitative research exploring the firsthand experiences of being caught in a rip current to assist in this regard. The aim of this study was to analyse interviews of rip current survivors to understand more about how people react when unintentionally caught in a rip current in order to help guide future public education to mitigate rip current drowning. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 56 individuals (primarily Australian-born) about their experience of being caught in a rip current. Interviewees were recruited via an online survey and varied in age and self-reported swimming ability. RESULTS: Thematic analysis revealed three key temporal elements to the rip current experience: Before the Rip in which lack of awareness and knowledge, complacency, over-confidence, and attitude were prevalent themes; During the Rip which identified panic and temporary inhibition of decision-making, physical response, prior experience, and relationships with other beach users as themes; and After the Rip where post-rip effects and rip safety messaging and education were key themes. The importance of experiential immersion was a prevalent thread throughout all phases of the thematic analysis. DISCUSSION: Our research shows that being caught in a rip current can be an intense and traumatic experience and that lessons learned from survivors have significant implications for improving existing and future rip current education efforts. In this regard, we provide several recommendations based on evidence-based insights gained from our interviews including the development of immersive rip current experience using virtual reality. SO WHAT: Despite the prevalence of rip currents causing drowning deaths and rescues, there has been a lack of qualitative research on firsthand experiences to aid in public education. These interviews emphasise the intense and traumatic nature of being caught in a rip current, underscoring the need for improved rip current education to aid in prevention of this, often harrowing, experience.

Minimap: An interactive dynamic decision making game for search and rescue missions.

Many aspects of humans' dynamic decision-making (DDM) behaviors have been studied with computer-simulated games called microworlds. However, most microworlds only emphasize specific elements of DDM and are inflexible in generating a variety of environments and experimental designs. Moreover, despite the ubiquity of gridworld games for Artificial Intelligence (AI) research, only some tools exist to aid in the development of browser-based gridworld environments for studying the dynamics of human decision-making behavior. To address these issues, we introduce Minimap, a dynamic interactive game to examine DDM in search and rescue missions, which incorporates all the essential characteristics of DDM and offers a wide range of flexibility regarding experimental setups and the creation of experimental scenarios. Minimap specifically allows customization of dynamics, complexity, opaqueness, and dynamic complexity when designing a DDM task. Minimap also enables researchers to visualize and replay recorded human trajectories for the analysis of human behavior. To demonstrate the utility of Minimap, we present a behavioral experiment that examines the impact of different degrees of structural complexity coupled with the opaqueness of the environment on human decision-making performance under time constraints. We discuss the potential applications of Minimap in improving productivity and transparent replications of human behavior and human-AI teaming research. We made Minimap an open-source tool, freely available at  https://github.com/DDM-Lab/MinimapInteractiveDDMGame .

A 15-year longitudinal study of search-and-rescue dogs identifies the musculoskeletal, integumentary, and gastrointestinal systems as commonly affected.

OBJECTIVE: A longitudinal study followed search-and-rescue (SAR) dogs for 15 years to determine the incidence of health events and whether factors of deployment during 9/11, breed, or sex altered the risk of specific events. ANIMALS: 150 SAR dogs: 95 dogs deployed to the September 11 terrorist attack sites and 55 SAR dogs not deployed. METHODS: Each year, a survey was sent to the handler to collect health information until the dog died or the handler withdrew from the study. The reported health events were then categorized according to the body system affected and etiology. Incidence risk rates, with 95% CIs, were calculated for the most common types of health events. Incidence rate ratios were calculated stratified by deployment status, sex, and breed and significance assessed. RESULTS: 1 or more health event was recorded in 96 of the 150 enrolled dogs. The most affected systems were the musculoskeletal (31%; CI, 24 to 39), integumentary (22%; CI, 15 to 29), and gastrointestinal (20%; CI, 14 to 26). The health events were most commonly reported as inflammatory (45%; CI, 37 to 53) and degenerative (28%; CI, 21 to 35) in nature. There were no significant differences in incidence of health events based on deployment status to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Additionally, there was no significant effect of breed or sex on incidence of health events. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: To improve the health and longevity of SAR dogs, disease prevention and management programs should focus on reducing the health problems involving the musculoskeletal system as well as the integumentary and gastrointestinal systems.

Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Wilderness Search and Rescue Operations: A Scoping Review.

Wilderness Search and Rescue (WSAR) focuses on locating and extricating missing persons in remote settings. As unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) or "drone" technology has evolved, so has the literature describing its application in WSAR operations. We conducted a scoping review of literature that describes the use of UAVs in WSAR contexts. The Joanna Briggs Institute Framework for scoping reviews was followed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews method. Additional individual databases, article reference lists, and relevant grey literature were also included in the search to provide an impartial scope. Seven hundred forty-seven articles were identified. Of these, 56 were found to be duplicates. The remaining 691 were further screened and checked for eligibility. Ultimately, 21 studies were found that met our inclusion criteria. This literature supports the use of UAVs to increase the safety and efficiency of a WSAR operation for locating victims, assessing risks, carrying equipment, and restoring communication systems. Unmanned aerial vehicles are a potentially useful adjunct in the management of WSAR operations. Their limitations include objects obscuring victims, weather changes, uneven terrain, battery-limited flight time, and susceptibility to environmental damage.

Shoulder reduction on the scene: current practice and outcome of the Bavarian Mountain Rescue Service-a prospective observational study.

Out-of-hospital reduction of shoulder dislocations using the Campell method is recommended by the International Commission for Alpine Rescue and applied in the Bavarian Mountain Rescue Service (Bergwacht Bayern, BWB) protocols. This prospective observational study includes patients out-of-hospital with suspected shoulder dislocation and treated and evacuated by the BWB. Data were systematically collected using three questionnaires: one completed on-site by the rescuer, the second in hospital by the physician and the third within 28 (8-143) days after the accident by the patient. The suspected diagnosis of shoulder dislocation was confirmed in hospital in 37 (84%) of 44 cases. Concomitant injuries in other body regions were found in eight (16%) of 49 cases and were associated with incorrect diagnosis (p = 0.002). Younger age (p = 0.043) and first shoulder dislocation event (p = 0.038) were associated with a higher success rate for reduction attempts. Out-of-hospital reduction of shoulder dislocations leads to significant pain relief and no poorer long-term outcome. Signs that are associated with successful out-of-hospital reduction (younger age and first event), but also those that are associated with incorrect diagnosis (concomitant injuries) should be considered before trying to reduce shoulder dislocation on site. The considerable rate of incorrect first diagnosis on site should give rise to an intensive discussion around teaching and training for this intervention.Trial registration: This study is registered with the German Registry for Clinical Trials (DRKS00023377).

Occupational Aspects of Alpine Helicopter Rescue Operations: Recommendation of the Medical Commission of the Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme.

Helicopter rescue operations in the mountains or at high altitude are well-known as strenuous tasks often associated with some risk. However, there is no standardized procedure for preventive checkups of rescue personnel by occupational care professionals. Therefore, the Medical Commission of the International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation (UIAA MedCom) suggests the procedure presented in this study. This comprehensive recommendation is based on more than 2 decades of research of MedCom members and extensive literature search. A total of 248 references were selected by the committee as relevant for the topic. To keep the recommendation handy, the complete list is available as supplemental material (see online Supplemental Material). This article recommends standardized procedures for occupational screening and better health of search and rescue personnel.

Performance of a Chemical Heat Blanket in Dry, Damp, and Wet Conditions Inside a Mountain Rescue Hypothermia Wrap.

INTRODUCTION: Casualties with accidental hypothermia are evacuated using multilayer wraps, typically including a chemical heat blanket (CHB), a vapor barrier, and an insulating outer bag. We investigated CHB performance against dry, damp, and wet fabric, in a multilayer wrap, in response to a case report indicating diminished performance when wet. METHODS: We wrapped a torso manikin in a base layer, CHB, vapor barrier, casualty bag, and vacuum mattress, recording CHB panel temperatures at intervals of up to 7 h. Experimental conditions were dry, damp, and wet clothing, with 2 blankets tested in each condition. We subsequently used a forward-looking infrared camera to assess whether the panels heated evenly and heat flux sensors to quantify heat transfer across 2 dry, 1 damp, and 1 wet fleece under CHB panels. RESULTS: Chemical heat blankets maintained heat output for >7 h inside the wraps. Median (IQR) panel steady state temperatures were 52°C (39-56°C) against dry fleece, 41°C (36-45°C) against damp fleece, and 30°C (29-33°C) against wet fleece. Peak panel temperature was 67°C. The heat flux results indicated that CHBs generated similar quantities of heat in dry and damp conditions, as the lower temperatures were compensated by more efficient transfer of heat across the moist clothing layer. Chemical heat blanket heat output was diminished in wet conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Rescuers should cut off saturated clothing in a protected environment before wrapping casualties, but damp clothing need not be removed. Because of the high peak temperatures recorded on the surfaces of CHBs, they should not be placed directly against skin, and compression straps should not be placed directly over CHBs.

Termination of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Mountain Rescue: A Scoping Review and ICAR MedCom 2023 Recommendations.

Lugnet, Viktor, Miles McDonough, Les Gordon, Mercedes Galindez, Nicolas Mena Reyes, Alison Sheets, Ken Zafren, and Peter Paal. Termination of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in mountain rescue: a scoping review and ICAR MedCom 2023 recommendations. High Alt Med Biol. 24:274-286, 2023. Background: In 2012, the International Commission for Mountain Emergency Medicine (ICAR MedCom) published recommendations for termination of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in mountain rescue. New developments have necessitated an update. This is the 2023 update for termination of CPR in mountain rescue. Methods: For this scoping review, we searched the PubMed and Cochrane libraries, updated the recommendations, and obtained consensus approval within the writing group and the ICAR MedCom. Results: We screened a total of 9,102 articles, of which 120 articles met the inclusion criteria. We developed 17 recommendations graded according to the strength of recommendation and level of evidence. Conclusions: Most of the recommendations from 2012 are still valid. We made minor changes regarding the safety of rescuers and responses to primary or traumatic cardiac arrest. The criteria for termination of CPR remain unchanged. The principal changes include updated recommendations for mechanical chest compression, point of care ultrasound (POCUS), extracorporeal life support (ECLS) for hypothermia, the effects of water temperature in drowning, and the use of burial times in avalanche rescue.

Cancer incidence in World Trade Center rescue and recovery workers by race and ethnicity.

INTRODUCTION: It is unclear whether differences in health outcomes by racial and ethnic groups among World Trade Center (WTC) rescue and recovery workers reflect those of the population of New York State (NYS) or show distinct patterns. We assessed cancer incidence in WTC workers by self-reported race and ethnicity, and compared it to population figures for NYS. METHODS: A total of 61,031 WTC workers enrolled between September 11, 2001 and January 10, 2012 were followed to December 31, 2015. To evaluate the association between race/ethnicity and cancer risk, Poisson regression analysis was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) adjusted for WTC exposure, age, calendar year, sex and, for lung cancer, cigarette smoking. RESULTS: In comparison to Whites, Black workers had a higher incidence of prostate cancer (HR = 1.99, 95% CI = 1.69-2.34) and multiple myeloma (HR = 3.57, 95% CI = 1.97-6.45), and a lower incidence of thyroid (HR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.22-0.78) and colorectal cancer (HR = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.33-0.98). Hispanic workers had a higher incidence of liver cancer (HR = 4.03, 95% CI = 2.23-7.28). Compared with NYS population, White workers had significantly higher incidence of prostate cancer (HR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.18-1.35) and thyroid cancer (HR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.55-2.08), while Black workers had significantly higher incidence of prostate cancer (HR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.05-1.40). CONCLUSION: Cancer incidence in WTC workers generally reflects data from the NYS population, but some differences were identified that merit further investigation.

Search-and-rescue in the Central Mediterranean Route does not induce migration: Predictive modeling to answer causal queries in migration research.

State- and private-led search-and-rescue are hypothesized to foster irregular migration (and thereby migrant fatalities) by altering the decision calculus associated with the journey. We here investigate this 'pull factor' claim by focusing on the Central Mediterranean route, the most frequented and deadly irregular migration route towards Europe during the past decade. Based on three intervention periods-(1) state-led Mare Nostrum, (2) private-led search-and-rescue, and (3) coordinated pushbacks by the Libyan Coast Guard-which correspond to substantial changes in laws, policies, and practices of search-and-rescue in the Mediterranean, we are able to test the 'pull factor' claim by employing an innovative machine learning method in combination with causal inference. We employ a Bayesian structural time-series model to estimate the effects of these three intervention periods on the migration flow as measured by crossing attempts (i.e., time-series aggregate counts of arrivals, pushbacks, and deaths), adjusting for various known drivers of irregular migration. We combine multiple sources of traditional and non-traditional data to build a synthetic, predicted counterfactual flow. Results show that our predictive modeling approach accurately captures the behavior of the target time-series during the various pre-intervention periods of interest. A comparison of the observed and predicted counterfactual time-series in the post-intervention periods suggest that pushback policies did affect the migration flow, but that the search-and-rescue periods did not yield a discernible difference between the observed and the predicted counterfactual number of crossing attempts. Hence we do not find support for search-and-rescue as a driver of irregular migration. In general, this modeling approach lends itself to forecasting migration flows with the goal of answering causal queries in migration research.

Equipos de búsqueda y rescate urbano (USAR) en estructuras colapsadas en el terremoto de Turquía de 2023 / Urban search and rescue operations (USAR) in collapsed buildings after the 2023 earthquake in Türkiye

Los terremotos ocurridos en Turquía en febrero de 2023 han sido unos de los de mayor impacto en los últimos años. Las autoridades del país, tras activar sus recursos locales y nacionales, hicieron una solicitud de ayuda internacional. Dentro de la Organización de Naciones Unidas (ONU) se encuentra el Grupo Asesor Internacional de Búsqueda y Rescate (INSARAG), cuyos objetivos son establecer las normas internacionales mínimas para los equipos de rescate e implementar una metodología para la coordinación internacional ante terremotos, maremotos y otros desastres naturales, especialmente la coordinación operativa sobre el terreno. El objetivo de este trabajo es ofrecer una visión sobre la epidemiología de los terremotos, la gestión de los equipos de emergencias, la Asociación de Ayuda a Desastres y Emergencias (AFAD) de Turquía, y abordar cómo es el rescate en estructuras colapsadas. Además, se expone la experiencia de Bomberos Unidos Sin Fronteras (BUSF) en dicho terremoto y se describe un rescate que duró 14 horas. (AU)

The earthquakes that occurred in February 2023 in Türkiye had some of the worst consequences of recent years. The Turkish authorities first deployed local resources and then appealed for international help. The International Search and Rescue Group of the United Nations aims to establish minimum international standards for search and rescue teams and a methodology for coordinating responses to earthquakes, tsunamis, and other natural disasters. A main concern of the group is to coordinate operations on the ground. This article offers perspectives on the epidemiology of earthquakes, the management of emergency response teams and Türkiye’s disaster management agency (AFAD); it also explains how rescues are carried out in collapsed buildings. The experience of Firefighters Without Borders after the recent earthquakes and a rescue that took 14 hours are also described. (AU)

Urban search and rescue operations (USAR) in collapsed buildings after the 2023 earthquake in Türkiye. / Equipos de búsqueda y rescate urbano (USAR) en estructuras colapsadas en el terremoto de Turquía de 2023.

TEXT: The earthquakes that occurred in February 2023 in Türkiye had some of the worst consequences of recent years. The Turkish authorities first deployed local resources and then appealed for international help. The International Search and Rescue Group of the United Nations aims to establish minimum international standards for search and rescue teams and a methodology for coordinating responses to earthquakes, tsunamis, and other natural disasters. A main concern of the group is to coordinate operations on the ground. This article offers perspectives on the epidemiology of earthquakes, the management of emergency response teams and Türkiye's disaster management agency (AFAD); it also explains how rescues are carried out in collapsed buildings. The experience of Firefighters Without Borders after the recent earthquakes and a rescue that took 14 hours are also described.

TEXTO: Los terremotos ocurridos en Turquía en febrero de 2023 han sido unos de los de mayor impacto en los últimos años. Las autoridades del país, tras activar sus recursos locales y nacionales, hicieron una solicitud de ayuda internacional. Dentro de la Organización de Naciones Unidas (ONU) se encuentra el Grupo Asesor Internacional de Búsqueda y Rescate (INSARAG), cuyos objetivos son establecer las normas internacionales mínimas para los equipos de rescate e implementar una metodología para la coordinación internacional ante terremotos, maremotos y otros desastres naturales, especialmente la coordinación operativa sobre el terreno. El objetivo de este trabajo es ofrecer una visión sobre la epidemiología de los terremotos, la gestión de los equipos de emergencias, la Asociación de Ayuda a Desastres y Emergencias (AFAD) de Turquía, y abordar cómo es el rescate en estructuras colapsadas. Además, se expone la experiencia de Bomberos Unidos Sin Fronteras (BUSF) en dicho terremoto y se describe un rescate que duró 14 horas.