O-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS riot control agent) exposure in a U.S. Army basic combat training cohort.

All U.S. Army soldiers participate in mask confidence training during initial military training and periodically throughout their careers. Training is conducted by dispersing the riot control agent, o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS), in a relatively air-tight structure where soldiers enter and conduct a series of exercises that culminate with mask removal. The study described here quantified CS concentrations experienced by 6,723 trainees and seven chamber operators during U.S. Army basic combat training at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, from August 1 to September 25, 2012. All 6,723 trainees were potentially exposed to CS concentrations exceeding the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists threshold limit value-ceiling (TLV-C) (0.39 mg/m3), 6,589 of which were potentially exposed to concentrations exceeding the value deemed immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) (2.0 mg/m3) by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. All chamber operators were exposed to concentrations exceeding both the TLV-C and the IDLH.

Usos y abusos de los gases lacrimógenos y la salud: prevención y manejo / Uses and abuses of teargas and health: prevention and management

Los gases lacrimógenos (GL) son métodos de control de manifestaciones públicas por los órganos represivos, muy utilizados y efectivos globalmente. El objetivo de esta revisión es actualizar información técnica sobre los gases lacrimógenos, añadiendo aspectos más recientes legales, éticos, médicos y preventivos del uso y abuso de estos agentes químicos durante las acciones de las fuerzas policiales y represivas. Las fuentes de información secundarias seleccionadas son portales generales con el buscador Google, académicos (Google académico), PubMed y de las organizaciones gubernamentales y no gubernamentales, también se incluyen hemerotecas de artículos periodísticos sobre su uso desde 2000 hasta 2014. La exposición aguda a (GL) se expresa con manifestaciones clínicas de afección respiratoria, irritación de los ojos y de la piel, requiriendo en la mayoría de los casos medidas generales de atención fuera del hospital. Sin embargo, en casos de personas con co-morbilidades respiratorias, alérgicas, glaucoma y del corazón, acarrean mayores consecuencias que requieren atención médica y hospitalaria. Se han reportado fatalidades relacionadas al uso y abuso de los agentes químicos. Desde el punto de vista de salud pública existe controversia sobre su uso, y definitivamente causan consternación en los afectados y los abusos de su utilización en manifestaciones pacíficas. Se hace un listado de recomendaciones ante exposiciones durante manifestaciones, como prevenir intoxicaciones severas y dar los primeros auxilios...

Tear gases (TG) are methods for public control used by police forces. The objective of this review is to update technical information about tear gas, adding more recent legal, ethical, medical and preventive aspects of the use and abuse of these chemicals during the actions of the police and repressive forces. Selected secondary sources of information are Google, Academic Google, PubMed and of governmental and non-governmental organizations, also included are newspaper archives about its use from 2000 to 2014. Acute exposure to (GL) is expressed with clinical manifestations of respiratory conditions, irritation of the eyes and skin, requiring in most cases general ambulatory measures of care. However, in persons with respiratory, allergic, glaucoma and heart comorbidities, they carry greater consequences requiring hospital care. Fatalities have been reported related to the use and abuse of chemical agents. From the viewpoint of public health there is a controversy about its use, and definitely cause consternation in the affected in peaceful demonstrations. A list of recommendations is made about how to prevent severe intoxications and give first aid...

Evaluation of CS (o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile) concentrations during U.S. Army mask confidence training.

All soldiers in the U.S. Army are required to complete mask confidence training with o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS). To instill confidence in the protective capability of the military protective mask, CS is thermally dispersed in a room where soldiers wearing military protective masks are required to conduct various physical exercises, break the seal of their mask, speak, and remove their mask. Soldiers immediately feel the irritating effects of CS when the seal of the mask is broken, which reinforces the mask's ability to shield the soldier from airborne chemical hazards. In the study described in this article, the authors examined the CS concentration inside a mask confidence chamber operated in accordance with U.S. Army training guidelines. The daily average CS concentrations ranged from 2.33-3.29 mg/m3 and exceeded the threshold limit value ceiling, the recommended exposure limit ceiling, and the concentration deemed immediately dangerous to life and health. The minimum and maximum CS concentration used during mask confidence training should be evaluated.

Açäo germicida de alguns agentes químicos usados em endodontia / Germicid action of some endodontic chemicals

Utilizando cones de papel absorvente contaminados em cultura obtida de canais infectados, os autores verificaram a açäo germicida da soda clorada, líquido de Dakin, Pulprotec, água oxigenada a 6 por cento (20 volumes) e Germekil Instrumental. Dos agentes químicos testados, o Germekil Instrumental foi sempre efetivo. A soda clorada demonstrou efetividade somente quando o seu contacto com os cones contaminados foi igual ou superior a três minutos. O Pulprotec näo foi efetivo. Os demais agentes químicos testados tiveram açäo germicida variável, dependo dos períodos de incubaçäo